George Washington’s Presidency

Mrs. Katie RossCape Fear High

Wash inaugural

•New Constitution and Government

take effect on April 30, 1789.

•Washington Washington begins his begins his

presidency in New presidency in New York City and York City and

alternates between alternates between there and there and

Philadelphia.Philadelphia.

•Capital city at this time was New

York City.

1st President of the United States (1789 -1797)

Did NOT belong to a political party.

Establishing respect of other countries.Paying off debts from the American

Revolution.Building an Army and a Navy.

What is the purpose of the President’s cabinet? To advise the President.

Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of War – Henry Knox

Created Federal, District and State Circuit courts

Gave Federal Courts the power to reverse state court decisions.

Established Supreme Court as the Highest Court.

John Jay first Chief Justice

of the Supreme Court

•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

•President Washington faced several

Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition

to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.

•Washington sent General

“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat

the Indian tribes.

•President Washington faced several

Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition

to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.

•Washington sent General

“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat

the Indian tribes.

precedents

War in the Old Northwest Territory War in the Old Northwest Territory

Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored

early victories (1790–91)

The Miamis were defeated at Fallen

Timbers by General Mad Anthony Wayne (1794)

War in the Old Northwest Territory War in the Old Northwest Territory

Treaty of Greenville (1795) gave USA right to settle

most of Ohio First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not

ceded by treaty

Jays

Jay’s Treaty with EnglandJay’s Treaty with England….. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians.•Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty British remove forts from US

soil

British agreed but required US to pay old debts on pre-

Revolution accounts.

Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with Indian

tribes

Opened westward expansion for US settlers.

John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.

British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading

posts on US soil, sold firearms to

Indians.Collaborated with Indians to check US

expansion to frontier.

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain

British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300Impressed and imprisoned American sailors.

Jeffersonians called for war Federalists resisted (financial system).

To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794).

Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty.

Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

British agree to pay some damages, but required US to

pay old debts on pre-Revolution accounts.

Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to Britain, betrayal

of South (who had debts).

Did not stop impressment.John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.

Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

Picnkneys

Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between

Spanish Florida and US……

Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in

New Orleans.

Foreign Debt

$11,710,000Federal Domestic Debt

$42,414,000

State Debt

$21,500,000

CustomDuties

(Tariffs)

ExciseTaxon

Whiskey

Misc.Revenue

Congress & Sec. of Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt Hamilton solve debt

problems:problems:

•Pay off $80 million debt

•Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products

•Tariff: a tax on imports

•Establish good credit with foreign nations

•Create a national bank with a national currency

•Raise money for govt backed by gold silver

Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of

Washington, D.C.debt

As 1st Secretary of Treasury what is Hamilton’s job?

Create a strong basis for the nations economy.

What is his solution? Establish a national

bank: The Bank of the United

States (BUS)

What does the BUS do?1. Stabilizes the nations currency2. Pays off national and state debts 3. Establishes Tariffs (tax on foreign goods)4. Establishes Federal Taxes

Problems with the Bank of the United States:

1. This is the first time the Federal Government will use its power to tax. American’s paid state taxes under the Articles of Confederation but have never had to pay a federal tax!

2. Is the Bank of the United States Constitutional?

whiskeymap

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed

this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……

Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed

this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……

•1794 Farmer’s 1794 Farmer’s revolt in western revolt in western

Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.

•Refused to pay Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise Hamilton’ s excise

tax tax

•Believed it was an Believed it was an unfair tax.unfair tax.

•Were called the Were called the ““Whiskey RebelsWhiskey Rebels””

•Issue at hand was Issue at hand was testing the power of testing the power of the new Constitutionthe new Constitution

Outcome:Outcome:

•Demonstrated to the Demonstrated to the people that this new people that this new

constitution was constitution was powerful enough to powerful enough to put down domestic put down domestic

rebellions, rebellions, “mobocracy”“mobocracy”

•Showed the power of Showed the power of the national the national governmentgovernment

President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland,

Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.

Whiskey

Strict Interpretation – belief that the federal government only has powers specifically listed in the Constitution

Loose Interpretation – belief that Congress can make laws that are not forbidden by the Constitution and are necessary to carry out what the Constitution implies.

Federalists v. Anti- Federalists

Born into poverty in the British West Indies, Alexander Hamilton was orphaned at age 13 and went to work as a shipping clerk. He joined the army during the American Revolution and became an aide to General Washington. Intensely ambitious, Hamilton quickly moved up in society. Although in his humble origins Hamilton had little faith in the common citizen and sided with the interests of upper class Americans. Hamilton said of Jefferson’s beloved common people: “your people, sir, your people is a great beast!”

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

Alexander HamiltonAlexander HamiltonPro National Bank (BUS)Loose Interpretation

“The Constitution gives the Federal Government the power to tax. We need somewhere to put the money, therefore it is necessary and proper to have a national bank.”

FederalistsFederalists1. Favored strong federal power.2. Believed rich, educated elite should rule3. Loose Interpretation4. BUS is constitutional5. Pro-British6. Supporters = merchants, landowners,

lawyers, clergy & investors (North)

The writer of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson began his political career at age 26, when he was elected to Virginia’s colonial legislature. In 1779 he was elected governor of Virginia and in 1785 he was appointed minister to France. He served as secretary of state from 1790 to 1793. A southern planter, Jefferson was also an inventor and founder of the University of Virginia. Despite his elite background and his ownership of slaves, he was a strong ally of the small farmer and average citizen.

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Thomas JeffersonThomas JeffersonAgainst the National Bank (BUS)Strict Interpretation

“The Constitution does not mention a national bank, therefore it is unconstitutional!”

Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists1. Wanted states to have more power2. Believed the common man should play a

role in government.3. Strict Interpretation4. BUS is unconstitutional.5. Pro French6. Supporters = the “plain people”; farmers

and trades people. (South)

ImpressmentImpressment:: an act of kidnapping a an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French into your navy----the British and French

were doing this to us.were doing this to us.

impressment

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

French Rev

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

French Rev

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie

Antoniette in 1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie

Antoniette in 1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.

farewell

Whereas it appears that a Whereas it appears that a state of state of warwar exists between Austria, exists between Austria,

Prussia, Sardinia, Prussia, Sardinia, Great BritainGreat Britain and the United Netherlands, of and the United Netherlands, of the one part and the one part and FranceFrance on the on the

other; and the duty and other; and the duty and

interest of the U.S. require, that they should interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a pursue a conduct friendly and impartial conduct friendly and impartial

toward the belligerent powers.toward the belligerent powers.

farewell

neutrality

•President Washington’s response to the French was to President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and

remain remain neutral neutral or avoid. or avoid.

•Why?Why?

I have therefore thought fit by these I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the presents to declare the disposition of the

U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and towards those Powers respectfully; and

to exhort and to exhort and warn the citizens of the warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and

proceedings whatsoeverproceedings whatsoever, which may in , which may in any manner tend to contravene such any manner tend to contravene such

disposition….disposition….April 1793April 1793

Washington’s Farewell AddressHow many years did George Washington

serve as President?8

How many terms?2

Was there a law limiting him to just 2 terms?

No! He decided to step down after 2 terms because he did not want the Presidency to be like a Monarchy (King/Queen)

– established 2 term limit.

•Washington warned of the dangers Washington warned of the dangers of of political partiespolitical parties and and permanent permanent

alliancesalliances with other nations. with other nations.

•Washington’s warning against Washington’s warning against “entangling alliances”“entangling alliances” became a became a principle of U.S. foreign policy.principle of U.S. foreign policy.

““Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a none or a very remote relationvery remote relation….Our ….Our detacheddetached and and distantdistant

situation invites and enables us to pursue a different situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent steer clear of permanent

alliances with any portion of the foreign worldalliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking ……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to

temporary alliances for extraordinary temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796emergencies”…..1796

farewell

Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated

with all the British and foreign continents--- --- ”GOOD HISTORIAN””GOOD HISTORIAN”

Washington displayed this in 1793 by the Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell Farewell

AddressAddress in 1796.

No entangling alliancesNo entangling alliances…….…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to

trade with Europe

Neutrality = Isolation

Adams Becomes PresidentAdams Becomes President

1796 campaign Adams was supported by New

England and FederalistsDefeated Jefferson 71-68 in

Electoral CollegeJefferson becomes VP

France and US close to war.Jay’s TreatyUS not honoring the Franco-

American Treaty of 1778

1796 campaign Adams was supported by New

England and FederalistsDefeated Jefferson 71-68 in

Electoral CollegeJefferson becomes VP

France and US close to war.Jay’s TreatyUS not honoring the Franco-

American Treaty of 1778

John Adams

2nd President (1797 – 1801)FederalistStrengthened Federal

power

Alien and Sedition Act - 1798Established by President Adams 1. Alien Act – raised residency requirement to

become a citizen from 5 years to 14 years2. Sedition Act - Anyone who is a critic of the

government will be thrown in jailAIM: To keep the Federalists in power and

strengthen the power of the Federal Government

Alien and Sedition ActThis is the first time the 1st Amendment is

attacked.The Sedition Act takes away freedom of____!

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798States have the right to nullify any federal

law they see as unconstitutional.

(drafted by Thomas Jefferson)

AIM: Gives states the power to “ignore” a federal law.

*** Becomes a major issue between the North and South.

France began impressing our ships and sailors

because of our Neutrality Proclamation.

France upset because we violated the Franco

American Treaty of 1778.

impressment

ImpressmentImpressment An act of kidnapping An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, a ship, its contents,

men and forcing men and forcing them into your navythem into your navy

Fighting with FranceFighting with France French upset by US violation of

France-US treaty of 1778 Upset with Jay’s Treaty toward

alliance with England French warships impressed over 300

US merchant ships by 1797

French upset by US violation of France-US treaty of 1778

Upset with Jay’s Treaty toward alliance with England

French warships impressed over 300 US merchant ships by 1797

To avoid war with France, President Adams sent 3 US representatives

(John Marshall, Charles Pinckney and John Jay) to negotiate a peace

agreement…..US representatives were snubbed

by the French government……Eventually, 3 French

representatives (known as X, Y and Z because they refused to give their

names) XYZ demanded a bribe of $250,000

to merely talk with TallyrandInsulted, we refused the demands

and left France…US & French begin to fight an

undeclared naval war.

President Adams on President Adams on the XYX Affair….”I will the XYX Affair….”I will

never send another never send another minister to France minister to France

without assurances without assurances that he will be that he will be

received, respected, received, respected, and honored as the and honored as the representative of a representative of a

great, free, powerful great, free, powerful and independent and independent

nation.”nation.”

xyz

Adams Tallyrand

XYZ Affair French demanded an apology Demanded a $12 million loan.

XYZ Affair French demanded an apology Demanded a $12 million loan.

Patriotism Above PartyPatriotism Above Party New French leader, Napoleon and

Talleyrand did not want war, or to push the US to Britain

French send back-channel message that new US minister would be received properly

1799: Adams submits to Senate new minister to France

New French leader, Napoleon and Talleyrand did not want war, or to push the US to Britain

French send back-channel message that new US minister would be received properly

1799: Adams submits to Senate new minister to France

Adams/napoleon

•To prevent a war with France, in 1800, President Adams sent representatives to France

to meet with NapoleonNapoleon and TallyrandTallyrand to negotiate a peace agreement…..

•Tallyrand guarantees France would accept our representatives and treat them with respect.

The agreement was as follows:

Adams Napoleon

Adams/napoleon

•Convention of 1800 signed:– ended Franco-American alliance

•Adams deserves credit:–Avoided war–Unknowingly laid foundation for LA Purchase

•Adams sacrificed his re-election in 1800 to keep US out of war

–Patriotism above self-interest

Adams Napoleon

Patriotism Above PartyPatriotism Above Party

Convention of 1800 signed: ended Franco-American alliance

Adams deserves credit:Avoided warUnknowingly laid foundation for LA

Purchase Adams will not be re-elected in 1800

Convention of 1800 signed: ended Franco-American alliance

Adams deserves credit:Avoided warUnknowingly laid foundation for LA

Purchase Adams will not be re-elected in 1800

Convention of 1800Convention of 1800

Adams sends negotiators to France again in a Adams sends negotiators to France again in a effort to avoid war.effort to avoid war.

France agrees to stop seizing American shipsFrance agrees to stop seizing American shipsAdams keeps the US from going to war with Adams keeps the US from going to war with

France!France!

Election of 1800John Adams (Federalist)

vs. Thomas Jefferson (Anti-Federalist)

*First time there is no winner in the electoral college House of Rep’s chooses

Winner:Thomas Jefferson!

-Helped by Aaron Burr

Midnight JudgesSupreme Court Judges appointed in the last

hour of John Adams Presidency.*He attempted to add 16 new

FEDERALIST judges to the Supreme Court before the new Anti-Federalist President was sworn into office.

Marbury v. MadisonEstablished Supreme Courts power of Judicial

Review – Supreme Courts power to declare laws unconstitutional

John Marshall

One of the most influential Supreme Court Justices of all time.

Appointed by John Adams – He helped strengthen the power of the Federal government.

Handed down the ruling in the Marbury case.

•Born in Virginia

•Graduate of William and Mary College

•A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of

Burgesses

•Father of the DOI

•Secretary of State under President Washington

•Vice President under Adams

•Owned 200 slaves

•Born in Virginia

•Graduate of William and Mary College

•A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of

Burgesses

•Father of the DOI

•Secretary of State under President Washington

•Vice President under Adams

•Owned 200 slaves

ELECTION OF 1800

Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College 73-65.

ProblemProblem: Jefferson & Burr received 73 votes each and both were Democratic-Republicans

Therefore election decided by House of Representatives

•Aaron Burr (1756-1836)

•Born in Newark N.J.

•Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary

war.

•A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton

•Vice President of the United States (1801-1805).

•Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel

•Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

•Aaron Burr (1756-1836)

•Born in Newark N.J.

•Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary

war.

•A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton

•Vice President of the United States (1801-1805).

•Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel

•Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

Significance of Election of 1800 peaceful transfer of power from one

political party to another “revolutionaryrevolutionary” achievement

Significance of Election of 1800 peaceful transfer of power from one

political party to another “revolutionaryrevolutionary” achievement

John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican

John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President

(1801 – 1809)Anti Federalist

How big was the US in 1803?

Louisiana PurchaseWho: Owned by FranceWhat: US Needs right of deposit at port of

New OrleansWhy: So farmers can trade their goodsWhen: 1803How: Bought for $15 millionImportance: Doubled the size of the United

States

Louisiana Purchase

What did Thomas Jefferson think about the Louisiana Purchase?

He was worried it was unconstitutional!Strict Interpretation – it does not mention anywhere in the Constitution buying land from another country.

Lewis and ClarkHired by Thomas Jefferson to explore the

Louisiana Territory.#1 Goal = find a Northwest passage

(a water route to the Pacific Ocean)

Did they meet this goal? They reached the Pacific Ocean but did not find a water route.