Ms. Garratt Honors World History Chapter 9: Sections 1 – 4.
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Transcript of Ms. Garratt Honors World History Chapter 9: Sections 1 – 4.
Ms. Garratt Honors World History Chapter 9: Sections 1 – 4
Transformative which will gradually impact the political, economic and social lives of the entire
Begins in 1780s in England
Agricultural Rev spurs its development
Impact of enclosures New agricultural methods Farms become more
profitable Displacement of small
farmers
New technology/discoveries Seed drill – Jethro Tull Crop rotation Fertilizers Breeding – Robert Bakewell McCormick Reaper
(1) Natural Resources: Water power & coal
for energy Iron ore to construct
machines, tools, buildings
Rivers for transportation
Harbors for export
2) Business infrastructure
Entrepreneurial class (business people)
Banking system for loans
Acquisition of capital
Parliament – laws passed to protect & encourage industrial development
(3) Political Stability
Key to development in any country
Parliament passes laws to protect & encourage capital and foreign ventures.
Overseas trade & commerce provides opportunities for investment
Due to Agricultural Revolution workers were displaced
Migrated to the cities (urbanization)
Worked in factories or coal or iron ore mines
Populaton explosion meant there were people to consume products
Economic prosperity of middle classes
Economies of scale for lower classes
Britain was leader in techno innovation.
IR began in textile industry Flying Shutting Spinning Jenny Spinning mule Power looms Water frame
Water power Factories
FACTORY WORK COTTAGE INDUSTRY
Harbors Canals Roads
Macadams Turnpikes
Steam Engine James Watt Matthew Boulton
Locomotives
(1) cheap form of transportation
(2) creates hundreds of thousands of jobs for miners & rr workers
(3) boosts agric & fishing industries
(4)enables suburban living and travel
Factories located by energy sources
Cities lacked: Development plans Sanitary or building codes Adequate police/fire protection Sufficient housing
Cities contained: Unpaved streets Garbage heaps Slums Epidemics
Sweatshops Child Labor Low Wages 12- hour days in some cases 6-7 days a week Hazardous working conditions No workers compensation for
injuries Exploitation
Factory Act 1833 Illegal under the age of 9 9-13 only 8 hrs a day
Mines Act 1842 Prevents women & children in mines
Ten Hours Act 1847National Child Labor Committee
Supported by unions Reversed by Supreme Court
Liberalism which challenged mercantilism
Arose out of the enlightenment
Belief that free market was most efficient way to generate wealth
Tariffs restricted trade & wealth
Wealth of Nations 1776
Three natural laws of economics
Law of self interest Law of competition Law of Supply &
Demand (S/D)
International division of labor
Existed in Middle Ages – long distance trade
Industrial Capitalism
Capitalists owned the factors of production
Free trade liberalism
Invest for profit
No government regulation or intervention
Would generate wealth & prosperity for society
Stock Shareholders No personal
liability
Monopolies will develop Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller
Middle class (bourgeoisie) used to refer to townspeople
New industrial middle emerges (bankers, factory owners,skilled workers, merchants, entrepreneurs)
Benefitted from IR in short run
Became richer than many aristocrats
Not until late 1800s were they considered social equals
Factory Act 1813 Pollution Unregulated
business
US Samuel Slater War of 1812
BelgiumGermanyWhy it didn’t spread to some
countries or did so very slowly
He wrote Essay on the Principle of Population
Predicted pop would outpace food production Without checks on pop (war, epidemics…)
poverty would increase
Urged pop control His predictions never materialized
Food supply increased Living conditions improved Fewer children
What was the cause of this explosion? Stable food supply Declining death rate Reduced risk of
famine Better hygiene and
sanitation Less disease Increased infant
mortality
Agreed that poor were having too many children
Noted that when wages were high families had more children
More children increased the supply of workers which led to lower wages & higher employment
Held out no hope for escape from poverty “Dismal science” Both Malthus & Ricardo opposed gov assistance Best cure for poverty was “unrestricted laws
of the free market” Individuals had to work hard & limit family size
Jeremy Bentham – 1700s Role of gov was to promote the greatest
good for the greatest number of people Urged gov involvement Ideas should be based on their “utility”
John Stuart Mill 1800s Questioned unregulated capitalism Pushed for legal and prison reforms
Robert Owen
Reformer
New Lanark & New Harmony
Mill owner who created utopian towns
Factors of production should be owned by the public & operate for the benefit of all.
Gov intervention necessary to plan the econ rather than rely on free market capitalism
Control of key industries (mines, factories, railroads) would end poverty & promote equality
Charles Fourier and Saint-Simone
Communist Manifesto 1848
History is conflict between “haves” and “have nots”
History goes through cycles determined by economics
“Haves” own all the means of production
The oppressed proletariat will eventually violently overthrow the bourgeoisie
After violent revolution a “dictatorship of the proletariat” would be formed
After abolition of economic differences a “classless society” would form
The state (a tool of the bourgeoisie) would then “wither away”.
No government would be necessary
Reformers not revolutionaries.
Denounced by Marx
Believed that by winning the right to vote socialist goals would be achieved gradually by working within the system.
Workers did win many reforms such as: Better working conditions Shorter hours Higher pay Workman’s compensation
JobsWealthTechnological progress & inventionsRaised standard of living (sol)DietHousingMass produced goodsExpanded edu opportunitiesNot until after 1850 did workers
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