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[Economic Survey] Ch13: Demographic Dividend, Education &Skill Development schemes, National Youth Policy 2014

1. Prologue

2. [Act I] Demography related Theories (DT)

1. DT1: Malthusian theory of population growth

2. DT2: Demographic transition

3. DT3: Demographic dividend

3. [Act II] Education

1. Census 2011: Literacy ranking

2. Mid-Day Meal (MDM)

3. Sarva Sikhsha Abhiyan (SSA)

4. RMSA & RUSA

5. Model School scheme (MSS)

6. Saakshar Bharat (SB)

7. Education: Budget 2014 New schemes

8. Economic survey: Education reforms

4. [Act II] Youth & Skill Development

1. National youth policy 2014 (NYP)

2. (NEW) Skill India Program

3. (NEW) Revamping Employment exchanges

4. (NEW) Young leaders program

5. Udan and STAR

5. Appendix

1. Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya

2. Jay Prakash Narayan

Prologue

Economic Survey Chapter 13, total four sub-parts

1. UNDP’s Human Development report 2014, poor, women and children [coming soon]

2. Demographic Dividend: Education, youth, Skill Development[you’re here]

3. Minorities, SC, ST, PH, Elderly, Sports & Defense [done]

4. Rural and urban infrastructure [done]

[Act I] Demography related theories (DT)

Here I’m only giving the outline of the theories. For more details, refer to NCERT Sociology, Class12, Chapter 2,“Demographic structure of Indian Society”.

DT1: Malthusian theory of population growth

Food production increases in arithmetic progression while population increases in geometric progression.

Therefore, Nature itself tries to establish equilibrium between population vs food supply, using “positive checks”.

Positive checks by nature Preventive checks by humans

faminedisease

delayed marriagecelibacy

Viewpoints

Malthus Poverty is caused by population growth

Marxists Poverty is caused by unequal distribution of wealth

DT2: Demographic transition

StageBirthrate

DeathRate Remarks

1 HIGH HIGHlow growth because of famine, wars, diseasesshort life expectancyIndia till 1921

2 HIGH MED.Agri revolution: famine impact reducedmedical research: epidemics containedLife expectancy increases but people yet to change breeding behavior.Result: population explosion

Western Europe in late 19th & Early 20th Century.

3 MED. LOWstationary phasenuclear families, modern contraceptives, fertility starts decliningIndia since Census 2011

4 LOWEST LOWESTPopulation begins to “contract / shrink”Highest life expectancy.Most developed countries in this phase.

DT3: Demographic dividend

A country is said to be in “Demographic dividend” phase WHEN

1. Majority of the population is in working age group

2. Dependency ratio is minimum i.e. very few persons below 15 and above 64 age.

3. Age pyramid shows “Bulge” in middle portion.

Observe the age pyramids of India, US, China and Japan for the year 2008 and 2020:

Bigger “bulge” in middle of Age Pyramid=Demographic Dividend

We can see, by 2020, India will have the youngest population among all four leading economies.

Year Working age population in India

2001 58%

2021 64%

However, to reap the Demographic dividend, we must invest in Health, education and skill Development of the younggeneration. In the previous part, we learned about the health related issues and schemes. In this part, we shall seeeducation, skill Development.

[Act II] Education

First let’s observe the Census-2011 data

भगवान का नाम लेके mugup these formulas

Sakshar Bharat scheme won UNESCO 2013 award for this

िफर से भगवान का नाम लेके mugup approx. total literacy & female literacy figure for Essay & Interview

Census 2011: Literacy ranking

Best Performers

Total Literacy Female Literacy

1. Kerala (93%)2. Lakshadweep (UT)3. Mizoram4. Tripura5. Goa

1. Kerala2. Mizoram3. Lakshadweep (UT)4. Tripura5. Goa

Bottom 5 States/UT in literacy

Worst performers

Total Literacy Female Literacy

1. Bihar (Lowest)2. Arunanchal3. Rajasthan4. Jharkhand5. Andhra

1. Rajasthan2. Bihar3. Jharkhand4. J & K5. UP

Now let’s begin with educational schemes

Old schemes, organizations covered here: wp.me/p2tsJl-1zM (cost: benefit not that great).

In this new article, I’m covering schemes mentioned in Economic survey 2013 or Budget 2014.

Mid-Day Meal (MDM)

WHO? Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)

Official name National Programme for Nutritional Support to Primary Education

WHAT?hot cooked meals

WHERE?Class 1 to 8Government schools, Government aided schools, Madresa, Maqtab etc.

Accountability tools used:

1. Social audit

2. Interactive voice response system (IVRS) – automated calls from state HQ to headmasters. They’ve to provideperformance data on daily basis, which is automatically tabulated in computer system.

Economic Survey reforms:

1. Poor quality food affecting child health.

2. Provide Separate dining rooms to prevent rains and dust.

3. Teachers should only supervise. At present, they’ve to even cook the food due to staff shortage, as a result,education activity suffers.

Sarva Sikhsha Abhiyan (SSA)

WHO? Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)

WHAT?Right to education is implemented via SSA.provides funding for infrastructure (building), services (teachers), free textbook, bags, uniforms,transport, hostel etc.

Budget2014

Gave ~28,000 crores.

Economic Survey reforms:

1. Right to Education (RTE) Act mandates a school within 1 km radius of every habitation. but this has led tomushrooming of schools at certain places. Better construct one single bigger school at nearby places, withfacility from class 1 to 12.

2. Regularize temporary teachers. Assess their performance on learning outcome of students.

3. Fix the shortage of toilets, safe drinking water and safai karmachari.

RMSA & RUSA

HRD ministry implements both these schemes

RMSA RUSA

Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchhtar Shiksha Abhiyan

Targets

2017: achieve above 90% gross enrollment ratio2020: universal retention i.e. all primary school childrenshould reach high school.Earlier schemes for girls’ hostels, vocational educationetc. merged into this schemes.Budget 2014: gave ~5000 cr.

Setup 80 new universities by mergingexisting autonomous colleges.Create support infrastructure for existinguniversities

Indian Bank Association (IBA): provides cheaper loans to all economically weaker section (EWS) students

World Bank: provides funding for technical education quality improvement.

Model School scheme (MSS)

WHO? Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)

WHAT?Total 6000 new secondary schools, to absorb the primary school passout kids.3500 model schools in educationally backward blocks (EBB), with help of state governments.2500 models schools in normal blocks, via PPP funding.

Saakshar Bharat (SB)

WHO? Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD), 2001

What?Adult education program, main focus on women.Aim: 80% total literacy by 2012; 100% female literacy by 2014.won UNESO King Sejong Literacy Prize 2013

HowFunding given to districts having less than 50% adult literacyProvides ‘3’ R’s (i.e. Reading, Writing & Arithmetic) with skill Development program.

Education: Budget 2014 New schemes

Jaitley did not elaborate the features of these schemes. Hence nothing much to write at the moment.

Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya New Teachers Training Programme. (500 cr)

Jai Prakash Narayan National Centre for Excellence in Humanities in Madhya Pradesh.

Clickvirtual classrooms and online courses (100 cr)Via Communication Linked Interface for Cultivating Knowledge (CLICK)

New IITs and IIMS under budget 2014

Following Locations not important except for interview-profile based Questions

5 new IIT 5 new IIM

1. Jammu2. Chhattisgarh3. Goa4. Andhra Pradesh5. Kerala

1. Himachal Pradesh2. Punjab3. Bihar4. Odisha5. Maharashtra

Economic survey: Education reforms

Five year Plan “outlays” not converting into “outcomes”

From above charts, we can observe that over the years, government Expenditure on children has increased.But it has not translated into “learning outcome” of the children.

Therefore, more and more parents opt to send their kids in private schools.

Economic survey prescribes two solutions for this:

1. Zero base budget i.e. scrap down all Programs and start again from zero.

2. Feedback loop i.e. at the end of the financial year, independent agency should give report card for theperformance of HRD ministry. In the next budget, Finance minister should make reforms in the financialallocations and schemes accordingly.

[Act II] Youth & Skill DevelopmentYouth policy + New schemes + Statistics =good points for Essay on demographic dividend.

National youth policy 2014 (NYP)

Different Definitions of Youth

Youth definition age group

NYP 2003 13-35

NYP 2014 15-29

UN 15-24

NYP-2014 will focus on 11 pillars. I’ve consolidated those under five heads. Existing schemes will be streamlined,converged to give maximum focus on following areas:

1. Education, employment, skill, entrepreneurship

2. Healthy lifestyle, Sports.

3. social values, Community engagement, youth engagement

4. Participation in politics and governance

5. Inclusion, Social justice.

Implementation:

By Ministry of Sports and Youth affairs

Government will form a Youth Council, consisting of exceptionally talented young men and women across India.They’ll oversee the implementation of the policy.

(NEW) Skill India Program

national multi-skill programme, launched in Budget 2014

It’ll give Youth training for employability and entrepreneur skills

Even traditional professions like welders, carpenters, cobblers, masons, blacksmiths, weavers etc. will be giventraining and support.

It’ll have convergence with other vocational schemes, to bring maximum output.

(NEW) Revamping Employment exchanges

Budget 2014 promised to transform employment exchanges into career centers.

They’ll give counseling services, to help the youth pursue career path based on their caliber and aptitude.

(NEW) Young leaders program

100 crore allotted for this. Salient features, provisions yet to be announced.

Udan and STAR

Existing schemes

UDAAN STAR

by Ministry of Home affairs (MHA) by National Skill Development council (NSDC)

provides skill Development training to Jammu-Kashmir youth with help of NSDC and PPP 1. National Skill Certification and Monetary Rewards Scheme

2. You enroll for a vocational course, and after final exam,they give money depending on your grade in thecertificate.

Organizations in News

NSDC Skill Ministry

National Skill Development councilOwnership: 51% private ; 49% Finance MinistryTarget: give skill training to 15 Cr. Indians by 2022. Therebyfixing the mismatch in supply-demand of skilled personnel.Runs STAR Scheme, helps MHA in Udaan Scheme.

Modi has setup separate ministry for“skill and entrepreneurship”.Presently Minister SarbanandaSonowal holding charge of twoministries:(Skill Development,Entrepreneurship) + (Youth Affairsand Sports)

AppendixSince Budget 2014 schemes named after following Freedom fighter, they automatically become important for MainsGeneral studies paper 1. Therefore, you must have atleast 100 words shortnotes ready.

Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya (1861-1946)

1. Lawyer from Allahabad

2. Served in provincial and central legislature.

3. Foundation of Banaras Hindu University (BHU), “The Leader” newspaper.

4. Moderate leader of INC, Four times President.

5. Gandhiji gave him a title “Mahamana”

6. Opposed separate electorate for Muslims under Lucknow pact of 1916

7. He participated in 1st round table conference in 1930, later established Congress Nationalist Party to opposecommunal award

8. Popularized the slogan “Satyamev Jayate”

9. Editor of The Hindustan, Indian Union and Abyudaya.

10. Budget 2014: Teacher’s training program named after him.

~90 words

Jay Prakash Narayan (1902-1979)

1. Born in Bihar, Post-graduation from USA

2. popularly called “LokNayak”

3. Participated in both Non Cooperation movement (NCM), Civil disobedience movement (CDM), and went to jail.

4. Participated in Vinoba’s Sarvodaya and Bhoodan movement.

5. Wanted abolition of Zamindari and nationalization of heavy industries.

6. Founded All India socialist party before independence

7. Key role in settingup Janta party after independence.

8. 1975: Allahabad HC declared Indira’s election null and Void. JP demanded her resignation, but she imposedNational emergency and got him arrested.

9. Awarded Magsaysay and Bharat Ratna.

10. Budget 2014: A national institute for humanities to be setup in MP, bearing his name.

~100 words