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Page 2    

ContentsContents ......

1. Summary ..

2. Introductio

3. Reviews ‐ W

3.1. Introd

3.2. Institu

3.3. Local I

3.4. Land a

3.5. River b

3.6. Coord

3.7. Capac

3.8. Challe

3.9.: What 

4. Constraints

4.1. Constr

4.2. Gaps ..

5. Discussion 

6. Recommen

7. References

s .....................

.....................

on/backgroun

What are the 

uction ..........

utional issues:

nstitutions e.

and water ma

basin organisa

ination mech

ity building ..

nges: ............

practices and

s and gaps ....

raints ............

.....................

and conclusi

ndations .......

s ...................

.....................

.....................

nd .................

current statu

.....................

: ....................

.g. water user

anagement in

ations ...........

anisms .........

.....................

.....................

d experiences

.....................

.....................

.....................

ons ..............

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

us and challen

.....................

.....................

rs’ organisatio

stitutions wit

.....................

.....................

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s could be sha

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

......................

......................

......................

nges? .............

......................

......................

ons ................

thin governm

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ared? ............

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ent departme

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O

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ents ..............

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October 6, 200

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................... 1

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................... 2

................... 2

................... 2

................... 2

 

09, 

. 2 

. 4 

. 5 

. 6 

. 6 

. 6 

. 7 

. 7 

. 8 

. 8 

. 9 

10 

11 

19 

19 

20 

20 

22 

23 

P

L

 

Page 3    

List of Abbre

CAT Plan 

FAO 

GTZ 

ICRAF 

ICRISAT 

IWSM 

KfW 

LMB

MRC 

MoRD 

NGO 

PES 

SADC 

RUPES 

WSM 

WOTR 

viations 

Catchm

Food an

Deutsch

World A

Internat

Integrat

Kreditan

Lower M

Mekong

Ministry

Non Go

Paymen

Souther

Reward

Watersh

Watersh

ment Area Trea

nd Agricultura

he Gesellscha

Agroforestry C

tional Crops R

ted Watershe

nstalt für Wie

Mekong Basin

g River Comm

y of Rural Dev

overnmental O

nt for environm

rn Africa Deve

ding Upland P

hed managem

hed Organisa

atment Plan

al Organisatio

aft für Technis

Center

Research Inst

d Manageme

deraufbau

n

mission

velopment Ind

Organisation

mental servic

elopment Com

Poor for Enviro

ment

ation Trust

on

sche Zusamm

titute for the S

ent

dia

ces

mmunity

onmental Ser

menarbeit mb

Semi-Arid Tro

rvices

O

H

opics

October 6, 200

 

09, 

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Page 4    

1. Summary

This paper pintegrated wrelevant instiwater manag

Institutional watershed levIndia as wellIndia shows implementedlivelihoods anlike self-help factors of thexamples froand land manland managecommittees wdeveloped. Thigher level isharing and pin Asia. 

Three major the conferenc

The paper revarying institinstitutional stakeholders poverty can o

Institutions liklast years: buwhich problegovernment sother cases, ton guidelinewatershed mwatershed issgovernment aquality of the

Whilst in mosthey hardly efor the local lmeans for its

y 

presents selewatershed ma

tutions whichement institut

arrangementsvels are illust as examples

how a ver. The model nd poverty regroups, wateis model. Thm the MRC-Gnagement is eement. At thewas undertakeThe third casenstitutions supayment for e

points have ce and review

eveals that thtutional and arrangementand address

only be addre

ke river-basinut challengesms those inssystem often they might bes provided

management isues into secadministrationservice. 

st countries nver are impleevel administimplementat

ected experieanagement. h includes wations within g

s and capacrated taking as from the Mry successfu

illustrates thduction in po

er users commhe model fromGTZ watersheestablished. T

e national leveen. Institution

e study showsupport them. Aecosystem se

emerged outwed for the inc

here is no ‘oregulatory s

s for waterss a wider socssed by parti

commissionss regarding thstitutions shal

attached to me more flexibleby governmes the horizonctor and devens. The advan

national policieemented at a tration to cooion. Moreove

ences and reIt explores cater users’ orovernment de

city developmas a case stud

MRC-GTZ watl model for

hat carefully door rural commmittees and thm India is limed managemeThis approachel, a review o

nal links betwes how local inA fourth case

ervices based

of the recenception paper

one size fits settings in dshed managcio-economic cipatory land

s or watersheheir mandate l address. Thmandated linee structures tent or stakental coordinatelopment planntages of coo

es on institutlarger scale.

ordinate waterer, at local leve

ecent case stcoordination rganizations, epartments.

ment approady GTZ supptershed manalocal capac

designed-watmunities. Parhe involvememited to expent program sh builds the inof roles of aceen the waterstitutions dev study presenon royalties

nt discussion r. 

all’ approachdifferent cougement build

developmenand water m

ed developmeand compete

he institutionae agencies suhat have no d

eholder groution betweenns of differenordination are

ional arrangeMost often porshed managels there is a

tudies on insmechanismsriver basin o

aches at theorted watershagement pro

city building ershed mana

rticipation andnt of the loca

periences fromshow how a mnstitutional bactors, policiesrshed level wvelop a watersnts institutionfrom hydropo

reflected in t

h to watersheuntries. Howed on the int process. Thanagement a

ent committeeencies remainal settings cauch as agricudirect institutiops. The ma institutions t

nt technical d reduced tran

ements for waolicies do neit

gement, nor dgeneral lack

O

stitutional arrs and capacorganizations,

e national rivhed managemgram. The cahas been d

agement progd building up l administratiom the local multilevel appase for integrs and plans, ith the river-bshed plan of aal arrangeme

ower which ar

the document

ed managemever, the monvolvement ohe Indian moat the local lev

es have beenn. Sometimesan be formal aulture or wateonal linkages

ain challengeto ensure theepartments a

nsaction costs

atershed manther provide c

do they allocaof technical a

October 6, 200

rangements fcity building , and land an

ver basin anment projects ase study frodeveloped angrams promolocal institutioon are succelevel while thproach to watrated water anlegislation an

basin level weaction and ho

ents for benefre implemente

ts submitted

ent due to thore successfof all relevaodel shows thvel. 

built up for ths it is not cleaand part of th

er resources. , but are base

e in integratee integration as well as locs and improve

nagement exisclear mandateate the financand manager

 

09, 

for of

nd

nd in

om nd

ote on ss he ter nd nd

ere ow fit-ed

to

he ful

ant hat

he ar, he In

ed ed of

cal ed

st, es ial ial

P

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Page 5    

capacities, neat the sub-naplayers. 

The local levfinancial mearole at the locdecision-mak

Challenges rinterventions rights have tconflict resolusectors or soto avoid or re

2. Introduct

Topic 3 of thWatersheds dusers’ organgovernment d

The aim of th(WSM) conce

GTZ has suGenerally, thmodule of its“Sustainable riparian statesystematic inof watersheds

With the supcountries of tpilot watershanalysed andAction’ were or to be impvarious waysmandates an

This paper is

The first chmanagementgovernmentaand water usissues are p

ecessary to pational level w

vel administraans implemencal level becaking. Capacity

remain to deare necessa

to be designeution are neceocial groups. esolve upcom

tion/backgro

he FAO E-codeals with insisations, rivedepartments,

his paper is epts with part

pported the he German cs support progManagement

es of the Lowformation ands”. 

pport of the pthe MRC, Caeds were disd resource incompiled to blemented usis of implemed to continue

divided into t

hapter providt in rural areal departmentsers’ associatipresented and

promote succewith clear resp

ation needs tnting land andause they alloy building is n

evelop new ary for the poed in a way essary becauBenefit-sharining conflicts a

ound 

onference onstitutional arr

er basin orgacoordination

to promote aicular focus o

Mekong Rivcontribution isgram deals wt of Watershe

wer Mekong d data excha

project, watersambodia, Lao scussed and nventories ofbe integrateding other souentation, to the accompa

three chapter

des an oveeas – currens at the natioions at the lod new challe

essful watersponsibilities a

the mandate d water managow collective aecessary at a

concepts foroor and for wthat they se

use of the incng institutionsabout the use

n Integrated rangements fanisations, amechanisms

and to share on institutiona

ver Commisss focusing owith watersheeds in the LowBasin (LMB) nge and agre

shed policiesPRD, Thailaevaluated in f the watersh into the norm

urces of finanreplicate the

anying capaci

rs. 

erview of insnt status andonal level, rivcal level. Effe

enges to inte

shed managemnd mandates

for decision gement. Comaction, demanall levels, esp

r institutions.women. Institt economic i

creasingly coms or payment

e of water. 

Land and Wfor integrated and land ands and their cap

experiences l arrangemen

ion since then technical a

ed managemewer Mekong B

cooperate eee on improve

s and strategand and Viet common anheds were emal planning ncing. In its le achievemeity developme

stitutional ard challengesver-basin comective coordingrated land

ment. Howevs are becomin

making, the mmunity-basednd-driven inteecially at the

The case stutions i.e. stincentives formpeting demat for ecosyste

Water Resourland and wa

d water manpacity building

on sustainabnts. 

e beginning advice and cent. The overBasin” reads:effectively on ed concepts f

ies were devNam, Waters

nd open forumestablished. F

processes atast phase, thnts, to integent. 

rrangements . It will addr

mmissions at nation mechaand water m

O

ver, river basinng more and

technical cad organisation

erventions andlocal level. 

studies showtate programsr individuals. ands for wateem services a

rces Manageater managemagement insg. 

ble watershed

of its functiocapacity deverall objective “Relevant insthe regional

for sustainabl

veloped in theshed issues ams, data wasFinally waterst district and he project segrate them in

for integratress especiathe provincianisms and ca

management

October 6, 200

n organisationmore importa

apacity and thns play a majd decentralise

w that targetes and properInstitutions f

er from differeare instrumen

ement in Rurment like watstitutions with

d manageme

oning in 199elopment. Onof this modu

stitutions in thlevel, condu

e manageme

e four memband activities s collected anshed ‘Plans province leve

eeks to suppon policies an

ted watersheally the role al / district levapacity buildinsuch as tran

 

09, 

ns ant

he jor ed

ed rty for ent nts

ral ter hin

ent

95. ne ule he uct ent

ber in

nd of

els ort nd

ed of

vel ng ns-

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Page 6    

boundary ashydropower success stori

The second constraint is administrativeguidelines fomanagementsustainability

The third charequirementssustainable wdevelopment

3. Reviews ­ 

3.1. Introd

The commonsystematic prthe context managementapproach). La

In relation toapproach of governance s

Integrated Wwater and othand related renvironment,achieve spec

3.2. Institu

The FAO aplegislative, julevels is requbasins and tlandscapes acommunity) c

Implementatioconsortia andinstitutions haexist in IWSM

pects and bare discussees. 

chapter identsystemic: A

e levels. Natior the provinct plans and of the initiativ

apter draws cs to addresswatershed mof institutions

What are th

duction 

nly used derocess for theof social, ec

t (IWSM) is and managem

o institutions FAO “collabosystem for wa

Watershed Maher resourcesresources wi to ensure s

cified land and

utional issue

pproach demaudicial and exuired in termsthe level of ware charactercooperate to a

on responsibd associationsave to deal w

M: In addition,

enefit-sharinged. Four cas

tifies constralack of hori

onal policies ce and espec

rules exist bves is not suff

conclusions frs key prioritimanagement. s for integrate

he current st

efinition of Ine sustainableconomic andon managing

ment is mainly

for integrateorative watersatersheds rath

anagement (IWs within a regthin the wate

sustainable md water mana

es: 

ands that insxecutive. A m of administra

watersheds arized). It is nachieve the o

bility is entruss, with prograwith conflict m, long-term fin

g schemes ee studies illu

ints and gapzontal integrand legislatio

cially the distrbut they lackfficiently ensu

rom this anales that conFinally, reco

ed watershed

tatus and ch

ntegrated Wa developmen

d environmeng water resoy a means for

ed land andshed manageher than on te

WSM) is the gion with the aershed, to comanagement agement targe

stitutional memulti-level apative units. Inare required necessary thbjectives. 

sted to “lightams and authmanagement nancing mech

e.g. paymentustrate this o

ps of the exisration and veon are often nrict or local lek implementared. 

ysis on how tribute to thommendationmanagemen

hallenges? 

ater Resourcnt, allocation, ntal objectiveources for dir water mana

water manaement” is impechnical meas

coordinated aim of ensurionserve or reof its biodive

ets and to pro

echanisms shpproach at thn terms of lan(up to now, at actors at

t” institutions orities playingbecause a ra

hanisms are n

for environmoverview pre

sting approacertical inconsnot sufficientlyevels. One mation, funding

to create polhe overall gons are givennt at all levels.

ce Managemand monitori

es. The focufferent purpogement. 

agement in portant. It focusures. 

multi-stakehng sustainablehabilitate ecersity, to min

omote socio-e

hould exist ahe national, sdscapes, instno clear defidifferent leve

such as wag a facilitatingange of someneeded if the

O

mental servicsenting best

ches It showssistencies bety translated i

major gap is g and enforc

licy options aoal of strengn on how to. 

ment (IWRM) ng of water r

us of integraoses (based

rural watershuses on instit

older managle developme

cological resonimize land deconomic dev

at different lesub-national atitutions at thinition exists els (river-bas

atershed mang and subsidietimes conflicfocus moves

October 6, 200

ces (PES) anpractices an

s that the matween differento operationthat watershecement so th

and institutiongthening moo continue th

refers to thresource use ated watershe

on the IWR

heds, the netutions and th

ement of lanent of the watources and thdegradation, elopment. 

evels, includinand watershee level of riveon how thos

sin, watershe

nagement forary role. Thescting objectivefrom a projec

 

09, 

nd nd

ain ent nal ed he

nal ore he

he in

ed RM

ew he

nd, ter he to

ng ed er-se

ed,

ra, se es ct-

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Page 7    

based approabe watershed

One principlecommunities in the central focus of IWSM

3.3. Local I

The participamanagementimplementatioparticipation implementatioreasons: on administrationelected commgovernance capturing thegovernance s

Today, a colapproach impprogram actinwater users’ rules have toinformal rulemechanisms administeredinto socio-eco

3.4. Land a

Water and ladistrict or proMekong Riveenvironmentaimplementatioone hand. Onland use plan

As water andlevel, either mechanism listable and pr

Administrativeadministrativeshown in cas

ach to a longd managemen

e of IWSM isand villages role they pla

M is on local

Institutions 

ation of grass t projects. Acon of watersand collectiveon purposes

the one hans often lackmittees for lastructures ase benefits ostructures are

laborative applies that it ing as facilitatoorganisations

o be createdes have to were created. The watersonomic plans

and water m

and resource ovincial leveler Commissal services ton of the “clan the other h

nning. 

d land resoura horizontal

ike a committrofessional ma

e and landsce boundariesse study 3. A

g-term approant funds. 

s that resouras opposed ty in the provi(watershed) l

e.g. water u

root organizactive and volushed programe action. In th, which wereand resourcek planning anand and wats the experieof collective e important su

pproach focus centered oor and suppos such as fo e.g. to resobe adapted

d like watershhed manage and private i

management

managemens like the wion. They athan nationalassical” waterhand they are

rce managemcoordinating

tee is neededanner and all

cape boundas for water msecond optio

ach (Hofer in

rces should bto in capitals)sion, managelevel institutio

users’ organi

ations has beuntary particims. Thereforhe past, projee not linked e users shod financial cater managemences from I

action in thuccess factors

sed on the on the local grter. The gove

orest user groolve conflicts

to the wateed managemment plan convestments.

t institutions

t institutions atershed ma

are closer tol level institurshed manage responsible

ment often areg unit like a d. The advantows a better

ries differ somanagement. on is to adapt

MRC, GTZ 2

be managed ); and womenement and saons with a stro

isations 

een recognizepation of all

re, watershedects often fouto the local uld be empapacities for

ment are a sndia show. The villages, s. 

local adminisgovernance pernance procoups or asso

and enforceershed mana

ment funds in Iould also be

s within gov

are often locanagement coo the resourutions. The ement prografor permits,

e covered bywatershed m

tage of a percoordination

o it has to beThis is done

t the administ

2007). Such f

at the lowesn should be reafeguarding ofong gender pe

ed as an essestakeholders

d programs unded local wadministratio

owered; on those large i

successful mThe self-motiparticipative

stration is improcess, withcess has to invociations of laed or existingagement plaIndia which himplemented

vernment dep

cated at the sommittees in rces and therole of sub-

am as suppostandards an

y different insmanagementrmanent unit iof different ad

e decided whe at the rivertrative framew

O

financing mec

st appropriateecognized for f water. That erspective. 

ential attributs guarantees always call

water users aon. This was

the other hinvestment p

means for estvation of theplanning an

mplemented. A a watershedvolve other loand users. Rg traditional kan. Recently, ave to be pro incorporating

partments 

sub-national lthe membe

e providers -national instrted in Indian

nd enforceme

stitutions at tht agency or is that it can wdministrative

hether or not r-basin level work for the m

October 6, 200

chanisms cou

e level, (i.e. and supportemeans that th

e of watershethe successffor commun

associations fs done for twhand the locrojects. Locatablishing loce communitiend transpare

A collaborativd managemeocal actors thaespective locknowledge an

local fundinoperly used ang its measure

level i.e. at thr states of thand users

titutions is thn States on thent of rules an

he sub-nationa coordinatinwork in a mounits. 

to stick to thin Thailand a

management

 

09, 

uld

in ed he

ed ful ity for wo cal lly

cal es, ent

ve ent an cal nd ng nd es

he he of he he nd

nal ng

ore

he as of

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Page 8    

water to the study 3). 

The advantainstitutions anareas. So it ihave a clearly

Federations organisations

At the nationageneral and sLevel Ministrown watershOther functionational actor

3.5. River b

The river basat the river bminimize watstrategy into stakeholder athe focus for requirementsStrategy for tfrom being exadvisory bodithe Global Wmost river cro

For the last yAfrica and inSoutheast Asbodies are mselection of cinformation a

At the regionSystems in (including shcommissionsbasin initiative

3.6. Coordi

Horizontal linof administraeffectively im

landscape bo

age of coordnd the numbs possible to y defined man

of local orgs. They could

al level, playesectoral policyies, the mosted managemns of nationars in watershe

basin organ

sin is an impoasin level is ater related rissustainable d

and communithis commun

s.“ (Draft 2008the Lower Mexecutive bodiies advising e

Water Partnersoss state bou

years, there n Southeast sia. One exam

mainly responscritical watersbout these bo

nal level, prothe Southern

hared lakes and agreemes are not de

ination mech

nkages acrossation includingmplementing IW

oundaries wh

ination is reer of conflictsconcentrate

ndate, issues

anizations cofunction as re

ers mainly infly plans, legist powerful on

ment programal players caned managem

isations 

ortant and appa process to sks. “These development ty involvemen

nity involveme8: MRC-BDP ekong Basin”ies with mandexisting adminship (2000). Tndaries, at th

has been an Asia. Exam

mple for the sible for riversheds. In theodies and pla

otocols have n Africa Devand groundw

ments have beealt with in this

hanisms 

s sectors (beg linkages beWSM. One in

hich is also do

educing the s of interest on the pragm

s that they add

ould link theesource centr

uence the inslation and gu

ne being the m which is imn be collectingent. 

propriate unit achieve a debodies have and manage

nt, in a form tent in water m

[Basin Deve”). River basidates for the nistrative andThey are locae regional lev

increase in ples for subestablishmenr basin planne WSM Resons in the four

been develovelopment Cowater aquifeeen establishs paper becau

tween governetween river bnstrument is

one in Thaila

number of gcaused by di

matics of execdress and res

e technical lires at which i

stitutional envidelines. An eMinistry for R

mplemented bg and dissem

for integratioesired water q

the importanement at the that suits eac

management, elopment Progn (or lake baallocation of

d executive boated at the suvel like the Ni

the number ob-national rivent of river basing. The rive

ource Kit Parr member cou

oped, such aommunity (Srs) a large ed like the Nuse it focuses

nmental agenbasin and waa stakeholde

and at the lev

government pifferent agenccution. It is imsources. 

ne departmenformation an

vironment for exception is InRural Developby the Indian

minating inform

on of land andquality and sunt role of tran

sub-basin lech country. Th

and for on-grgram] “IWRMasin or aquife

water rights odies accordiub-national lele Basin Initia

of river-basiner-basin orgasin organisatr-basin plan rt II of the Muntries of the

as the ProtocADC) Regionnumber of r

Nile Basin Inits on institutio

ncies) and veatershed maner discussion

O

vel of watersh

policies and cies operatingmportant that

ents and comnd knowledge

watershed mndia, where spment (MoRD States (see

mation and su

d water manaufficient quannslating natio

evel, with a lahey will increaround integra

M-Based Basiner) organisatio

and fee colleng to the IWR

evel like in Thative. 

n organisationanisations arions is Viet Ncontains e.g.

MRC GTZ proMRC is prese

col on Sharen. At the rivregional or ttiative. Thosens at the sub-

ertical linkagenagement arewhere repres

October 6, 200

heds (see cas

schemes ang in watershethe institution

mmunity-basee is accessed

management vseveral NationD), set up thee case study1upervising su

agement. IWStity and help

onal policy anarge amount asingly becomation of sectorn Developmeons may rangection to pureRM definition hailand; and a

ns especially re the ones Nam where th criteria for th

oject (no yeaented. 

d Watercoursver basin levtrans-bounda

e regional rive-national leve

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Page 9    

all relevant sconsolidationcould be natiofor Rural DevAt the waterThey shouldstakeholders.can participatwide range ofregarding key

The previousparticipatory planning, thebottom-up apinformation isin Thailand. 

3.7. Capaci

According to Training is reknow e.g. hownot only techAt the local practical. Onmanagement2007). The GdevelopmentCapacity devdevelopmentstakeholder (

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sectors are inn automaticallonal working

velopment or Ashed level, w comprise r. One importate in the exchf relevant locy issues and a

s approachesaspect. Espe

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ity building 

FAO, capaciquired at all lw to draft cleanical traininglevel, trainine option is tot. Public awarGTZ approac, organizationvelopment is), 2. relevant human resou

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vited. It shouly leads to cogroups consiAgriculture, Mwatershed marepresentativeant issue is hhange of inforal level playea range of po

s were often ecially in Asiaapproach preensure that thCase study 3

ty-building issevels, not onar legislation in planning mg for the aso conduct trareness needsch toward canal developms understoodorganizations

urces develop

apacity buildiuthorities are ce in the Mat all levels, mand training

wledge. Meas

te to the exWatershed Mad application s is provided

             (ID wsmrk, PW

uld not be assooperation anisting of repre

Ministry for theanagement ces of the lohow to organirmation, inclu

ers contributesossible solutio

top-down impa, e.g. India, evails. Integrahe water secshows how t

sues cover hnly at the locaand how to smethods but sessment of

ainings at dems to be raisedapacity buildi

ment and stred as the stres and actors (

pment).

ng mainly coable to impleekong area,management facilities so th

sures underta

xisting Capaanagement Rwhere informd. The provid

W mrcgtz – igno

sumed that innd effectiveneesentatives fre Environmencommittees aocal administise institution

uding the privs local knowle

ons. 

plemented cewith a strong

ated water actor is demathis informatio

uman resoural level. Decisset up policy g

also training the watersh

monstration/pd through visung implies h

engthening thengthening o(institutional d

onsists of instement watersh “capacities”and transfer

hat stakeholdaken are: 

acity BuildingResource Kit1mation about w

ded informat

ore certificate w

ntegration in ess. Horizontom the respent or Ministry are horizontaltration and rs in a way thate sector. A edge to the w

entral programg hierarchical nd land man

and-driven. Son exchange

rce developmion-makers o

goals. Sub-nain organising

hed is necesspilot sites shoual evidence human resouhe whole politof 1. the legdevelopment)

titutional devehed measure” include effof knowledge

ders are able

g Packages . The Waterswatershed mation contains

warning)

O

the sense oftal coordinati

ective Ministriefor Economicl coordinationrepresentativehat all relevanstakeholder d

watershed ma

ms and policsystem of go

nagement pao, a constanis organised

ent for examof the nationalational level ing stakeholdersary. The tra

owing optionsin such pilot rces developtical system. gislative fram) and 3. involv

elopment i.e. es in the long-fective comme (also at the to make infor

based on thed Managemanagement in

general info

October 6, 200

f organisationon committeees e.g. Ministc Developmenn mechanismes of relevant stakeholdedialogue with

anagement pla

ies despite thovernment an

artly requires nt exchange in pilot projec

ple by traininl levels need nstitutions neer dialogues etaining must bs for watersheprojects (Hof

pment, netwoMore specif

mework (polived people an

to ensure th-run. Accordin

munication anregional levermed decision

he informatioment Resourcn the four MRormation abo

 

09, 

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Page 10

    

waterwater

• Train

• Transfriend

• Exec

• Regio

• Supp

3.8. Challe

Challenges iinstitutions w

The first chanecessary to was found insustainable lior livelihoodswhether to colivelihoods an

Managementto mitigate cwater sharing

A second chathe focus goewater qualityexchange hause options a

The third chawatershed mmainly been countries likedifferent policwhere accounWatersheds ncommitment an appropriat

A fourth chaharmonisatioat the meso boundary ins

rshed managrshed plannin

ing of trainers

slating and trdly products (

ution of targe

onal exchang

port for pilot lo

nges: 

n Integrated hich are discu

allenge is concreate tangib

n some Indianivelihoods ans projects) pusonsider thosend environme

t of conflicts bonflicts abou

g rules as a ca

allenge is to ces back to thy and quantias to be creatand their impa

allenge is themanagement p

implementede India. Integcy levels andntability, efficineed to be oand thereforete legal frame

allenge is trn of planning or sub-natio

titutions. So,

gement, the ng, implement

s, support and

ransferring ree.g. for decis

et group orien

e of experien

ocal learning a

Watershed Mussed but not

nflict manageble economic n watershed d poverty alleshing watersh

e projects as ental concerns

between differt the differenase study from

create institutie provision oty are needted, especialact on liveliho

e shift of persplans imply ad in the formgrated waterd creating ruliency and res

owned and me the villagersework. 

rans-boundarbetween stat

onal level, buthe players a

policy and ting of waters

d supervision

elevant parts ion-makers),

ted capacity b

nces, especia

and informatio

Management t always tackl

ement – due benefits for fmanagemen

eviation goalshed environmwatershed m

s may need to

rent sectors ant use of watm Vietnam sh

ons for the mof sustainableed at differely at the locaods, especial

spective from a somehow lo

m of projects r and land mles and regusponsiveness anaged by ths need incen

ry IWSM whtes. As it wasut only natioat the sub-nat

legal frameshed activities

n of the nation

of the Reso

building activ

lly from the p

on centres at

are understoled in existing

to conflictingfarmers from nt projects thas (some proje

mental objectivmanagement po be addresse

and interests ter (e.g. hydrhows. 

monitoring of we environmentent levels. Cal level. Decislly of the poor

a project to onger-term p– an approa

management lations. This of the govern

he people. Thtives by prop

hich requiress shown abovnal level acttional level un

ework in thes and monitor

nal master tra

ource Kit into

ities,

ilot watershed

the watershe

ood as moreg institutions,

g objectives the investmeat if projects ects are / werves into the bprojects. Thosed in different

is also necesropower vers

watershed funtal services,

Capacity for msion-support r, are necessa

a policy apperspective, w

ach which harequires a pmeans to th

nance systemhe rural popuperty rights w

s new rules e, watershed tors have thendertake plan

O

e MRC memring.

iners,

target group

d areas,

ed level.

e strategic issprograms and

of IWSM in nts in the watare very mu

re mainly rurabackground. Tse trade-off ist ways. 

sary: Local insus irrigation)

nctions at diffeinstitutions fomonitoring asystems for aary in the futu

proach. Despiwatershed maas been quitepolicy approa

hink in governm are key factulation has tohich have to

and regulamanagemen

e mandate tonning etc. but

October 6, 200

mber countrie

p oriented us

sues regardind projects. 

particular. It tersheds. But

uch focused oal developmeThe question ssues betwee

nstitutions nee) and establis

erent levels. Aor monitoring nd informatioassessing lan

ure. 

te the fact thanagement hae successful ach integratinnance systemtors of succeso have a stron

be ensured b

ations and thnt is undertakeo create trant normally don

 

09, 

es,

ser

ng

is t it on ent

is en

ed sh

As of on nd

hat as in

ng ms ss. ng by

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Page 11

    

have the manexist like the

A fifth challemanagementdifferent leve

Pro poor benlevel, it meanoriented watepeople shouloff-farm empresources. Eincrease benpayments fordown-streamagricultural, mchange unco

3.9.: What 

In the followinThree case sbeen workingapproaches dexperiences are presentewatersheds iinvestment pr

ndate to direcriver-basin co

enge is to ct mainly covels. Equity, i.e.

nefit sharing ins to share beershed manad not be tota

ployment for mployment s

nefits from war environmen users of wamining) to upntrolled use o

practices an

ng, good practudies deal wg for more tdifferent ecoloin capacity b

ed. The thirdn Thailand. Trojects and w

ctly work withommissions in

create instituer managem. allocation of

mplies to incenefits from w

agement projelly sacrificed poor and lachemes etc. atershed mantal services. ater such asstream provid

of chemical fe

nd experienc

ctices and suwith approachthan 30 yeaogical regionsbuilding at diffd case studyThe fourth c

watershed man

players at thn Thailand ha

tions for beent issues to

f benefits, rem

rease equity water among ects in the pin the light o

andless peopcould be inte

nagement forAt the meso hydropowerders of waterertilizers which

ces could be

uccessful expees to integratrs in the des and States.ferent levels y presents tase study prnagement co

he same leveaving a trans-b

nefit-sharing.o achieve be

mains a challe

within the uslandless and

past e.g. to cof a more envle could alsoegrated into Ir the landlesslevel, they c

r companies, r. Those provh might impro

e shared? 

eriences withted watershedevelopment o In the seconfor integratedhe experiencresents apprould be linked

l in the neighboundary ma

Up to nowenefits from enge. 

ser groups and landownerscreate off-farmvironmentally-o lead to redIWSM progras. Another mcould be used

or other larviders have toove water qua

hin and outsidd managemeof watershed nd case studyd land and wces from grooaches from by benefit-sh

O

bouring counndate. 

w, institutionswatershed m

nd communitie. The intentiom employme-oriented appduced press

ams as it is deans of bene

d to transfer rrge scale invo change theiality for downs

de the region nt in Asia. In managemen

y from the Mewater resourceound gained

Asian countharing mecha

October 6, 200

ntry. Exception

in watershemanagement

es. At the locon of livelihooent for landlesproach becausure on natur

done in India efit sharing aresources fro

vestments (e.ir land use e.stream users.

are presenteIndia, GTZ ha

nt policies anekong Area, the manageme

in three piltries how largnisms. 

 

09, 

ns

ed at

cal od-ss se ral to

are om .g. .g. .

ed. as nd he

ent lot ge

P

Th

Th

 

Page 12

    

Case Study 1

The context

The approach

1: Watershed

Capacity bui

managemen

ilding for wate

Exp

Community-brehabilitating in India has edecentralized

The Ministry (MoRD, 2003institutions – for managingimplemented watershed guimplementing

GTZ, on behais one of the mdevelopment like MaharashWater Award)at the level odevelopment

A key featurethe many, oftagriculture, halso advocateresource manof decision-m

The approacparticipation, sustainable oMaharashtra’simplementingwatershed ma

Phase I of a phase of socproject and iAgricultural development villagers abouthe selection assessment organisations(FPC), and thwatershed byon cutting trevisits for comm

During phasepaid for the

t in India: less

ershed manag

xperiences from

based watershenatural resourevolved from a

d participatory o

of Rural Devel3) have givena pivotal role in

g local watershthrough local

uidelines haveg watersheds is

alf of the Germmain internatioin India at the

htra’s Watersh) in the past. Pof the Indian spolicies. 

e of the GTZ aten competing,ouseholds, inde for a universanagement secto

making, monitori

ch to watersheon the premis

only when locs Watershed

g successful IWanagement. 

watershed macial mobilisationin fact works Development projects whic

ut the project aof watershed,of stakeholde

s like village she preparation y voluntary workees are set up.munities plann

e II technical mework by the

sons from a lo

gement – build

m GTZ in India

ed managemerces in India’s ra purely technone. 

lopment’s Harin village-level n managing nahed projects. lly elected pan

e slightly changs now recomme

man Ministry foronal technical ce national leveled Organisatio

Presently GTZ states and at t

approach to wa demands on

dustry, livestockal policy that hors. GTZ supporing and evalua

ed managemese that a watcal people ow

OrganisationWRM projects in

anagement pron supported bas a consultBank (NAB

ch are financeand starts orga, identification ers’ needs aself-help group of a feasibility

rk (sharamdan). The communing to impleme

easures / consgrant and co

ocal level cap

ding up local i

a

ent has becomrural areas. Naical top-down

iyali guidelineslocal governm

atural resourceAcross India,

nchayati raj inged this focusended. 

r Economic Decooperation agel. It focused onon Trust (this yis more oriente

the national lev

atershed manaa watershed,

k, forests, wildarmonizes wororted projects p

ation. 

ent is built arotershed develown and maintn Trust has n line with the

ojects consists by a local NGOant for social

BARD) provided by KfW. Tanising the comand awarene

and the creatps (SHG), a fy report. Villag. Rules like a b

nities share theent watershed a

struction work antinue to cont

O

pacity building

institutions

me the guidingatural resourceapproach in th

s on watershedment – the ps. They are nowatershed de

nstitutions. Res: involvement

velopment andencies supportn building capayear’s winner oed towards capvel to coordina

agement is tryinsuch as the w

dlife and tourismrk across humapromote the de

round encouraopment projecttain project-cre

developed agovernmental

of a normally O. The NGO i

mobilisation. des grants tThe local NGOmmunity. Activss building of tion of Commforest protectio

gers start consban on free graeir experiencesactivities. 

are undertakentribute volunta

October 6, 200

g approach 

g principle for e management he 1970s to a

d development panchayati raj ow responsible evelopment is cent common of NGOs for

d Cooperation,ting watershed acity of NGOs

of Kyoto World pacity building ate watershed

ng to manage water needs of m. Its projects an and natural ecentralization

aging people’s t can become eated assets. a model for guidelines on

6-month long is paid by the The National

to watershed O informs the vities comprise

stakeholders, munity based on committee truction in the

azing, or a ban s by exposure

n. Villagers are ary work. The

 

09, 

f

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Page 13

    

Results

essons Learneed

capacity-buildTransparencypresentation payments areare presentedearning from economic acconducted to options for laoften the compeople is clostarts after twatershed msupported. Nowater. 

This approachfour India Stcountry. Espemanagement

• Participatiocommunity watershed where the ka crucial su

• Democraticspecific per

• Close attenmaking surIndia. 

• One succesgroups. 

• Transparencommunitietransparenc

• New instituhave to be areas wher

• Further, asflexible in tspending pStates whic

• For local lee.g. involvebecause it o

ding componey and accountaof the action

e made public, d to the people

the new econctivities like veimprove the pr

andless peoplemmunal land osed for a certthe constructin

management fuormally, the es

h has been imptates and sharecially the neeproject was re

on is seen as and the outsidaction is a cr

knowledge of buccess factor.

c way of selectriod of time. 

ntion needs tore that landless

ss factor of the

ncy of governanes prefer projecy about decisi

utional arrangemfound because

re local watersh

s the projects their rules, theyper ha, rules foch have strict g

evel activities, cement of the Deoften owns lan

ent continues ability are ensu

plan for apprregular public e. Women’s Senomic activitieegetable growroductivity of the like fish pondor the land of tain period to rng work is fi

und for maintestablished rules

plemented in wred with visitoed for a capacecognized. 

a two-way pde agency, be reative dialoguboth partners is

tion of member

o be paid to s access to them

e projects so fa

nce structure iects where noions and spend

ments for finane the volume ohed developme

implemented y could better

or project impleguidelines. 

co-ordination oepartment of Fd near the sou

to be implemured during the roval at the vihearings are helf Help Group

es. Farmers arwing. Net planhe farms. Partlyds take place. the Forest De

recover its ecoinished. The

enance and pas for the use o

watershed manors from all accity building p

process of inteit government,

ue between ths used. Self-mo

rs for communi

rules for devem is not reduce

ar is the involve

is a key succeo financial asding exist. 

ncing e.g. involof state transfeent is necessar

by developmadapt to the l

ementation tha

of meso or macForest into wateurces of water.

O

mented up towhole project

illagers’ meetinheld where detaps are formed re supported fnning at the y, developmentThis is neces

epartment useological functiocommunities artly livelihoodof water do not

nagement projecross India anphase during t

ense dialogue , NGO or profee experts andotivation of the

ity-based organ

eloping commoed as in many

ement of wome

ess factor for pssets are han

lvement of the r is not sufficiery. 

ment co-operatlocal context e

an projects run

cro level actorsershed manage

October 6, 200

o 24 months. by mandatory ng. All labour ailed accounts for saving the

for developing farm level is t of livelihoods ssary because ed by landless ons. Phase III may use the

ds options are t cover ground

ects in at least nd outside the the watershed

between the essionals. The d communities e community is

nizations for a

on lands and watersheds in

en in self-help

projects. Some ded over but

private sector ent to cover all

tion are more e.g. amount of

by the Indian

s is necessary ement projects

 

09, 

f

P

a

Th

Th

 

Page 14

    

Case Study 2approach 

Capac

The context 

The approach

2: Watershed

city building

managemen

for watershe

Experi

The water anlivelihood of people. Activione of the momuch of its imwatersheds c

The overall fivand Related RGoals have b2006 to 2010below: 

Goal 1: To deve

Goal 2: To e

Goal 3: To s

Goal 4: To sknowstak

As describedcooperation pdevelopment Thailand and ways of impintegrate themdevelopment.

The GTZ appthree levels o

1. At the narecommendatof integratedprocedures ocontext of waconcept of inthe relevant pand the permprocedures aintroduction oprovincial leve

2. The mainprovincial / didiscussed ananalysed and

t in South Ea

ed managem

iences from

nd land resouralmost 70 milities related toost significant dmpact occurs aall for an integr

ve year goal ofResources to Abeen identified0. The four go

promote andelopment 

enhance effecti

strengthen basi

strengthen the wledge base o

keholders 

d in the introproject in the M

in the four mViet Nam. The

plementation, tm in policies an 

proach for inteof institutions na

ational level, wtions were give

d watershed mof decision-maatershed mana

ntegrated waterplayers. This a

manent availabiat regional (Mof IWSM was el. Working gro

player in IWistrict levels. W

nd evaluated ind resource inv

ast Asia: lesso

ment – capaci

the Mekong

rces of the Lollion inhabitant

o agriculture, ladirect human ecross national rated and parti

f the MRC is: “Alleviate Poverd that MRC shoals establishe

d support c

ive regional coo

in-wide environ

Integrated Waof the MRC b

oduction of thMekong area ismember counte project now to replicate thnd mandates a

egrated watersational level / p

watershed policen. The aim is management aking, planningagement. Thisrshed manage

also includes thility of tools, in

MRCS) and nasupported in

oups were supp

WRM is the wWatershed issun common anventories of th

ons from a mu

ity building a

Area

ower Mekong ts and provideand use and foenvironmental iborders. The m

icipatory appro

“More Effectiverty While Protechould strive to ed for MRC fo

oordinated, s

operation 

nmental monito

ater Resourcesbodies, NMCs,

his paper, on focusing on tetries of the Min its last phashe achievemeand to continue

shed managemprovincial and d

cies and stratto “mainstream

at the policy g, implementats should happement becomeshe necessary cnformation, knoational levels. river basin co

ported. 

watershed manues and activitind open forumhe watersheds

O

ulti-level capa

at different le

Basin are the e food for somorestry in the winfluences on tmulti-faceted fuach throughou

e Use of the Mecting the Enviroachieve progr

or 2006 to 201

sustainable, a

oring and impac

s Management, Line Agencie

e module of echnical advice

MRC, Cambodise, seeks to suents from piloe the accompan

ment in the MRdistrict level:

tegies were dm” / to establis

level, and intion, and mon

pen in such a s self-understa

capacity buildinowledge and c

At the nationommittees at

nagement comies in pilot wat

ms, data were s were establi

October 6, 200

acity building

evels 

basis for the me 300 million watershed are the Basin, and unctions of the ut the basin. 

ekong’s Water ronment”. Four ressively from 10 are shown

and pro-poor

ct assessment

t capacity and es, and other

the German e and capacity ia, Lao PDR, upport various t projects, to nying capacity

RC addresses

eveloped and sh the concept n the routine nitoring in the

way that the anding among ng at all levels communication nal level, the the national /

mmittee at the tersheds were collected and ished. Finally,

 

09, 

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Page 15

    

Results

essons Learneed

watershed ‘Plprocesses at or to be imple

3. Vertical management:implementingthe strategic plan. Watersplanning andwatershed mmanagement plans consist development consultation, compliance amanagement committees inThe experienccommunicatewatershed issgoing phase. 

4. Capacity bcommittees, information, s

• A multilevedeveloped base for IWlegislation aunclear. 

• GTZ has deform of a gu

• A Watersheabout IWRM

• The plans funds. The

• Different coapproach oframework.

• IWSM need

• River basinsharing. 

lans of Action’ district and pro

emented using

coordination : In river basin

g programs areenvironmental shed manage

d projects. Themanagement pl

plans at the of provisions fprojects like disclosure of

and benefit shplans are imp

n acquiring finaces made in thd at national asues and linka

building mainlycollection an

support of the u

el approach flinking the wat

WRM exists. A nand committee

eveloped a cleuideline with 7

ed Information M. 

are implementproject develop

ountries are chor guidelines ar 

ds capacity dev

n and watersh

were compiledovince levels sother sources

mechanisms n management,e undertaken. T

assessment bement containe environmentalan. The river provincial / dis

for the followingtourism, miniinformation, in

haring mechanplemented. Theancial support fhe pilot watershand regional levages with river

y consisted of nd disseminatiuse of learning

for integratedtershed level wnational level rees was underta

ear concept for steps of action

Resource Kit

ted on the groups other financ

haracterized byre needed, eac

velopment at th

hed managem

d to be integrauch as socio-eof financing lik

between ri, policy formulaThe main produbeing the basens operationalal impact asse

basin plan isstrict levels. Tg topics: Mitigaing or hydropnstitutionalizatinisms. In pilote project suppofor the implemehed areas are dvels. Dialogues

r basin level ar

studies at the ion of waterscentres. 

water resourcwith the river-baeview of roles oaken but mand

r policy and insn. 

was develope

und, but need cial instruments

y different institch country can

hree levels. 

ment are linked

O

ted into the noeconomic deveke private inves

iver-basin anation, strategicuct at the river

e for the strategl guidelines,

essment is thes linked with tThe watershed ation measuresower, social iion of measurt projects, thoorts watershedentation of the pdocumented, ps on better undre conducted d

policy level, sshed manage

ce managemeasin level. So thof actors, polic

dates and legis

stitutional devel

d to dissemina

financing like s like PES. 

tutional settingsdevelop its ow

d by tools an

October 6, 200

ormal planning lopment plans

stment plans. 

d watershed c planning and r basin level is gic river basin management

e base for the the watershed

management s for economic issues, public res, control of se watershed

d management plan of action.

processed and derstanding of during the on-

support of the ement related

ent has been he institutional

cies and plans, slation are still

lopment in the

ate knowledge

governmental

s – no uniform wn institutional

nd information

 

09, 

f

f

P

Th

Th

R

 

Page 16

    

Case Study 3

– imple

The context 

The approach

Results

3: Watershed

ementation o

managemen

Capacity bof integrated

Ex

Thailand has years. River bof the countryanalyse infor‘basin operatitambon and veither the basfocused on cand not within

Now, a systewatershed leapproach of ridentified witrepresentativeunits elaborattambons in thplanning procnow directly summary pictsocio-econom

The MRC GTSam Mor (knoMae Rongchacapacity buildown strategy

Each pilot harepresented aregional direchis staff, provthe technical plans develop

First, a capaworkshops. Tmanagement operation of tlocal informaWatershed ‘Panalysis of the

• The Workinphase 2 of project. Soplanning. 

• Activity stat

t in three pilo

uilding for wwater and la

Experiences f

implementedbasin sub-comy. They have armation to devions plans’. Wovillage provide sin developme

collecting informn a watershed.

em of naturalvel (so a landriver-basin planthin the 25 rie working grouting a ‘plan of ahe annual planncesses. The imassist the admture of the wate

mic plans. 

TZ WSM projecown as 5T undang (2T). Thaiding program wplan on RBM.

as a working although not actor of the Depvide the technic

link that takesped by the basi

acity building They covered (knowledge an

the working groation about thPlan of Action’ we main problem

ng groups havf the MRC GTZome tambons

tements’ for ea

ot watersheds

watershed maand resource

from Thailan

 

a national polmittees where

a clear structurvelop ‘river baorking groups ainformation ab

ent plan or the mation and de

l and water rdscape approanning) is being river basins inup establishedaction’ which caning process, o

mportant point ministrative levershed and its

ct has worked der an MRC riveiland conductewith relevant st

group with 3all members copartment of Wacal support for s these watersin sub-committ

program wasthree modul

nd commitmenoup leading to he watershed was developedms of the water

ve not been abZ project and thave already

ach of the speci

in Thailand:

anagement e manageme

nd

licy for river baestablished in

re and mandatesin developmeat the administbout local prior

higher level pvelopment nee

resource plannch is chosen

g introduced. 25n the country d from local levan then be takeor by the river is that this wa

vel planning prproblems and

in three pilot wer basin classifd a number oftakeholders in

5 to about 60ome to meetinater Resourcesthese working

shed plans inttee.

s undertaken les - awarenent), information

a ‘plan of actioand identifie

d. The watershershed and poss

ble to completthis work will b

y included som

ific actions und

O

lessons from

ent at the loca

asin managemn each of the me. Working groent’ plans andtrative levels prities that are toprovince plans.eds ‘at the adm

ning and assecontrary to the54 watershed u

and each ovel people anden up by provinbasin sub-com

atershed level rocesses by prpriorities that in

watersheds in fication), Nam f consultation the pilot areas

0 members. Ags of the works (DWR) for ea

g groups. The rto the higher l

consisting of ess raising abrelating to the

on’. Then the ged critical issed “Plan of Actisible solutions.

te all this workbe taken up inme issues in

der the ’key iss

October 6, 200

the ground 

al level 

ment for the lasmain river basinoups collate and accompanyinprovince, districo be included i. This approacministrative un

essment at the administrativunits have bee

of these has d administrativnces, districts ommittees in the

of planning wroviding a cleanfluence annua

Thailand – HuaPhung (3T) anmeetings and s based on the

All tambons arking group. Thach region, anregional DWR ilevel river basi

f meetings anbout watershewatershed, an

groups collecteues. Finally,

tion” contains a

k by the end o phase 3 of ththe local leve

ues’ are made.

 

09, 

st ns nd ng ct, in ch it’

he ve en a

ve or eir will ar al

ai nd

a eir

re he nd is in

nd ed nd ed

a an

of he el

. 

P

Le

 

 

Page 17

    

essons Learneed • At the distwatershedswatershed administratidecisions aintroduced the membeadministratisetting. A cl

• A horizontastarted at tbottom up inot work. Pactivities. Eprocess bua critical isshighly partiinvolved – l

trict level, thes. Top down

drainage aretive boundariesat district and so that almosters of the rivtive levels. Herlear information

al planning prthe local level.in addition to t

Participation is eEach watershedt how it is decisue. The watericipative procelimited participa

e river basin planning had

eas as ‘total, s and thus can tambon levels

t a double strucver basin wore watershed pn system is ne

rocess which . So, informatithe river basin essential for thd has a leadinided to involve rshed manageess where all ation means lim

administrative neglected theinterconnectedbe impacted b

s. For this reascture exists forrking groups planning takescessary to link

is necessary ion to higher lstructures. A pe implementati

ng group of offithe broader st

ement plans haagencies and

mited acceptan

O

units are noe importance d resource un

by separate andson, watersher watershed placollect inform

s place in anotboth levels of

for watershelevels of plannpure top down ion of watersheficials to start ttakeholder grouave to be develd key stakeholnce. 

October 6, 200

ot identical witof treating th

nits’ that crosd uncoordinated planning waanning becaus

mation at lowether institutionaplanning. 

d managemenning is provide

approach doeed managementhis consultatioups will becomloped through lder groups ar

 

09, 

th he ss ed as se er al

nt ed es nt

on me

a re

P

Th

Th

R

 

Page 18

    

Case Study 4

The context

The approach

Results

4. Capacity bu

Capacity bui

Pa

uilding for ben

ilding for bene

ayment for Ec

For the last yEcosystem Scommunities means to shawith adjacenPayment for financial incepayments to p

In many Asiahydropower pservices for watershed maquantity. If cchanges to ppayments. 

In several Asiand water matheir revenuedevelopment similar legal royalties go blinked to the pbenefit-sharinconstruction oalso a compshortages aftmade in the fo

In the Indian of hydropowethe so-called the treatmentan expert worcapacity buildof payments t

Bhutan: One in Bhutan in 2the water qua

India, Himacimplementatiocourt case. Sthe fee in plaDepartment inabout the usHimachal Prapublished to a

nefit-sharing i

efit sharing in

cosystem Serv

years there haServices as and local bod

are the benefitt local commEcosystem (

ntives to tacklproviders like c

an countries liprojects are plhydropower panagement acommunities inprovide those

ian countries aanagement exes as royaltieupstream in thprovisions for

back to the comprovision of ec

ng scheme becof a hydropowepensation scheter the construorm of projects

state Himachaer stations have

Catchment Art of the catchmrkshop that 30

ding in the comto the local bud

hydropower co2008. The meaantity are not im

chal Pradeshon of the CATo far, the Foresantations protenvests the fee

se of the paid adesh for the Rask for support

in integrated l

integrated lan

vices in the Hi

as been a disca means of

dies which cants from large i

munities are pa(or environmenle scarcity of ecommunities. 

like the Mekonlanned. Challeprojects are totivities, to redu

n the catchmeecosystem s

approaches for xist. In Bhutan,es which are he catchment aroyalties from

mmunities via tcosystem serviccause the comer plant e.g. byeme for downuction of a hys. 

al Pradesh, a lae to be paid asrea Treatment

ment area of the% of funds go

mmunities. Regudget are also di

ompany has masures for watemplemented du

: The ForesT Plans becausst Department ecting the hydin the best ca

d fee. In springRenukaji Damt for the implem

land and wate

nd and water m

imalayan State

cussion about providing ad

be used for winvestment proayment for ecntal) services ecosystem ser

ng area or thenges related t

o reduce the uce water seasnt area are w

services then

PES institution hydropower c

planned to areas of the ri

m hydropower. the district devces. So the pamunities do noy improved infrnstream commydropower plan

aw claims that s a fee to the F(CAT) Plan. The hydropower pdirectly to the

ular payments iscussed. 

made a paymenershed manageue to the lack of

st Departmense the non-imdoesn’t have t

dropower statioase in plantatiog 2009, a ten

m catchment armentation of th

O

er manageme

management

es

the potential dditional revenwatershed ma

ojects like hydrcosystem serv

(PES) schemrvices in water

e Himalayan cto the provisiosediment load

sonality and towilling to undethey shall be

ns in relation tocompanies shabe invested

iver. Nepal andIn Nepal, 10

velopment fundayments can beot necessarily brastructure. Th

munities suffernt. The payme

t 1.5% of the inForest Departmhe fee has to bplant. A proposcommunities ato the commun

nt to the Ministrement to increaf technical exp

t is concernmplementation cthe technical caons from siltations but no trannder of Forest rea in Himachae payments, e

October 6, 200

ent 

of Payment fonues for locanagement. Onropower actionvices schemesmes set mainlrsheds by direc

countries, largn of ecosystemd by integrateo increase wateertake land us

rewarded wit

o integrated lanall pay 1.5 % ointo watershe

d Pakistan havper cent of th

d. These are noe regarded as benefit from the payments ar

ring from wateents have to b

nvestment costment as a part obe invested intsal was made iand are used fonities in the form

ry of Agriculturase and sustaiertise. 

ned about thcould lead to apacity to invesion. The Fores

nsparency existDepartment o

al Pradesh waspecially for th

 

09, 

or al

ne ns s. ly ct

ge m

ed er se th

nd of ed ve he ot a

he re er be

ts of to in or m

re in

he a st st ts of as he

P

Le

 

4

Tcag

a

ce

st

g

a

d

 

Page 19

    

essons Learne

4. Constrain

4.1. Constr

The case stuconstraint is administrativeguidelines foinstitutional aBeing a crossalso means tbeen set up regulations amanagementcoordination eliminated. 

Furthermore,support systethe hierarchihorizontal cobasin planninincreases. Atgroups and ru

If local commassociations Command-anin rural waterdensely popumeans loss o

ed

nts and gaps

raints 

udies show thsystemic: A

e levels. Natioor the provinarrangementss-sectoral topthat a complein most coun

and laws andt of water anlike the rive

means of vems. High-levical administordination at ng. As now,t the local levules for the m

munities are for water ma

nd-control aprsheds whichulated areas of livelihood o

payments to b

Nepal: the legKhulekani waRUPES II proservices but rstations pay tdevelopment

• Legal provihydropowerbe investedbenefit-shaprotection f

• The implemthat no con

s 

hat constraintlack of hori

onal policies nce and esps for setting upic, it is often ete legal basntries. The exd mandates. nd land relateer basin com

vertical informvel managemtrative systemlower levels land and wvel, user gro

management o

being empoanagement anproaches suc might work with stakeho

ptions for a p

be made to adj

gal provisions atershed, the doject of ICRAF. rather awarenethe royalties to funds. 

isions are in plr stations in thed to improve ecring mechanisfrom siltation.

mentation of theclusions can b

ts to integratezontal integrand legislatio

pecially the dup integratednot clear wh

se for Integratxisting sectoraDifferent ageed issues whmmissions is

mation and dment bodies lm of govern. Information water managoups and linkof conflicting i

owered, the nd local govech as mandatin countries wolders with dpart of the pop

jacent commun

for the paymedistrict developThe payments

ess raising prothe central go

lace for paymee Himalayan cocosystem servsm rather than

e legislation hae drawn if this

ed water andration and veon are often ndistrict or locd land and which agencies ted Land andal agencies m

encies mean hich have to

needed whe

data exchangike river basiment in mafrom the wa

gement is coks between winterests have

link betweenernments migtory rules for with a small nifferent intere

pulation e.g. b

nities.

ents to the compment fund funs were not direojects. It is not vernment whic

ents of ecosysountries. The p

vices. This is wn a payment fo

as so far only is an effective

d land managertical inconsnot sufficientlycal levels. Inater policies are responsi

d Water Resomay even hava differentiatbe negotiateere the cons

ge have to bin organisationy Asian cotershed level

onsidered, thwater, forest ae to be establ

n the commught be missin

the protectionumber of keests. In suchby the ban on

O

mmunities are nded local projct investmentsclear whether

ch transfers the

stem services fpayments don’t

why they can befor an ecosyst

started in the pinstitutional me

gement still esistencies bety translated in many casestill have to

ible for settinource Managve created cotion of interesd. Here, a fostraints are

be developedons are neceountries does has to be in

he number oand land manlished. 

unity-based og (like in Ind

on of drinkingey players migh areas, a shn grazing. So,

October 6, 200

in place. In thjects during th

s into ecosystemr all hydropoweem to the distric

from royalties ot always have te regarded as tem service lik

pilot projects sechanism. 

exist. The matween differento operationes sustainabbe develope

g policies. Thgement has nonflicting rulests in terms orum for polidiscussed an

, e.g. decisioessary becauss not promoncluded in rivof stakeholdenagement us

organisationsia in the pas water sourceght not work

hift of land us participation

 

09, 

he he m er ct

of to a

ke

so

ain ent nal ble ed. his not es, of cy nd

on se

ote ver ers ser

s / st). es in

se is

P

ee

a

e

t

wg

o

t

awc

w

g

oa

5

aca

 

Page 20

    

essential to fenvironmentapopulation. 

4.2. Gaps 

One major gaand enforcemnewly createexcellent watinstitutions fotrue for technmanagers exways of kngovernments

Planning of independentlyother planninhow the privinvolvement othe case stud

Long-term fulocal level, walocal contribu

Regarding caare sufficient watershed excooperation. building phasNow, the supwork with gov

One more cogroup at the lmanagementoptions like inare not comb

5. Discussion

1. Uniform ainstitutional sat different lecountry. This and other spe

ind suitable sal services by

ap is that watement so the sued organisatiotershed manaor the executionical knowled

xist. There arenowledge dis and agencie

large impacy from water

ng documentsate sector coof the privatedy from India s

nding of watatershed mai

utions) have b

apacity buildinand how the

xperience areAt the local

se before the pport focusesvernmental ag

onceptual gaplocal level. Ust. If the focusn India to pro

bined with othe

n and conclu

approaches fsettings and dvels, it is impis an area w

ecific circums

solutions. Posy tourism and

ershed manaustainability oons. The expagement pracon of the prodge: technoloe clear impedssemination, s charged wit

ct economicrshed manages which couldould be invol sector and dshows, howe

tershed manantenance fun

been introduce

ng issues, one up-scaling oe mainstream

level, NGOsproject starts

s on consortiagencies to ma

p lies in equitser groups ms of watersh

oviding ecosyer programs s

usions 

for integrateddifferent landsortant to stres

where stage ostances will p

ssible solutiond drinking wa

gement plansof the initiativeperiences froctices is due tgrams are esogical tools adiments to ad

carefully crth the manag

c activities lement. They

d be done bylved in water

developing linver their impl

agement still nds (being finaed in India bu

ne can ask if of the pilot p

med into the ds undertake s. Those NGOa of NGOs anainstream suc

ty. First of allmight be efficie

ed managemstem servicessuch as empl

d land and scapes. Whess that there of developme

play an import

ns are institutater providers

s and rules exes is not sufficm India showto lack of exessential for thand managemdoption of therafted policieement of land

ike hydropowhave to be i

y working grorshed managks with markeementation is

needs a furtanced out of ut it is not clea

and how dorojects can bdesign of procapacity buil

Os are trainednd research ich approache

, equity issueent but not eqment programs, the acceptloyment gene

water manan discussing can be no blu

ent, financial tant part in d

tional arranges to offset op

xist but they laciently ensurew that the gecution of thee success of

ment options ese practiceses, incentived and water re

wer plants integrated intups at the na

gement in rurets in rural ws lacking. 

ther developmthe watershear how they h

nor sponsorebe done. In Inojects financeding for comd by WOTR (institutions fo

es. 

es have to bequitably distribms shifts awatance of sucheration schem

agement will the roles an

ueprints valid and human retermining w

O

ements such portunity cos

ack implemened. This is espap between

e programs (Wf the program

that are at ts that will reqes and comesources. 

are still undto the river-bational level. ral areas. Coatersheds are

ment of instrued developme

ave to be use

ed pilot projecndia, more thed by Germa

mmunities dur(the so-calledor knowledge

e considered buting benefitay from provih programs mmes. 

not work dud functions ofor all cases

resources, trawhat is most a

October 6, 200

as payment fsts for the loc

ntation, fundinpecially true findifferent an

Wani 2008). Ss. The same the disposal

quire innovativmmitment fro

dertaken quiasin plans anA major gap

oncepts for the developed a

uments. At thent projects aned. 

cts and toolkan 30 years n developmering a capac mother NGOexchange an

within the usts of watersheiding livelihoo

might fall, if the

ue to differeof organisationor all parts ofaditional normappropriate in

 

09, 

for cal

ng for nd So is of ve

om

ite nd is

he as

he nd

its of

ent ity

O). nd

ser ed od ey

ent ns f a ms n a

P

g

t

T

oge

2a

3aa

Tas

sca

4

d

o

tg

5

t

6ew

 

Page 21

    

given contextpolicies and negotiation atherefore the

The new appprocess that players identobjectives. Tguidelines anecosystems. 

2. In general,above all impinstitutions shprojects). 

3. Local instiadministrationand water mmanagement

The integratioas the case sstill a challenknowledge susituation andcommunities and that the a

4. The main involved in thdevelopment is difficult in hoverlapping leresponsibilitieknowledge anlevel planninglinks. River bthe watershegroups. 

5. New modinstitutions fothat the legainvolvement o

6. As the casespecially a nwatershed ma

t. Neverthelesprograms. (W

among the sinstitutions a

proach regardepends on ified in the st

The second pnd institutiona

, watershed mplementation hifting from a

tutional moden needs the m

management. t funds or dist

on of watershstudies show.nge. It is impouch as local conditions. Tare organise

approach for w

challenge in his area. As th

assistance chierarchies, begislation. Imes and mandnd local knowg. The experasin organisa

ed manageme

dels for beneor balancing dal provisions fof communitie

se study fromneed to organanagement a

ss, institutionWP 2000) Thtakeholders. re needed for

rds watershedthe participa

takeholder anpolicy option al arrangeme

management beyond pilot

a project to a

els for replicamandate, theInstruments

trict developm

hed resource The involvem

ortant to creatinformal landThe case of

ed, watershedwatershed m

integrated wahe institutionacan be very hbut necessarymportant playe

ates. Verticalwledge. Informience from th

ations at the pent committe

efit sharing lidifferent interefor such benes is crucial. 

m India shownise local lev

activities. 

al developmehe functions As a result

r their manag

d managemeation of all stanalysis to a s

is to creatents at the su

policies and projects. It ispolicy approa

ation can be e technical ca

for the implement funds wh

planning fromment of womete institutions

d use rules, aIndia shows

d managemenanagement is

atershed manal coordinatiohelpful i.e. as y to integrate ers are river bl coordinationmation from thhe case studiprovincial leveee at the pro

ke paymentsests in land uefit-sharing m

ws, there is avel stakeholde

ent is critical of a river basuch functio

gement. 

ent as part oakeholders. Ostakeholder de flexible instub-national / l

plans exist bs necessary ach (or mains

found in the apacity and thementation ohich fund such

m district / pren and institus to incorporaand propose sthat success

nt plans are ss transparent.

nagement is n is a touchy a facilitator oplans of diffe

basin organisan of institutionhe watershedes shows thael for setting t

ovincial / distr

s for environuse have yet mechanisms

a strong needers and comm

to the formulaasin like use ons may vary

of a wider soOne policy opialogue to inttitutions like local level wh

ut need refineto establish astreaming the

MRC countrhe financial mof watershed h activities. 

ovincial level utions for the ate or make usimple techno

s factors at thset up, econo. 

institutional cissue in man

or even mediarent departmeations at the ns is a two wd level has toat it is possibthe frameworrict level invo

nmental servito be develoexist but the

d for capacitymunity based

O

ation and impof resources

y from basin

ocio-economiption is to invtegrate policiepolicy and i

hich fit into th

ement and coand coordinae experiences

ries or India. means for imp

plans are lo

into local plainvolvement ose of local exologies that rhe local levelomic benefits

coordination. ny cases, the ator. Horizontents, to clearsub-national

way process in be incorpora

ble to establisk exchange inolving catchm

ces at differped. The casy lack implem

y building at organisation

October 6, 200

plementation s depend upon to basin an

c developmevite all relevaes and discusimplementatiohe context an

oordination anate policies ans from the pil

The local levplementing lanocal watershe

ans is essentof the poor, axperiences anreflect the loc are: that loc are generate

Donors can binvolvement

tal coordinatior mandates anlevel with clenvolving expeated into highsh such verticnformation wi

ment area us

ent levels anse study showmentation. Th

the local leves to impleme

 

09, 

of on nd

ent ant ss on nd

nd nd lot

vel nd ed

ial are nd cal cal ed

be of

on nd

ear ert

her cal ith

ser

nd ws he

el, ent

P

ec

t

gt

 

Page 22

    

7. The sheerresearch teaknowledge-bapopulation ofhigh-value eentrepreneurscapacity to ebroaden theirtheir skills. Thin preparatiousing budgetgeneration atechnology an

6. Recomme

1. Facilwidel

2. As serecom

3. Reco

4. Prom

5. Creathe p

6. Creaplanswate

r size of the cm from Indiaased entry pf the watershenterprises, inship and a b

effectively impr capacities ahis will requirn and in poss and the eng

and disseminnd informatio

endations 

itate regionaly implementa

ector-specificmmended to a

ognise the role• Empowe

take part• Promote

pilot proj• Conduct

watershe• Allocate

plans. 

mote vertical a• Horizont

clarify m• Promote• Clarify c

and ecos

te options anprivate sector.

te institutionss because imrshed manag

challenge miga proposed. points and fred at large. Tncome-generabroad-based plement prog

and skills and re a longer imst interventiongagement of nation of tecn accessible

l consensus able solutions

c policies andadapt them to

e of local player local playet in watershed

e adapted sojects at the lot stakeholder ed plans of acbudget for w

and horizontaltal coordinatioandates, role

e two-way vertcoverage of rsystem bound

nd pilots for b

s for capacitymplementatioement.

ght require a “This calls f

rom subsisteThis is being dating activitiecommunity i

grams is addrreach; while

mplementationn support. It specialist serhnology. A bto the waters

on institutios for land and

d guidelines eo the local con

yers: rs like commd manageme

olutions and eocal level.

dialogues at ction. atershed man

l coordinationon is underta

es and rules atical informativer basins adaries.

benefit-sharin

y building at on of succes

more marketfor a shift in ence to gaindone with proes, market linvolvement. ressed. Implecommunities

n period of sealso requires

rvice providerbig improvemhed commun

nal options water resour

exist which antext at the riv

munity-based ont and createexchange ex

the watershe

nagement at

n: aken by wor

and regulationion sharing by

and watershe

g models and

the local levessful pilots is

t-based / busapproach fr

ing tangible oductivity enhnks, public-pMoving forw

ementing ages need to streeven to eight s additional frs. One of thement is neednity” (Wani 200

needed for brces managem

are too generver basin or w

organisationse tangible incexperiences an

ed level for s

the local leve

king groups ns at the differy information d level institu

d develop mo

el to implemes the most

O

siness model rom subsidiseeconomic b

hancement, dprivate partne

ward requires encies need engthen their

years with mfunds and moe weakest aspded in makin08). 

better integrament in rural w

ral to be impwatershed lev

s and local adentives for thend knowledge

setting up and

el in existing s

at the nationrent levels, and monitori

utions across

odels for the

ent watershedcritical step

October 6, 200

approach ased activities enefits for thiversification erships, micrthat a lack

to expand aninstitutions an

more time speore flexibility pects lies in thng appropria

ated and mowatersheds.

plemented, it vels. 

dministration em. e between th

d implementin

socio-econom

nal level: The

ng systems,s administratio

involvement

d managemein introducin

 

09, 

a to

he to

ro-of nd nd

ent in

he ate

ore

is

to

he

ng

mic

ey

on

of

ent ng

P

 

Page 23

    

7. Reference

• G

• FtEM

• HtR

• Ja4A

• JMV

• MRR

• MM

• OmaIAP

• WMWCI

• h

Case study

• Bi

• DH

• KP

• M

• SDSA

es 

Global Water P

Fares,Ali (2009to FAO e-confeEnvironmental ManoaAFares@

Hayward, B. (2the poor. An ovResearch at th

Joshi PK, Jha Aand Conditions46. PatancheruArid Tropics. 24

JRP (no year). Maintenance aViet Nam

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