Mr. RizzoGII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945 Agenda Today 2/3 “Three Cups of Tea” check-Go...

Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945

Agenda

Today 2/3

“Three Cups of Tea” check-Go over midterms

Tomorrow 2/4

WWI Notes

* HW: for next Tuesday read the introduction and chapters 1-3 in “Three Cups of Tea”


Crises and Achievement Unit

Science and technology brought many benefits to society in the late 1800, and early 1900s. In most industrialized countries, life expectancy increased and standards of living rose. People became hopeful, for they had experienced peace for many years.

However, the forces of nationalism, militarism, and imperialism were moving the world toward war.


Crises and Achievement Unit

By the time World War I was over, people understood how science and technology could change their lives in negative ways.

The war caused new social and economic problems.

In Russia, a communist revolution produced a totalitarian state. Perhaps worst of all, the problems that had led to World War I remained unresolved. A second global conflict erupted in 1939, resulting in even greater destruction than the first.


Crises and Achievement Sections

1. World War I

2. Russian Revolution

3. Between the Wars

4. World War II


World War IAs the 1900s began the people of Europe had

enjoyed nearly a century of relative peace. At the same time, forces were pushing the

continent toward war.Although the world seemed at peace in the early

1900s, powerful forces were pushing Europe toward war.

These forces included nationalism, militarism, imperial rivalries, alliance systems, and the decline of the Ottoman empire.


Causes

M.A.I.N

MilitarismDuring the late 1800s, militarism, the

glorification of military power, arose in many nations of Europe.

This development led to fear and suspicion as nations became more willing to use military force to attain their national goals.


Causes

M.A.I.N

MilitarismThere was an arms race, in which the great

powers competed with each other to expand their armies and navies.

One of the fiercest rivalries was between Britain and Germany.


Causes

M.A.I.N

Alliance System Increased tensions and suspicions led nations to

form alliances. Nations agreed to defend each other in case of

attack. By 1914, there were several alliances.


Causes

M.A.I.N

Alliance SystemThe two most important were the Triple

Alliance and the Triple Entente. The triple Alliance consisted of Germany,

Austria- Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Entente consisted of Britain, France, and Russia.


Causes

M.A.I.N

Imperialism and Economic RivalryBritain, France, Germany, and other nations

competed for colonies and economic power. France and Germany competed especially for

colonial gains in Africa.


Causes

M.A.I.N

Imperialism and Economic RivalryBritain and Germany competed industrially. Germany had industrialized rapidly, and the

British felt threatened by this. Because of their mutual competition with

Germany, Britain and France began to form close ties with each other.


Causes

M.A.I.N

NationalismAs you have learned, nationalism can bring

people together. It can also, however, be a source of conflict. In Europe in the early 1900s, aggressive nationalism was a source of tension.


Causes

M.A.I.N

NationalismNationalism was strong in both Germany and

France. Germany, now unified, was proud of its growing

military and industrial strength. France, meanwhile, wanted to regain its position

as a leading European power.


Causes

M.A.I.N

Nationalism It had lost the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. Besides having to pay money to Germany,

France lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Many of the French people wanted revenge on Germany.


Causes

M.A.I.N

NationalismRussia had encouraged a form of nationalism in

Eastern Europe called Pan-Slavism. The movement tried to draw together all Slavic

peoples. Russia was the largest Slavic country, and it was ready to defend Serbia, a young Slavic nation in the Balkans.


Causes

M.A.I.N

NationalismThroughout the Balkans, in fact, small Slavic

populations looked to Russia for leadership in their desire for unity.

The multinational empire of Austria-Hungary opposed Slavic national movements.


Decline of the Ottoman Empire

Other situations also set the stage for war. The Ottoman empire had become weak. British

relations with the empire became strained after Britain signed an agreement with Russia.

Germany, on the other hand had taken an interest in establishing good relations with the Ottoman empire.


The Armenian MassacresNationalistic feelings had caused periodic waves

of violence against Armenians since the 1890s. New violence was a brutal result of the rivalry

between Turkey, which ruled the Ottoman empire, and Russia.

The Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian Armenians, believing that they supported Russia against the Ottoman empire.


The Armenian MassacresWhen Armenians protested oppressive Ottoman

policies, the Turks unleashed a massacre on the Armenians.

Additional massacres leading to the deaths of a million or more Armenians occurred over the next 25 years.


The Balkan Powder KegThe Ottoman empire's control over the Balkans

had weakened over time. Serbia declared its independence in 1878,

hoping, to build a Slavic state in alliance with Russia.

Serbia wanted control of Bosnia and Herzegovina, two provinces that would give landlocked Serbia an outlet to the Adriatic Sea.


The Balkan Powder KegThese provinces, however, were Ottoman

provinces administered by Austria-Hungary. Austria opposed Serbian ambitions, fearing

that the same kind of nationalism would spread to its own multinational empire.

Also, Austria-Hungary feared Russian expansion.


The Balkan Powder KegTensions grew, and in 1912, Serbia and its allies

attacked the Ottoman empire. The great European powers were all interested

in gaining lands from the crumbling empire. By 1914, the Balkans were known as the

"powder keg of Europe." Any small spark was likely to lead to an

explosion.


Agenda

Monday-WWI Notes-Midterm GradesCollect Chap 28 Sec 1-3,5Tuesday-Go Over Midterms-Bring in the “Three

Cups of Tea” book. Read the introduction.Wednesday-WWI NotesThursday-Quiz on WWI.Friday- WWI NotesNext Wednesday (2/18) Test on WWINext Thursday (2/19) Quiz on Chapters 1-3 in

“Three Cups of Tea”


The Spark and its Aftermath


The “Spark”Not surprisingly, World War I began in the

Balkans. Although many Serbs lived in Bosnia, it was still ruled by Austria-Hungary. Serbian nationalists felt that Bosnia belonged to Serbia.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the heir to the Austrian throne. On June 28, 1914, the duke and his wife were traveling through Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Gavrilo Princip, a member of a radical Slavic nationalist group that opposed Austrian rule, shot and killed the archduke and his wife.


The Ultimatum

On July 23, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum, a set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences.

The ultimatum demanded that Serbia allow Austro-Hungarian officials to suppress all Serbian subversive movements and to investigate the archduke’s murder.


After the Assassination The major nations of Europe responded. Each hostile

action led to another hostile action.

1. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murders of the archduke and his wife and made harsh demands in Serbia.

2. Serbia refused to comply with any of the demands.

3. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28.

4. Russia, a Slavic nation and a friend of Serbia, mobilized its forces in preparation for war.

5. Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia.


After the Assassination 6. Germany declared war on France, an ally of

Russia.

7. Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914, so that German forces could enter France more easily.

8. Britain declared war on Germany.


Central Powers and Allied PowersThe two opposing sides in World War I were the

Central Powers and the Allied Powers. The Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire (later joined by Bulgaria).

On the other side were the Allied Powers: Britain, France, and Russia. Italy at first remained neutral, but it eventually joined the Allies. Other nations, including the United States, also joined the Allies later.


Who is to blame?

1. Germany

2. Russia

3. Austria-Hungary

4. Britain

5. France

In your opinion, who was to blame for WWI? State the country and the reason why they are to blame.


Agenda for Today

Today-Notes on WWITomorrow-Quiz on WWI.Next Wednesday (2/18) Test on WWINext Thursday (2/19) Quiz on Chapters 1-3 in

“Three Cups of Tea”


The War


Central Powers and Allied PowersThere were three major fronts in Europe where

fighting occurred. The Western Front extended across Belgium

and northeastern France to the border of Switzerland.

The Eastern Front ran from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea.

The Southern Front ran between Italy and Austria-Hungary. Fighting also took place in Africa and the Middle East.


Battle of the MarneOn September 5, 1914, the French and German

armies collided in northeastern France in the Battle of the Marne.

After four days of shelling, the French finally pushed the Germans back a distance of about 50 miles from Paris, saving the city.

Although German forces continued to hold much of France’s heavily industrialized areas, the German retreat made it clear that neither side was capable of defeating the other quickly or easily.


Tannenberg

By August 13, 1914, the Russians had invaded East Prussia from the south and from the east, diverting German troops from the Western Front.

At the end of August, Russian and German troops met at Tannenberg in present-day Poland. There the Germans were able to encircle and destroy the Russian army.


Stalemate

After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans and the Allies began a series of battles known as “the race to the sea,” with each attempting to reach the North Sea first and outflank the other.

By November 1914, the war had reached a stalemate in a line extending from the Swiss border to the English Channel.


Trench WarfareHeavy fighting took place along the Western

Front, a 600-mile stretch from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Germans hoped to win an early victory there, but French and British troops stopped them. For four years, neither side could make any significant gains.

Trench warfare began, so called because the troops dug trenches, along the front. Very little ground was gained by either side in this way, and many soldiers were killed.


Verdun and the Somme

In February 1916, the Germans staged a surprise attack against French forces at Verdun, a massive fortress in northeastern France on the Meuse River.

The French, under General Henri-Philippe Pétain, held firm for six months until the Germans abandoned their attack.

The Battle of Verdun was one of the bloodiest of the war, causing both sides to suffer more than a half-million casualties.


Verdun and the Somme

Later that year, the British, aided by France, launched a similar offensive against the Germans in the Somme River valley in northern France.

The Battle of the Somme turned out to be as terrible and inconclusive as the one at Verdun, costing the Germans about 500,000 men, the British 400,000, and the French 200,000.


Industrialized WarWorld War I was a war between groups of major

industrial powers. New technology made this war an enormously

destructive one. For example. Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel had

invented dynamite in 1867. Used in mining and construction, it also became important in weaponry. Many of the other recent inventions of the time—the internal combustion engine, the airplane, and communications devices—were also put to military use.


New Air and Sea WeaponsWorld War I was the first war to make full use of

modern technology and machinery. Technology changed methods of warfare greatly.


Civilian Life and Total WarThe war was fought at home as well as on the

battlefield. A war fought in this way is called a total war.

In a total war, all of a nation's resources go into the war effort.

Governments drafted men to fight in the war.Governments raised taxes and borrowed

money to pay for the war.


Civilian Life and Total War

Governments used the press to print propaganda, the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause.

Women at home took jobs that the soldiers had left behind. Some women joined the armed services. Other women went to the fronts as nurses.


Agenda

Today-Finish notes on WWI and go over propaganda posters

Next Wednesday (2/18) Test on WWINext Thursday (2/19) Quiz on Chapters 1-3 in

“Three Cups of Tea”Who needs to take the WWI quiz?


Major Turning Points

Several events that took place during World War I are seen as major turning points. They include the withdrawal of Russia from the war and the entry of the United States into the war.

Russian Withdrawal In Russia, low morale contributed to a

revolution in 1917. Early in 1918, Russia's new leader signed a treaty with Germany that took Russia out of the war.


The U.S. Enters the WarAlthough the United States had allowed

American ships to carry supplies to the Allies, the country had tried to remain neutral (not supporting either side) in the war.

In 1917, however, Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare, meaning that it attacked any ships on the Atlantic, even if they were carrying American passengers. This policy brought the United States into the war in April 1917.


Lusitania

RMS Lusitania was a British luxury ocean liner was torpedoed by the German submarine, U-20, on May 7, 1915.

The Americans were particularly enraged by the Lusitania disaster. One hundred twenty-eight Americans were lost on the British ship out of 197.


Lusitania

This was after many protests of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, in which many neutral ships, including those of the United States, were sunk, and some without warning.

On May 13th, President Woodrow Wilson sent the first of four Lusitania notes to Germany.

Anti-German protests and political cartoons appeared.


Zimmerman Telegram In January of 1917, British cryptographers

deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause.

Zimmermann himself dispelled initial suspicions regarding the telegram's authenticity by giving a speech in which he confirmed its existence.


The US Tips The Scales

Russia’s withdrawal from the war was offset by the entry of the United States into the conflict.

American intervention boosted Allied morale and gave the Allies much needed resources, both industrial and human.

The Allies Win!


Costs of WarOn November 11, 1918, an armistice, or an

agreement to end the fighting, was declared. The costs of World War I were enormous. It would take many years for people and nations to recover.

Human CasualtiesThe costs of the war in terms of human lives

were staggering.More than 8.5 million people had died.More than 17 million had been wounded.Famine threatened many regions.Disease was widespread in many regions.


Costs of War

Economic LossesAll over the world, there were also economic

and political losses.Factories, farms, and homes had been

destroyed.Nations had huge war debts to repay.The Allies, bitter at the destruction, insisted that

the Central Powers make reparations, payments for war damage they had caused.


WWI Propaganda Posters (1)


WWI Propaganda Posters

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