MP

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MA

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2019

MP

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MA

INS

2019

WORLD HISTORYWORLD HISTORYWORLD HISTORYWORLD HISTORY

INDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION

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WORLD HISTORY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

INTRODUCTION The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was used by European scholars – Georges Michelet in France

and Friedrich Engels in Germany. It was used to describe the changes that occurred in the

industrial development of England between 1760 and 1820.

The Industrial Revolution had far-reaching effects in England. Subsequently, similar changes

occurred in European countries and in the U.S.A. the Industrial Revolution had a major impact

on the society and economy of these countries and also on the rest of the world.

This phase of industrial development in England is strongly associated with new machinery and

technologies.

LEARNING CURVE

Things to Understand

Meaning of Industrial Revolution.

The causes for the Industrial Revolution.

Why did Britain become the first nation to witness the Industrial revolution?

Scientific Inventions that contributed to the growth of Industrial Revolution.

Growth of different industrial sectors such as textiles and transportation.

The merits and demerits of industrial revolution.

What were the features of British Industrial revolution?

Social/Economic and Political impact of Industrial Revolution.

Industrial Revolution outside England.

Words/name that Matter (3 Marker)

Putting-Out System, Factory System, James Hargreaves, James Watt, Edmund Cartwright, Eli

Whitney, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison, Glorious Revolution, Agricultural Revolution,

John McAdam, Mercantilism, Lassez-faire, Socialism

Practice Questions MPPSC Mains (Marks)

Give an account of the scientific inventions that contributed to the growth of Industrial

Revolution.

Analyse the merits and demerits of the Industrial Revolution.

What were the Demerits of Industrial Revolution?

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MEANING OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION It refers to the changes brought about by transformation in the method of production from

man-made to machine made.

A new era in the history of mankind began when the newly invented machines began to produce

consumer goods in abundance. These changes were first witnessed in Britain around mid 18th

century.

WHAT WERE THE METHODS OF PRODUCTION BEFORE INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION? The trajectory of the method of production of goods has been like this- from Guild System to

Putting-Out System to Factory System.

There was decline of the Guild System, when the volume of trade increased further and the Guilds

were unable to cope with the demand as they were unsuited for mass production.

Putting-Out System: This resulted in coming of Putting-Out System. Under this system, the raw

material and the final product were owned by the merchant and the worker was only a wage earner.

The site of work was the home or the backyard of the worker. The invention of machines changed

everything and even this system was replaced by what is called as the Factory System.

Factory System: Under this system, the centre of production shifted from home to the factory. The

workers, for the first time now, travelled from home to work-sites on daily basis. They for the first

time aggregated in such large numbers under a shed working on machines. The capital was owned

by the Capitalist and the worker was just another factor of production and the capitalist was the

owner.

LIST THE INVENTIONS THAT LED TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION There were several new inventions during this period. Below are a few of the most important.

1. Spinning Jenny :James Hargreaves developed the spinning jenny in 1764. This machine allowed

workers to spin more wool at one time greatly increasing productivity. This invention was

necessary for the industrialization of the textile industry.

2. Steam Engine : James Watt created the first truly reliable steam engine in 1775. Watt's version

included a crankshaft and gears and is the foundation for modern steam engines. This invention

made locomotives and many of the textile machines possible.

3. Use of coke to produce iron: In the old days iron ore was smelted in brick furnaces in which

charcoal was used as fuel. But, the iron produced was brittle. The new method in which coke

was used was laborious and costly. Finally Henry Bessemer discovered a faster and cheaper

method of producing steel in 1856.

4. Power Loom : Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom in 1785. It dramatically changed the

way cloth was woven by making it much easier. It would take almost another fifty years and

several alterations by other inventors before it would become commonly used.

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5. Cotton Gin : Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin (short for cotton engine) in 1794. Prior to the

invention of the cotton gin, cotton seeds had to be removed from the cotton fiber by hand. This

invention made cotton a much more profitable crop for farmers. With this invention, many more

farmers turned to cotton as their main crop, greatly increasing the amount of cotton plantations.

These expanding farms needed cheap labour, which also resulted in an increased use of African

slaves.

6. Telegraph : Samuel F. B. Morse created the telegraph in 1836. This invention changed the face of

communication. Instant communication became possible between the east and west coasts and

allowed people to know what was happening almost as it happened. This revolutionized media

and personal communication.

7. Sewing Machine :Elias Howe created the sewing machine in 1844. This forever changed the way

clothes were made and allowed the mass production of clothing. Before this it was most

common for women to make all of the clothes for their families. Only the very wealthy could

afford to have a tailor to make custom clothing of the latest fashion. It was later improved upon

and patented by Isaac Singer in 1855.

8. Internal Combustion Engine : Jean Lenoir invented the internal combustion engine in 1858.

Eventually this engine was used in mass transportation.

9. Telephone : Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone in 1876. The telephone further

improved communications and eventually led to the various communications devices used

today.

10. Phonograph: Thomas Edison created the phonograph in 1877. Prior to the creation of the

phonograph the only option for entertainment was for live musicians or actors to perform. This

allowed people to listen to music anywhere.

11. Airplane : Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright created the first airplane in 1903. The ability to fly

had long been a dream of the human race. Within a few decades planes had changed the face of

personal and business travel and had dramatically altered warfare.

WHY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FIRST TOOK PLACE IN ENGLAND ?

1. The Glorious Revolution When William of Orange took the English throne from James II in 1688. The event brought a

permanent realignment of power within the English constitution.

The new balance of power between parliament and crown made the promises of the English

government more credible, and credibility allowed the government to reorganize its finances

through a collection of changes called the Financial Revolution.

The fiscal credibility of the English government created by the Glorious Revolution unleashed a

revolution in public finance. The most prominent element was the introduction of long-run

borrowing by the government, because such borrowing absolutely relied on the government's

fiscal credibility. The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688 (after Glorious

Revolution), and British society's greater receptiveness to change (when compared with other

European countries).

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2. The Agricultural Revolution

The improved yield of the agricultural sector can be attributed to the enclosure movement and

to improved techniques and practices developed during this period. The improved yields also

increased the amount of food available to sustain livestock through the winter. This increased

the size of herds for meat and allowed farmers to begin with larger herds than they had

previously.

Advances in agriculture included the use of sturdier farm implements fashioned from metal,

control of insects, improved irrigation and farming methods, developing new crops and the use

of horsepower in the fields to replace oxen as a source of power.

These changes which have occurred in agriculture made it possible to feed all of the people that

were attracted to the industrial centers as factory workers. By providing enough food to sustain

an adequate work force, England was preparing the way for expansion of the economy and

industry.

3. Population Growth and British Empire

The upshot of Britain's success in the global economy was the expansion of rural manufacturing

industries and rapid urbanisation. East Anglia was the centre of the woollen cloth industry, and

its products were exported through London where a quarter of the jobs depended on the port.

As a result, the population of London exploded from 50,000 in 1500 to 200,000 in 1600 and half

a million in 1700.

Growing population resulted in more people from the countryside being freed up to work for

wages in the new cities, — and eventually increased demand for products such as clothing.

4. Financial Innovations

Financial institutions such as central banks, stock markets, and joint stock companies

encouraged people to take risks with investments, trade, and new technologies.

5. The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution

It encouraged scholars and craftspeople to apply new scientific thinking to mechanical and

technological challenges. In the centuries before the Industrial Revolution, Europeans gradually

incorporated science and reason into their world view. These intellectual shifts made English

culture highly receptive to new mechanical and financial ideas.

6.Navigable Rivers and Canals

Rivers and Canal in Great Britain quickened the pace and cheapened the cost of transportation

of raw materials and finished products Adam Smith, the first modern economist, believed this

was a key reason for England's early success.

7.Coal and Iron

Coal and Iron deposits were plentiful in Great Britain and proved essential to the development

of all new machines made of iron or steel and powered by coal—such as the steam-powered

machinery in textile factories, and the locomotive. On the coal fields. Britain had the cheapest

energy in the world.

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8. Government Policies

Government policies in England toward property and commerce encouraged innovation and the

spread of global trade.

The government created patent laws that allowed inventors to benefit financially from the

"intellectual property" of their inventions.

The British government also encouraged global trade by expanding the Navy to protect trade

and granting monopolies or other financial incentives to companies so they would explore the

world to find resources.

9. World Trade

World trade gradually increased in the centuries before the Industrial Revolution and provided

European countries access to raw materials and a market for goods. It also increased wealth that

could then be loaned by banks to finance more industrial expansion in an upward spiral of

economic growth.

The greater liberalization of trade from a large merchant base allowed Britain to produce and

utilize emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than European

countries with stronger monarchies.

Success in international trade created Britain's high wage, cheap energy economy, and it was the

spring board for the Industrial Revolution. High wages and cheap energy created a demand for

technology that substituted capital and energy for labour. These incentives operated in many

industries.

10. Impact of "High Wage Economy and Cheap Energy":

The success of R&D programs in "eighteenth century Britain" depended on the high wage

economy. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the growth of a manufacturing,

commercial economy increased the demand for literacy, numeracy and trade skills. These were

acquired through privately purchased education and apprenticeships.

The high wage economy not only created a demand for these skills, but also gave parents the

income to purchase them. As a result, the British population was highly skilled, and those skills

were necessary for the high-tech revolution to unfold.

High wages and cheap energy of the British economy caused many famous invention of the

Industrial Revolution. These inventions also substituted capital and energy for labour.

11. The Cottage Industry

It served as a transition from a rural to an industrial economy. Like the later industrial factories,

the cottage industry relied on wage labor, cloth production, tools and rudimentary machines,

and a market to buy and sell raw materials (cotton) and finished products (clothes).

The damp, mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for

the spinning of cotton, providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry.

12. Napoleonic Wars

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Blockade by Napoleon against British trade and any British import pushed Britain for further

innovation to be self-reliance.

Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial

plunder and economic collapse, and possessing the only merchant fleet of any useful size

(European merchant fleets having been destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy)

13. Protestant Work Ethics

British advance was also due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in

progress, technology and hard work. The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant

work ethic and the status of dissenting Protestant Sects.

14.Development of Transport

There is a close relationship between the development of industry and improvement in

transportation. Industrializaion depends largely on the bringing of raw materials to factories and

on the disposing of manufactured goods in a wide market. As late as the 17th century, highways

were poorly kept. A pack horse was the only possible means of travel on land. In the second half

of the 18th century, John McAdam (1756-1836) built a type of hard-surfaced road in England.

The only important change made in this method was the substitution of a tar composition for

mud as a binder.

WHAT WERE THE FEATURES OF BRITISH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION? 1. It was guided by capitalism.

2. Factories were privately owned and profit generation was the main motive.

3. Factory-system; factory based production was an important feature of the revolution.

Traditionally production was carried out within the bounds of home.

4. Mass production of goods.

5. 5.The doctrine of Laissez Fair guided the revolution. Market forces of demand and supply guided

the production of goods.

6. Role of the state was that of a just facilitator.

7. Indigenous innovation powered the industrial revolution in Britain.

8. The British manufacturer were very conscious about the quality of their product. They made

sure their product was of superior quality.

9. Over-emphasis on the motive of profit generation led to the exploitation of the working class.

They received extremely low wages, lived in inhuman conditions and worked in unsafe

environments.

10. It was the production of consumer goods that fuelled the revolution.

11. Textile sector was the most dominant during the industrialization of the British economy.

Remarkable progress was witnessed in this sector.

The mechanized cotton spinning powered by water or steam increased the

productivity of a worker by 1000 times. The power loom increased the production by 40

times.

During the period from 1780-1840 the textile production in Britain increased by more than

50 times.

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WHAT WERE THE DEMERITS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION? 1. New Social Problems : The rapid growth of industrial cities created problems that were difficult

to solve. Accommodation, sanitation, and health were not provided adequately. Sickness and

crime prevailed. Women and children were employed for cheap labour. They worked for 12 to

14 hours per day.

2. Capitalism : The establishment of the factory system increased the amount of money in

circulation. However, money concentrated in the hands of a few people.

3. Class Division :The Industrial Revolution divided society into two distinct groups: the rich middle

class (bourgeoisie), composed of manufacturers, merchants, mine owners, bankers, and

professional men, on the one hand, and the wage-earning class (proletariat), composed of mill

workers and factory workers, on the other. This gap between employer and employee gave rise

to many economic and social problems.

4. Growth of Colonialism and Imperialism : The Industrial Revolution had strengthened

colonialism because the colonies were useful to obtain raw materials and sell the finished

products. So, larger territories were captured thus paving way for imperialism.

5. Decline of Agriculture and Village handicrafts: In place of tenant-farmers,rich landlords became

powerful.

6. Child Labour became rampant

7. Diseases spread: There were frequent bouts of spread of infectious diseases.

WHAT WERE THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ? The results of the Revolution have spread to economic, political, and social fields bringing

fundamental change.

Economic impact of Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution replaced the domestic system with factory system. Machines have been

established in factories. Factories needed well constructed spacious establishments.

Money needed for establishing factories, purchasing raw materials and payments of wages to

workers.Hence an industrial capitalist system has evolved that can invest money as capital.

Consequently the feudal lords and the entrepreneurs of domestic system who saved money and

the merchants benefited by mercantilism have turned to be capitalists.

Corporations and joint stock companies have emerged as it was not possible to invest capital by

one or two for the big factories. Hence establishment of huge factories has gone into the hands

of joint companies.

European countries had to acquire markets for the enormous production made as a

revolution.This led to the establishment of colonies all over the world.

Colonisation resulted in disputes Among European countries finally leading to World War I.

While industrial revolution led to colonialism, colonialism resulted in imperialism.

Industrial revolution had created new goods and articles which did not exist in medieval ages.

Means of transport and means of communication like telegraph and telephone have made

human life more convenient and comfortable.

Yet another result of the industrial Revolution was the rise of economic liberalism. Free trade

policy introduced in England, based on the policy of “Laissaz faire” was the basis of the

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economic liberalism. According to it the Government shall not interfere in the process of

production and distribution. Economic liberalism has championed the cause of individual ability

in economic progress.

This has attracted the British capitalists very much. However the British capitalists in their

attempt to stop the government intervention in the trade policy didn’t allow the factory acts

intended for workers welfare to be promulgated.

Industrial Revolution has spread to other European countries after 1870. With the completion of

unification of Italy and Germany, the nationalistic sentiment has spread to other parts of the

globe.

Under the circumstances to compete with England, merchants of certain countries needed the

intervention of government in the trade policy. They needed protection of taxes.

Hence, the economic liberalism was replaced by economic nationalism through which national

interests have been in trade policies.

Social impact of Industrial Revolution

Towns that flourished in ancient and medieval ages have lost glory, giving place to new cities

developed in and around factories and industries, conveniently located for the supply of raw

material, power generators and mans of transportation.

Industrial Revolution witnessed the rise of two classes in these new cities. They are 1) capitalist

class and 2) Working class. Peasants who have lost their fields as a result of enclosure

movement have reached the cities that turned as workers.

Fascination towards industries also drove some people to the cities, which joined the working

class. The people from different areas flocking together led to the rise heterogeneous culture.

The customs, tradition, moral values and the very life style of the people underwent a great

change. As the socio-cultural remnants of ancient and medieval ages are disappearing the

dazzling picture of modern life was unveiling.

The products of the cottage industry could not compete with the machine products as the

machine products were finer and cheaper. Consequently the cottage industry has collapsed. As

result of it, skilled workers and artisans in the rural areas had to move to cities to work in

factories.

The artisans who hither to enjoyed individual status and respect had to surrender to the

capitalist.As the workers settled in huge numbers in cities their living places have turned as

slums, where hunger and unhygiene prevailed.

The life of worker has become wretched. Adding fuel to fire, the increase in the number of

workers has decreased their wages.

Women and children were also forced to drudgery. There was no one who cared for the

education and health of the worker and his family.

An exception to the above said situation was Robert Owen of Scotland who laid foundations to

the naturalism with his welfare activities to workers.

Owen has reduced the working hours of the workers, stopped engaging children in work. He had

created hygienic conditions in the work place and even shared the profits with the workers.

Political and Geo Political impact of Industrial Revolution

The land-owning class (aristocrats) was replaced by the Industrial class (capitalists) as the leaders of

governments.

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• A laissez-faire policy took the place of mercantilism. Lassez-faire meant free trade without

interference from the government.

• Mercantilism, or the government policy of controlling overseas markets, meant that nations

were strengthened by government control of its economic interests.

• The right to vote for both men and women was expanded.

• The industrialized or developed countries quickly became the strongest power of the world.

Countries were either thought of as developed or underdeveloped.

• By the end of the 19th century, the United States replaced Great Britain as the leading industrial

nation in the world. In the 20th century, the Industrial Revolution would spread almost every

part of the world.

• New types of economic systems developed. For example, capitalism expanded in the United

States; socialism in Great Britain and France; and communism in the Soviet Union.

• As the Industrial Revolution expanded, industrial nations sought new markets for their goods in

other parts of the world.

• Capitalist nations became imperialist nations, extending their rule over other countries or

territories, causing problems which led directly to World War I.

• The revolution created technologically superior states and encouraged a sense of nationalism /

nationalist ambitions.

• For instance, steamships and advanced weaponry (like the Maxim Gun) allowed British- and

other European imperialists to navigate Africa's interior rivers and thereby start conquering

Africa in the 19th century—whereas previously they had been unable to do so.

• It helped the British to create resources and weaponry to colonize India.Various other European

powers also took colonies in Asia and Africa and captured their markets.

• The Japanese began to industrialize under the Meiji Restoration and soon thereafter, began

conquering other islands in their vicinity, and extracting raw materials (like rubber) from

conquered islands for mass production.

• Japan's invasion of Chinese Manchuria in 1937 escalated the conflict toward Pearl Harbour.

• In the United States, the Industrial Revolution shared similar patterns, even if the specific results

differed by geography and culture. With railroads and rifles, the Americans "tamed" and

"settled" the Western frontier, by (variously) making unfair and often unilateral treaties with

American Indians, by driving them out with superior weapons and warfare.

• USA wrested control of former Spanish colonies in the Caribbean, such as Cuba and Puerto

Rico—but to our own economic gain. . Thus, USA expanded its reach — including the amount of

land, resources, and numbers of people under our control / influence.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION OUTSIDE ENGLAND

In Europe, the end of Napoleonic wars in 1815 brought an atmosphere in which the nations

could focus on Industrial development. Machines were introduced in many European nations

after 1815, but the movements for democracy, independence and unification of territories

didn’t allow Industrial Revolution to take root till 1871.

In France, by 1850, the iron industry had started to develop, but the lack of raw material in form

of coal and iron ore limited its progress.

Germany was second only to Britain in production of steel but was still far behind Britain. After

German unification under Bismarck, German industry developed in leaps and bounds and soon

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became a rival to the British in production of pig iron and coal. Italy also witnessed Industrial

revolution post-unification in 1871.

It was Russia, which was last to industrialize. Russia was rich in natural resources but due to lack

of capital and free labour because of serfdom, the process of its industrialization was slow.

Russian industrial production got a boost when Serfdom was abolished in 1861 and it

borrowed foreign capital. But it was only after the 1917 October revolution that Russia

underwent true Industrial revolution.

Outside Europe, the USA industry started developing after independence from Britain in 1783.

But since the British policy of Mercantilism had prevented development of indigenous industry,

and USA was engaged in its own political turmoil of Territorial expansion and the Civil War after

President Lincoln banned Slavery, it was only after 1870 that Industrial production got a big

boost. USA then emerged as an industrial power and by the World War I was the major supplier

of finished goods to rest of the world.

Japan was the first Asian country to industrialize. Industrial Revolution took place in Japan in late

19th century. It became a major exporter of steel machinery, metal goods and chemicals from

the traditional exporter of silk, toys and porcelain.

Thus it can be said that the system of polity, political independence, security from invasions, the

availability of labor and capital along with law and order stability were the major determinants

of the Industrial revolution. Britain was the first to industrialize not because it had better

intellectuals but due to existence of favorable conditions as mentioned above. When these

conditions became prevalent in other countries, they soon embarked upon Industrial revolution.

These conditions on the other hand never existed at the same time in colonies like India.

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