UNITED STATES HISTORYINTENSIVE REVIEW

for theSouth Carolina

United States History and the Constitution

End of Course (EOC) Exam

Northwestern High School

Packet TWO

SESSION ONEImmigration, Urbanization, and the Progressive Era

The “New Immigrants”

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the United States was flooded with millions of “New Immigrants” from ______________ and ______________ Europe, which included countries such as _______________,

________________, and _______________.

Native born Americans tended to resent the “New Immigrants” for several reasons:

1. They didn’t understand __________________.

2. Their home countries lacked traditions of ________________ government.

3. Their religions (_________________, ______________, ) were largely alien to native born Americans.

4. They provided a steady supply of ______________ _______________, which undermined efforts by labor unions to get better wages.

Catholicism and cheap labor were also reasons why people resented the ______________ immigrants during the antebellum period. However, the Irish did speak English and had traditions of republican government, so no efforts were made by Congress to limit Irish immigration during the nineteenth century.

Anti-Immigrant Legislation and Quotas

Chinese Exclusion Act (1880s) Immigration Quota Acts (1920s)The first legislation to prohibit immigration by people of a specific nationality. Laws restricting immigration from Asia remained on the books until the WWII era.

Severely limited immigration from ___________ and __________ Europe, giving preference to immigrants from the British Isles and Germany.

Ethnic Neighborhoods and Immigrant Poverty

In most cases, immigrants were too poor to move beyond coastal cities, leading to the rise of densely populated ethnic neighborhoods. Immigrants relied on political machines, led by party bosses, to help them find jobs. The political machines relied on immigrant votes to keep themselves in power.

Muckrakers, such as Jacob ______________, author of How the Other Half Lives, exposed the poor conditions in urban tenements (low-rent apartments) and sweatshops, where immigrants performed cheap labor.

Although most immigrants stayed in coastal cities, such as NYC, many went to Chicago and other cities in the

Midwest where low-paying, undesirable jobs (e.g., meatpacking) were available. Upton Sinclair’s book, The _______________, exposed the wretched working conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry.

2

The Settlement House Movement

Jane Addams created the _____________________________________, a settlement house to help immigrants adjust. Provided education, job training, child care, etc.

The Progressive PresidentsTeddy RooseveltBefore Teddy Roosevelt (“TR”) was elected president, the federal government had tended to side with “big business” when there were conflicts between business and labor. Roosevelt offered Americans a “_____________ Deal,” promising to stand up to corporations who didn’t play fairly.

Anthracite __________ Strike – The first attempt by a president to end a strike by __________.

TR earned the reputation as a “_____________ buster” for prosecuting corporations who flagrantly violated the principles of the Sherman Antitrust Act. However, it became apparent that the Sherman Act was not strong enough to rein in monopolies.

Progressive Legislation Passed During Roosevelt’s Administration

Pure ____________ and ____________ Act (1906)

___________ Inspection Act (1906)

Created the ______________________________ Prompted by Upton Sinclair’s publication of _____________ ____________.

ConservationOf wildlife and natural resources

Progressive Legislation Passed During Woodrow Wilson’s Administration

Clayton Antitrust Act Child Labor Legislation Federal Reserve ActStrengthened the provisions of

the Sherman Antitrust ActExempted Labor Unions

Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. This is an example of judicial _________.

A central banking system created to regulate the ___________ supply and ___________ rates. Progressives did not support laissez-faire economics.

Constitutional Amendments Ratified During the Progressive Era

During the Progressive Era, four amendments were proposed by a ___/___ vote of Congress and ratified by ___/___ of the states. These amendments were products of two of the goals of Progressives:

1. Popular ________________

2. An expanded role for the ____________ government

3. ______________ Reform (e.g., Temperance)

16th Amendment17th Amendment

3

18th AmendmentRepealed by the ______ Amendment

19th Amendment

Black Leaders During the Progressive EraThe Progressive Era was a low point for American race relations. Racial segregation (Jim __________) was prevalent in many parts of the country, especially the South (including Washington, D.C.) and lynchings (executions of African Americans by angry mobs without a trial) were common during this period. While Progressive reformers did plenty to try to help immigrants to assimilate into American culture, they did little to promote racial equality. Black leaders, such as W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington, disagreed about the best way to help black citizens achieve political, economic, and social equality in America.

Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois

Although Teddy Roosevelt had dinner with Booker T. Washington at the White House and appointed a black man to the post of Customs Collector at the Port of Charleston, the backlash from whites caused him to stop short of anything more ambitious than this. Woodrow Wilson sent race relations back several years by segregating the federal civil service, which had been integrated before his presidency.

4

SESSION TWOForeign Policy, Imperialism, and World War I

Isolationism to Imperialism

Isolationism _______________________________________________________________Imperialism _______________________________________________________________

American expansionism was also influenced by the domestic tensions of the 1890’s, Social Darwinism and a growing _________________________. In order to protect American markets and spread Christianity around the world the United States constructed a ___________.

One negative result of American expansionism was that some foreign countries ______________ the American interference.

Spanish American War

Causes Territories gained Results

Does the Constitution follow the flag?

What was the world view of the U.S.? “Champion of Liberty” or “Colonial Power”? CIRCLE ONE

The fight over the PhilippinesImperialist Anti-Imperialist

5

Westward Expansion of the mid 1800s

American Expansion of the late 1800's

Causes

_____________________ opened trade with China. Some Chinese resented the American presence and revolted in an event that was known as the ___________________________.

American Imperialist PoliciesRoosevelt Taft Wilson

"___________________" Use

force or the threat of it.

"__________________" Use money to influence

outcome

"___________________" Teach them to elect

good moral people

The _______________________ established the U.S. as the “policeman” In Latin America.

The United States helped ___________________ gain independence from Colombia in order to gain access rights to construct the ___________________ during Roosevelt’s administration.

The U.S. imperialist policies caused _______________________ in Latin America and Asia.

World War I

Major Causes of the war (M.A.I.N.)1. M. ________________________ 2. A. ______________________________3. I. ________________________ 3. N.______________________________

The “spark” was the assassination of Austrian Archduke _____________________

When was the war? _______________ - _____________________

From 1914 until 1917 the U.S policy was _______________________, because the U.S. did not want to enter the war.

Why did the U.S. enter the war?

1. ____________________________ 2. ________________________________3. ____________________________ 4. ________________________________ The most important new weapon of World War I was the __________________.The U.S. helped bring the war to an end by using the _______________________ to give the Allied army a boost and stop the last major German push of the war.

6

Most Americans supported the war due to ____________________that portrayed the Germans as “Huns”. The government also passed the __________________ in order to curb anti war statements on the home front.

The creation of the U.S.S.R and anti-immigrant sentiment carried over after the war and led to a ___________________.

______________________ intended to “make the world safe for democracy” and issued his _____________________ as a plan for peace after the war.

President Wilson also wanted to create a ___________________________ in order to stop future wars.

Paris Peace Conference

The ________________________ officially ended the war.

Great Britain, France, and Italy sought to punish Germany for World War I by including ____________________ and _____________________ payments in the treaty.

President Wilson was able to convince the European leaders to include the _____________________ in the treaty.

The map of Europe was redrawn based on the idea of ______________________, but this could not accommodate the ethnic complexity of the region and eventually led to the start of _____________.

United States Reaction to the Treaty

The U.S. Senate failed to ratify the treaty and never joined the ________________ because they feared the U.S. would be drawn into future conflicts.

U.S. foreign policy turned to ______________________ after the war.

SESSION THREEThe Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression

7

The Roaring Twenties

Mass Production Henry Ford ____________________ Line

Household Appliances

Aviation Charles ____________________ (Pilot)

1920s Literature

_____________ Renaissance The “__________ Generation”Langston ______________

An outpouring of ___________-American literature, art, and poetry

F. Scott _______________The Great ____________

Ernest _______________

The Entertainment Industry

Radio The Movies

Jazz music played Helped unite Americans how?

____________________________________________________

Movies like The B_______ of a N__________ influenced cultural attitudes. The popularity of this movie is partially responsible for the re-emergence of the ____ in the 1920s.

Twenties Culture

Flappers - _____________________________________________________________________

Nativism - _____________________________________________________________________

[First] Red Scare Immigration Quota Acts Sacco and Vanzetti TrialReflected American fears of a ___________ takeover following the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

Placed quotas on immigration from _____________ and _____________ Europe (New Immigrants)

Two ___________ immigrants were found guilty of murder and executed based on questionable evidence of guilt

[Second] Ku Klux KlanProvided an outlet for nativist sentiment against _______________, _______________, and _______________ in addition to continuing the First Klan’s commitment to white supremacy. The Klan’s membership exceeded four million in the 1920s, and the organization was strongest in the _________________ (Indiana, Ohio, etc.)

8

The Scopes “_______________” Trial

Fundamentalism: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Tennessee legislature passed a law forbidding the teaching of Charles Darwin’s theory of ________________ in public schools. John Scopes, a substitute teacher and football coach, taught a lesson on evolution so that the town of Dayton, Tenn., could host a trial.

William Jennings _________________, a Fundamentalist, volunteered to prosecute the case against Scopes.

The Great Depression

DEBT“Easy Money” Policies Overconsumption Stock Market Speculation

During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve kept interest rates ____________, which encouraged borrowing.

Consumers borrowed money to pay for new appliances and other consumer goods, purchasing these items on the _____________ ____________.

Since the stock market was doing so well, many people borrowed money to speculate in the market. Borrowing money to invest in stocks is calledbuying on the ______________.

By the late 1920s, consumers had so much debt that they could no longer pay for expensive consumer goods, which lowered demand. This resulted in overproduction, resulting in decreased profits for companies.

STOCK MARKET ________________________ (1929)

“Hoovervilles” The Dust Bowl Unemployment

President Herbert ___________________ tried many things, such as increasing tax rates and the tariff, but his efforts failed to bring about recovery. Many historians contend that Hoover’s meddling only made things worse, while others criticize him for not doing enough. Hoover rejected the idea of DIRECT RELIEF (payments from the government to individuals).

The New Deal

Franklin D. ____________ The “Three R’s” of the New Deal:

Successful?

R______________

R______________

R______________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

9

FDR’s Alphabet Soup (New Deal Agencies created by the FDR administration)

“HUNDRED DAYS” (FIRST NEW DEAL) LEGISLATION

AAA: ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

FDIC: ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

NRA: ________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

SEC: ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

TVA: ________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

SECOND NEW DEAL LEGISLATION

Social Security: ______________________________________SSA: ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Criticisms of the New DealFrom the “Left” From the “Right”

The Supreme Court and the New DealIn response to the Supreme Court’s rulings, FDR presented a plan to Congress to __________________ the Supreme Court, which would have allowed the president to

appoint more justices to the Court. This plan undermined the system of _________________ and ________________ that are enshrined in the U.S. Constitution.

Congress rejected the “court packing” plan, handing FDR his first major legislative defeat.

African Americans and the New Deal

10

African American workers were typically the __________________ hired and the ________________ fired, leading

to black workers suffering from a much higher level of unemployment (50%) than whites (25%). Although FDR took little official action to combat racial discrimination, black voters began to align themselves with Roosevelt’s

_________________ Party in the 1930s. Before the New Deal, African American voters had typically supported the ________________ Party.

The New Deal ( did / did not ) bring about economic recovery in the 1930s. However, they ( did / did not ) provide relief for people who were suffering during the Depression.

11

SESSION FOURWorld War II

Totalitarianism

_________________________ regimes took control in German and Italy during the 1930’s due to the results of _________________, the impact of the Treaty of___________________, and the world wide

__________________________.

_____________________ was a radical authoritarian nationalist ideology that was adopted by Mussolini in Italy.

American Neutrality (1933-1941)

Hitler Militarizes Germany and Expands Germany’s Borders

European response U.S. Response

___________________________ ______________________________ “Giving in to avoid war” “Isolationist policies” driven by the fear

of war and the memories of WWI

Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia violated the _______________ Agreement and ended the European Policy of __________________________.

Roosevelt (FDR) used ___________________ and _______________________ as ways to circumvent the U.S. Neutrality Acts of the 1930’s. Roosevelt’s commitment to halting German and Japanese aggression is evident by his signing of the _____________________________.

America at War (1941-1945)

The U.S. officially entered WWII when the Japanese Navy launched its surprise attack on ____________

______________ on December 7th, 1941

WWII Alliances

THE ALLIES THE ______________United States

Leader: Leader:

Leader: Leader:

Leader Leader:

LeaderDecisive Battles

12

European Theater Pacific TheaterOperation ___________________

Allied invasion of North _______________

Patton = America’s response to blitzkrieg

Battle of ________________

U.S. Pacific Fleet destroyed ______ Japanese aircraft carriers – the Battle of Midway is often called the “turning point” of the naval war in the Pacific

___-Day

Allied invasion of ______________, in Northern France – opened the “Western Front,” setting up an allied invasion of Germany

Battle of ________ ___________

Capturing Iwo Jima provided a base for U.S. heavy bombers to strike the Japanese mainland.

Battle of the _______________

Allied troops halted the last major German offensive

Battle of _______________

Provided a base for the invasion of Japan – casualties in the hundreds of thousands (including around 100,000 civilian casualties)

The Bomb

August, 1945 – After demanding an unconditional surrender from Japan and making it clear that continued resistance would bring about massive destruction, the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on the cities of _________________ and _________________.

Japan surrendered a few days after the bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.

“The Buck Stops ___________________”

Why did President Harry Truman drop atomic bombs instead of invading Japan?

______________________________________________________________

The Home Front

_________________________ - gov’t raised money with people making “safe” investments

Rationing -____ ____________________________________________________________________

13

Victory Gardens: ___________________________________________________________________

Women: _________________________________ and ___________________________________

African Americans still faced ______________________________ in the workforce and armed forces.

Japanese Americans: Discrimination shown by ________________________________

The Holocaust

In the 1930s, the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party became the ruling party in Germany. The Nazis, led by Adolf ________________, were anti-__________________ and passed several laws limiting the rights of Jews.

On ____________________________, meaning “The Night of Broken Glass,” the Nazi regime orchestrated mob violence against Jewish businesses and synagogues (places of worship).

The __________________________, otherwise known as the “Final Solution,” was the German plan to eliminate the Jews.

After the war 24 Nazi war criminals were prosecuted at the _______________________ Trials.

Impact of WWII

New Technologies: _______________________, _________________________, ___________________, ____________________, _____________________________.

Producing this new technology created more __________________, and caused the American

__________________________ of living to increase.

The postwar period also saw improvements in __________________________ which enabled Americans to be vaccinated against diseases and caused the mortality rate to decrease.

The prosperity of the postwar period also caused improvements in agricultural technology with the development of

____________________ and ______________________ which increased food production.

14

SESSION FIVEContemporary America

Social and Political Changes in post War America

_________________ passed to help servicemen adjust to post war world.

_________________ explosion of birthrate after WWII

People moved out of the cities to the ______________________________. This was accelerated by Eisenhower’s

________________________________ which constructed the Interstate Highway system.

Demand for goods caused an increase in production that helped recreate a ______________________ where people

purchased goods to satisfy their “wants”. This included buying items for recreation like ____________.

The Supreme Court ruled to allow__________________, to end _____________________.

The consumer culture and the Supreme Court Rulings helped to ____________________ American Society and this

eventually leads to the reemergence of _______________________________. By the 1970s political organizations

like the _______________________ and ____________________ were created to elect “Moral Candidates”

The Women’s Rights movement was aided by the publication of ________________________ by Betty Freidan.

Impact of WWIINew Technology: _______________________, _________________________, ___________________,

____________________, _____________________________.

Producing this new technology created more __________________, and caused the American

__________________________ of living to increase.

The postwar period also saw improvements in __________________________ which enabled Americans to be

vaccinated against diseases and caused the mortality rate to decrease.

The prosperity of the postwar period also caused improvements in agricultural technology with the development of

____________________ and ______________________ which increased food production.

Cold War-Foreign Policy_____________________ period of tension between the free world and communist world.

How did the US try to CONTAIN the spread of communism?

___________________________ 3. _______________________________

___________________________ 4. _______________________________

GERMANY

Divided: _____East___________________vs ______West____________________Supported by: ______________________ _________________________ *Tried to blockade Berlin *Responded by ____________Built the _______________

15

CHINA

Divided: ____ _Communist ________ vs ______Nationalist__________________Supported by: _______________________________________________________ Location: ________________________________________________________ Leader _________________ _____________________

KOREA

Divided: _____ North ______________ vs ______South____________ - Supported by: _____________________ _________________________

**Attacked First -General ---_________ jumped in on the north side

MIDDLE EAST

_______________was created due to the Holocaust and supported by _____________ __

___________________gave money/support to any nation in Middle East that resisted communism.

IN THE SKYSpy Planes - ____________________ shot down over USSR and ruined peace talks

Space Race - ____________________ 1st satellite in orbit by the _______________

President ___________________ started Space Race to put ________________________

CUBA *New Revolutionary leader ___________________________

* Supported by: _________________

USA planned an invasion ___________________________ under President _______________.

USSR was caught by _____________ photographs putting nuclear bombs in Cuba.

USA blockaded Cuba which led to the ____________________________________

VIETNAM

Divided: _____ North______________ vs ______South____________________

Supported by: ____________________ ________________________________

Leader: __________________________ ________________________________

16

Kennedy’s policy in Vietnam was one in which the U.S. served as ________________________

______________________—gave President Johnson the power to esculate the war in Vietnam

_____________________ major North Vietnamese offensive of the war

_____________________ massacre led by American Troops

________________________ student protest of the war where students were killed by members of the

National Guard.

President Nixon’s policy of _______________________________ turned the war over to South Vietman.

Kennedy Johnson Nixon CarterNew Frontier Great Society New Federalism

Space RaceCivil Rights Acts of 1965,

Voting Rights Act, Fair Housing Act of 1968

Creation of the E.P.A. Camp David Accords

Civil Rights Bill (failed) War on poverty Rapprochement with China Iran Hostage Crisis

Peace Corps Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Détente with the U.S.S.R

Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile Crisis

Lost the support of American people Vietnamization

Watergate

Civil Rights Movement

Martin Luther King--

Malcolm X—

Stokely Carmichael--

Major events/protest tactics_____________________ __________,_____________________________

__________________________, ___________________________, _____________________________

_________________________Case overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson case, and outlawed segregation in the public

school system.

____________________, segregation by law. _____________________ segregation by fact

President Truman’s support for the Civil Rights Movement Caused a new party to emerge called the

_____________________________. _________________________ party support of civil rights legislation and

Nixon’s southern strategy caused the South to move from the Democratic Party to the ________________________

Party.17

The Civil Rights Movement also had an impact on the ________________ rights movement with the passage of the

___________________________. The land mark Supreme Court cases of _________

_____________, and _____________________ further protected the rights of accused.

18