Mrs. Harlin

4.1.1Compare the structures and functions of the

major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms.

1. Carbohydratescomposed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Ratio 1:2:1 Function: quick energy.Units are simple sugars called

monosaccharides, such as glucose (C6H12O6). Disaccharides are double sugars such as

sucrose (table sugar).Polysaccharides- starch (energy storage in

plants), glycogen (energy storage in animals), cellulose (forms cell walls of plants).

1:2 Ratio of Carbon and Hydrogen

C12H22O11

CarbohydratesHeterotrophs- eat to obtainAutotrophs- make during photosynthesis in

the chloroplast of their cells

DiabetesPeople who have diabetes do not produce

enough insulin or cannot use insulin properly to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood.

2. LipidsFunction- energy storage and structural

component of plasma membrane (phospholipids). made of carbon and hydrogen with small

amounts of oxygen. Subunits: triglycerides (3 fatty acid tails and a

glycerol molecule)nonpolar, meaning not soluble in water.Ex: fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

Clogged ArteriesA diet with a lot of

lipids will result in plaque deposits in your bloodstream which can cause heart disease.

3. ProteinsMade of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,

and sometimes sulfur.Function- growth and repair of cells;

catalyzes reactionsBuilding blocks or units are amino acids. 20 basic amino acidsbonds between amino acids are called

peptide bonds.Made at ribosomes in cellsEx: insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin

4. Nucleic AcidsFunction- genetic blueprintComplex; store information in the form of a code. Units are called nucleotidesTypes: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNAFound in nucleus of cell.

Tests for Macromolecules

Test Name Checking For? Color Change if Positive

Iodine Test (Lugol's Test); (yellow soln) Starch (carbs) Blue/Black

Brown Paper Bag Test Lipids (fats) Leaves a translucent spot

Benedict's Test (blue soln) Monosaccharides (carbs) Red, orange

Biuret's Test (blue soln) Protein Violet