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1

:

p.rangraz@gmail.com

!" #!

$1388

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(!)*+,-./0$-./!

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=01>?@

5A0/0$,8.$B?@)$C!D!=.(@E;.$*$#@

.

;*=;@./G8.$H0*/01!.,I"-J*)309G:.,

5A0/0$,8.$B?@)$C!D!=.(@E;.$*$#@

.

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3

#! :>$, +@(

M $, +@(

M

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4

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I$.65

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I$.4#.O66(!)*45160IP!QP=01

(!)*NR0)O60S1.T0U!V;8W8$.

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Micropipet electrode

Indifferent

electrodeElectronic

stimulator

1 m

Stimulus

Resting potential

70 mV

Action potential 0 V

Time0 20 ms

Figure 4.2 The action potential of the nerve axon in response to electric stimulus. The

depolarization process first occurs at the stimulation site. The action potential then travels

downstream to the recording site where a penetrating micropipet is used to pick up theintracellular potential with respect to an indifferent reference potential.7

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Diffusion8=.H$J4516XH$J4516.$YZ.P4516

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Drift97[U94

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`a$.$(Einstein Relationship)

10

."!M;*H0U043Ub;UY4:4)+3A0$)

`a$de.)3A0$)(!defJ*"g.

300`U01g)27`U0$1(8:

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j)1(

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k,$9l:8$9:

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j)2(

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=#-_8N7:

k,$9O6-4$2P9H,U0>@30:8$.:$.

no0;

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aNernst13

=p*

aNernst

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=p*Donnan14

7@9.

4/#4#.I$.48:.

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=q15

4>R0)N!4>!NR0)

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aGoldman16

a17474.

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r;=p,8W8$.17

r;8W8$.Na+QP!Cl-IPI.

g)

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r;8W8$.:2308$.gIPG!3308QP

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==01:)1(18

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==01:)2(19

k,$9=9:G44/#4#.O6A./!!GO6A./!

Nernst.A./!DC

=8$r;b3U.

Electrical

equivalent

Na-K pump

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=pO6=0120

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$gKygKEKd/60

21

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I$.I;@

-J*=01d>($$]*47NI$.6

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Na+

Outside cell

Inside cell

Plasma membrane+ + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + +

Na+

nepotential

(mV)

+500

1

2 3

4

+ + + + + + + + +

Na+

+ + + + + + + + +

Na+

Resting phase1

K+

Depolarizing phase2

K+

tMemb

r

100

Undershoot phase4

K+

Repolarizing phase3

K+

23

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24

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*J-Nx1a!>

p-I$.GI;@12,0U!9.-J*4!=01z$:

J*{;:93-J*Nx1a(absolute refractory period)

07.

8:=0E9*#.4=0P.3-J*

26

>re a ve re rac ory per o$ 0.

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27

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28

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.I$.I;@)309!$1$3(29

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.I$.I;@30

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.I$.I;@)309$1$(31

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3$::;

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33

Schematic diagram of a muscle-length control system for a

peripheral muscle (biceps) (a) Anatomical diagram of limb system,

showing interconnections. (b) Block diagram of control system.

(Feedback)

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=qreflex arc

34

44 a- *

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4@4:d?@a$J-J*d?@

.9#35

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I$.:3$B?@#36

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jHReflex37

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Electromyogram(EMG)38

:>?@9D8$p*SMU)-*#!.9#(

I$*4.

=$EMG4$/p,./SMU:.

.

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Electroretinogram

ge(mV)

$>4$/p,!!=$4>Y8$9.

http://webvision.med.utah.edu/ClinicalERG.html

Slow-wave

time (ms)Volt

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Figure 4.18 The transparent contact lens contains one electrode. The reference

electrode is placed on the right temple. (From Webster, J. G. (ed.) Medical Instrumentation:Application and Design. 3rd ed. Copyright 1998 by John Wiley & Sons. Reprinted by permission of John

Wiley & Sons.)

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ERG recording electrodes

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Electrooculogram (EOG)42

!@I$.N74>Y30@ERGGI$.$"

$>4Y0U!.!$"!4>$>-.$./9I.Y

H$J U .

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)43

./ 4$/p,d1".

=$ .0"4 3 0U0.

1. Atrial

depolarization

. en r cu ar

depolarization

.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)44

./ 4$/p,].

!./ o0 G";Y0.

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ElectroEncefaloGram

Waves:

Delta: < 4 Hz ... slee in , in awakeness atholo ical

Brain

Theta: 4.5 -8 Hz ... drowsiness in children, pathological in aduls(hyperventilation, hypnosis, ...)

Alfa: 8.5 -12 Hz ... relaxation physical / mental

Beta: 12 - 30 Hz ... wakefulness, active concentration

Gama: 3080 Hz higher mental activity including perception and

consciousness