Moving Forward to Next Generation from 802.11ac

Brian Su brian_su@keysight.com

Sr. Project Manager

Jan, 2014

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IEEE 802.11

Overview 2

IEEE Standards Committee Overview “WAN, PAN, Thank you, MAN”

Standards Committees

• Formed in 1980 by the Computer Society

• Develops PHY & MAC specifications for LAN, MAN and PAN

802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)

802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)

802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Networks (WMAN)

802.21 Medium Independent Handovers

802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN)

Technical Advisory Groups

802.18 Spectrum and Regulatory Issues

802.19 Co-existence

802.24 Smart Grid

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IEEE 802.11

Overview 3

WLAN Market Growth Drivers

• Smartphones, digital cameras, e-readers, media players, gaming consoles, Blu-ray players, HDTVs

Integration of WLAN into more consumer products

• BYOD: Enterprise shift toward use of tablets and smartphones

Increasing adoption and use of WLAN in the Enterprise

• Up to 65% of mobile data traffic can be offloaded to Wi-Fi

Use of WLAN to offload data from cellular networks

• Health/fitness, medical, smart meters, home automation, M2M

The Internet of Things - New applications keep coming

• Displays, TV, Upload/Downloads, Printing, Camera, Gaming

Multi-media Sharing and Streaming

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CCK Complementary Code Keying

FHSS / DSSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

PBCC Packet Binary Convolution Coding

IEEE 802.11

Overview 4

Modulation and Coding Techniques Used in the Various 802.11 Standards

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex

Fre

quency

Time

FHSS DSSS

Time

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IEEE 802.11

Overview 5

IEEE 802.11ac Enhancements for Very High Throughput

IEEE 802.11ac-2013 is an amendment to IEEE 802.11, approved on January 7, 2014, that builds on 802.11n.

• Minimum “very high throughput” goal of 1 Gbps

Changes compared to 802.11n include:

• wider channels (80 or 160 MHz vs. 40 MHz) in the 5 GHz band

• more spatial streams (up to 8 vs. 4)

• higher order modulation (up to 256-QAM vs. 64-QAM)

• addition of Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO).

Wave 1: 80 MHz channels, 3 spatial streams, and 256-QAM

• data rate of up to 433.3 Mbit/s per spatial stream, 1300 Mbit/s total

There are already announced plans for release of "Wave 2" devices with support for 160 MHz channels, four spatial streams, and MU-MIMO

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IEEE 802.11

Overview 6

Connected Everywhere to Everything All the Time

URBAN

MANAGEMENT

Future

Today

HEALTH

CARE

HOME

TRANSPORTATION

RETAIL

MANUFACTURING

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WiFi’s opportunities

Internet of

things

Tablet PCs

Smartphones

Personal

computers

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What is IoT?

– Internet

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What is IoT?

9

of Things – Internet

• A set of

technologies,

system and design

principles

associated with

the emerging

wave of Internet-

connected things

that are based on

the physical

environment

Internet of Things will lead to data explosion

from

intelligent

devices…

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What is IoT?

11

Simple IoT Architecture

• High-speed, real-time

data capture

• Supports high throughput

event rates

• Event processing query

language based on

standard SQL syntax

• Pre-integration with best-

in-class Java Embedded

platforms

Data Encryption, Device and Application Identity and Access Management

Network

Cloud

Devices Gateway Data Center

Value-Add

Services

Industry

Specific core

solutions and

external/custo

mer systems

Applications

CRM,

Service,

Billing

Industry Solutions,

External Systems

• Big data management

• Event processing

• Analytics

• Integration

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IoT Material Science

Embedded Processing

Clouding Computing

Autonomous System / Machine

Smart Energy / Energy Storage

IoT Enabling Technologies

• MEMS, Sensor,

Actuator, Tag,

SoC, Wearable

Devices

• High-speed

digital processing

power, memory,

networking, I/O

• Interconnection of different

jobs, works and

businesses, ability of

elasticity in deployment

• Robot, industrial

machine, Self-Driving

Car

• Smart Grid,

Advanced

battery power

Wireless

Connectivity ???

5G and IoT

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12

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What is IoT?

13

Wireless Point of View

- Internet of Things

• The system where Things in the world, and sensors attached to the Things,

are connected to the Internet via WIRELESS and wired connections, which

includes M2M to connect sensors and other devices to ICT system via

wired and wireless networks

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Internet of Things Gartner Group predict 26 billion units installed in 2020

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IoT Enabling Technologies

– WLAN

– Bluetooth Low Energy

– Zigbee (IP / RF4CE)

– Z-Wave

– NFC

– RFID

– Cellular- 3G and 4G

– And More…

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Wireless Technologies… So Far…

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Wi-Fi Evolution Path 2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond

2.4 GHz 802.11n

5 GHz 802.11a/j/p 802.11n 802.11ac

60 GHz 802.11ad

802.11aj

802.11af

802.11ah

<1 GHz

802.11b/g

802.11n Widely adopted and large

installed base

802.11ac/ax Higher capacity, higher data

rate for mobile, computing and

CE devices

802.11ad/WiGig Wireless docking, in-room

wireless display, audio and more

802.11ah Multi-year battery life,

Home/building automation,

sensors and more

802.11af TV white space

802.11aj China (59-64 & 45 GHz)

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1999…

802.11ax

Page 17

IEEE 802.11ah – Early 2016 Enabling IoT IoT (Internet of Things) applications

• IEEE 802.11ah PHY and MAC has special features specifically for IoT type of applications.

• envisioned to provide IP connectivity to all types of devices that are currently not connected to the internet and yet-to-be-invented devices

Target use cases:

• large scale sensor networks and meters

• extended range hotspot

• outdoor Wi-Fi for cellular traffic offloading

[Some of these use cases drive the need for large numbers of devices per Access Point. ]

Enhancements to address internet of Things (IoT)

PHY/MAC – trade-off of power, range, rate

• Sub-1 GHz license-exempt bands - limited bandwidth/lower data rates.

• Low Power

• Range up to 1 km. - favorable propagation characteristics to 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands

• OFDM

• Data rates > 100kbps

11a/g/n/ac AP

11ah AP

Indoor

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IoT Enabling Technologies

16 MHz

8 MHz

4 MHz

2 MHz

1 MHz

20 MHz

Minimum 11n/ac bandwidth

11ah Bandwidth Modes

150Kbps* – 4Mbps

650Kbps – 7.8Mbps

1.35Mbps – 18Mbps

2.9Mbps – 39Mbps

5.8Mbps – 78Mbps

Mandatory & Globally Interoperable modes optimized for sensor networking

Optional higher data rate modes for extended range WLAN

6.5Mbps – 78Mbps

High data rates

Extended range

802.11ah Bandwidth and Data Rates

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802.11ah Channelization in Worldwide

Max. BW

16 MHz

4 MHz

2 MHz

8 MHz

1 MHz

4 MHz

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802.11ah Use Case1: Indoor Low Power Sensors • Extended range

‒ Reach garage, backyard, basement, attic

‒ 1 MHz and 2 MHz mandatory modes

• Battery operated sensors

‒ No power amplifiers

• Ultra-low power consumption

• Optimized for small packet size

• Multi-year battery life

• Long sleep time

• Burst traffic

• IP connectivity

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802.11ah Use Case2: Backhaul Sensors and Meter Data

• Backhaul aggregation of Smart Grid Meter data

• Backhaul aggregation of Industrial Sensor data

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802.11ah Use Case3: Extended Range Wi-Fi

• Extended range Wi-Fi hotspots

• Extended range for cellular traffic offloading

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The PHY difference between 802.11ac and 802.11ah

Feature 802.11ac 802.11ah

Channel bandwidth 20/40/80/160MHz 1/2/4/8/16MHz

FFT size 64/128/256/512 32/64/128/256/512

Data subcarriers / 52/108/234/468 24/52/108/234/468

Pilot Sub-carriers 4/6/8/16 2/4/6/8/16

Pilot Type Fixed pilot Fixed pilot or Traveling pilot*

Subcarrier spacing 312.5KHz 31.25KHz

OFDM symbol duration 4.0/3.6us 40/36us

Guard interval 0.4/0.8/1.6us 4/8/16us

Preamble duration 16us 320us(1M BW)/160us

Modulation types BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM

Coding rates 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 1/2 rep2, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6

MCS 0-9 MCS0-9, 10

Transmission Mode VHT mode, non-HT duplicate Mode Normal Mode S1G, 1 MHz Duplicate Mode,

2 MHz Duplicate Mode

Duplicated PPDU Non-HT PPDU S1G_DUP_1M, S1G_DUP_2M

MIMO Up to 8 Up to 4

Multi-user Up to 4 Up to 4, only available in S1G_LONG PPDU

Beamforming Support Support

Source: Draft Amendment Proposed by 802.11 TGah Working Group

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802.11ah RF Test Requirement – Modulation Accuracy 802.11ah EVM Requirement 802.11ac EVM Requirement

Source: Draft Amendment Proposed by 802.11 TGah Working Group Source: IEEE P802.11ac TM/D5.0

Transmit center frequency and symbol clock frequency tolerance

The symbol clock frequency and transmit center frequency tolerance shall be ±20 ppm maximum.

The transmit center frequency and the symbol clock frequency for all transmit antennas and

frequency segments shall be derived from the same reference oscillator.

Spectral Flatness

Page 24

Wi-Fi Evolution

802.11ah

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IEEE 802.11

Overview 25

IoT Enabling Technologies IEEE 802.11af a.k.a. “White-Fi” or “Super-Fi”

Enables WLAN operation in TV white space spectrum (unused TV channels) in the VHF and UHF bands between 54 and 790 MHz. Range in UHF and VHF bands is potentially farther than 2.4 and 5 GHz bands due to lower propagation path loss.

Requires cognitive radio technology and geolocation database (GDB) to establish available channels in a given location at a given time.

Basic channel units (BCU) of 6, 7 or 8 MHz. Depending on the regulatory domain, up to four channels may be aggregated in one or two contiguous blocks:

• TVHT_2W: 2 contiguous BCUs (12, 14, or 16 MHz)

• TVHT_W+W: 2 non-contiguous BCUs (6+6, 7+7, or 8+8 MHz)

• TVHT_4W: 4 contiguous BCUs (24, 28, or 32 MHz)

• TVHT_2W+2W: 2 non-contiguous segments composed of 2 BCUs (12+12 MHz, 14+14 MHz, or 16+16 MHz)

Physical layer uses OFDM and is based on 802.11ac 40 MHz (VHT) parameters with sampling clock change to fit within each of the BCU bandwidths.

MIMO operation is possible with up to four streams used for either space–time block code (STBC) or multi-user (MU) operation.

• The achievable data rate per spatial stream is 26.7 Mbit/s for 6 and 7 MHz channels and 35.6 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels.

• With four spatial streams and four bonded channels, the maximum data rate is 426.7 Mbit/s for 6 and 7 MHz channels and 568.9 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels.[28]

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What is White Space?

November 2013

S800 WLAN 2013

26

– There are gaps and unused channels in the broadcast spectrum

– “White Space” uses these gaps to provide unlicensed services:

• Cognitive radio techniques will be used to avoid interference with digital TV and

wireless microphones, these include: Beacons/Enablement and Geo-location

– US FCC has provided “final rules” for TV White Spaces

• Other countries are closely watching and are working on similar plans

The ‘official spectrum’ allocation and real usage are dramatically different

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• The UHF TV bands have better propagation characteristics

compared to the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands

• 47 TV channels (6, 7 & 8 MHz wide)

all are available for unlicensed operation when unused by incumbents

• 28 of these are available for portable device use

- 33 UHF channels 470 to 692 MHz

- 7 VHF-III channels 172 to 217 MHz

- 3 VHF-I channels 54 to 60 MHz, and 76 to 88 MHz

• 6 MHz channels (Wi-Fi usage will be in 5, 10, 20, and 40 MHz increments)

• 4W max for fixed use (and no adjacent channels)

• 100 mW for portable devices (40 mW if adjacent channel)

– Use of spectrum must protect incumbents

• Incumbents are digital TV broadcast and microphones

• Protection is currently by database lookup for incumbent locations

or by detecting beacons of device that have geo-location

TV White Spaces Spectrum Details for the US (FCC)

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Fixed-toPortable Geo-location +/- 50m, check every 60 seconds

Secure access to TVB Database with device Id

100mW power, 40mW when adjacent to incumbent

TV channels useable: 21-36, 38-51 (470-692 Mhz)

Secure access to TVB Database with device Id

Fixed-to-Fixed Geo-location or professional installer

Secure access to TVB Database with device Id

4W max power (EIRP)

Portable-to-Portable

Mode II device MUST access database

Initiates network on open channel

Beacons indicate channel availability to Mode I

Mode I

GPS

Mode II

Fixed Fixed

GPS

Mode II

Fixed

Mode I

Geolocation Scenarios for TV Band White Space Devices (FCC Definitions)

• FCC granted nation-wide WS operation January 29, 2013

• White Space (WS) Database Certification

o Spectrum Bridge - certification complete

o iConnectiv - certification complete

o Google - certification complete

o Key Bridge - in-process (45d trial ended April 24, 2013)

o LS Telcom - in-process (45d trial will end August 8, 2013)

o Comsearch - in-process (45d trial not set yet)

• FCC actively certifying WS devices

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– TVWS channels are divided into an even number of tones.

• This enables transmission and reception of multiple contiguous channels using one

IFFT/FFT as in 802.11ac.

• 144 tones were chosen to meet the desired signal BW.

– The PHY for multiple channels is based on the PHY for one channel.

• This concept is similar to the 802.11ac design of 160MHz and 80+80MHz whereby

the tone location of DATA and pilots are the same as in 80MHz.

• All basic channel units (termed frequency segments in clause 23) are connected via

a single encoder and interleaver in order to maximized frequency diversity gain

(11af channels are much narrower than 11ac and 11af can be used in lower delay

spread environments such as indoors where diversity in one channel is lower)

Cont. – Multiple Channels

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IEEE 802.11

Overview 30

802.11af Channel Definitions

Channel

Configuration Description

Data Rate

One

Spatial

Stream

4 Spatial

Streams

BCU (6) 6 MHz Channel 26.7 Mbps

BCU (7) 7 MHz Channel 26.7 Mbps

BCU (8) 8 MHz Channel 35.6 Mbps

TVHT_2W 2 contiguous BCUs (12, 14, or 16 MHz)

TVHT_W+W 2 non-contiguous BCUs (6+6, 7+7, or 8+8

MHz)

TVHT_2W+2W 2 non-contiguous segments composed of 2

BCUs (12+12 MHz) 426.7 Mbps

14+14 MHz 426.7 Mbps

16+16 MHz 568.9 Mbps

e.g.

X (26.7 Mbps/Channel)

x (4 BCUs)

x (4 antennas)

= 426.7 MHz

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IoT Enabling Technologies

5G and IoT

802.11p

• Frequency: 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz)

• 1 control and 6 service channels with 10MHz bandwidth

• 802.11p vs. 802.11a

Physical parameters comparison between 802.11a and 802.11p standards

Parameters 802.11a 802.11p

Bit Rate (Mbps) 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 27

Modulation Type BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Code Rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 1/2, 2/3, 3/4

# of Subcarriers 52 52

Symbol duration 4 µs 8 µs

Guard Time 0.8 µs 1.6 µs

FFT period 3.2 µs 6.4 µs

Preamble duration 16 µs 32 µs

Subcarrier Spacing 0.3125 MHz 0.15625 MHz

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: Targets the reliable connection rather than higher data rates

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802.11af RF Test Requirement – Modulation Accuracy Transmitter constellation error – same test limitation as 11ac /

11a

For all modes defined in TVHT PHY, the requirements for transmit

constellation RMS error is same as defined in 22.3.18.4.3(11ac).

Transmit center frequency and symbol clock frequency

tolerance: +/-25ppm

Spectral Flatness

Keysight

Confidential

Source: IEEE Std 802.11afTM-2013

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802.11p Overview

802.11p is an approved amendment to the 802.11 to add

wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE,

aka ITS, DSRC, V2X)

Application: communications between vehicles and

infrastructure (V2I) or vehicle to vehicle (V2V) etc.

V2X

Vehicle safety services

Commerce transactions via cars

Toll collection

Traffic management

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Keysight

Confidential

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IEEE 802.11

Overview 34

802.11p WAVE1/DSRC2 Vehicular Environment

1 Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment 2 Dedication Short Range Communication 3 High Availability and Low Latency

3

Channel Allocation

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802.11p RF Test Requirement - SEM

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35

802.11a SEM Requirement for 10M signal BW

802.11p SEM Requirement for 10M signal BW

Source: IEEE Std 802.11 TM- 2012

Keysight

Confidential

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N7617B Signal Studio for WLAN

Key features

• Simplify WLAN signal creation for 802.11a/b/g/j/p, 802.11n, 802.11ac and 802.11ah

• Use basic options to provide partially-coded signals for testing components

• Use advanced options to provide signals with full channel coding, flexible configuration

of MAC headers, spatial stream mapping, and application of channel models for testing

receivers packet-error-rate (PER) analysis

• Support beamforming and MIMO testing with up to 8 streams/antennas

Hardware support

• RF vector signal generator: MXG-A/B, EXG, ESG and PSG

• Wireless test set: E6640A EXM

802.11a/b/g/j/p/n/ac and 802.11ah

Page 36

Wi-Fi Evolution

802.11ah

Page

• One-button, standard-based measurements with pass/fail

tests

• Swept spectrum measurements including:

Spectrum emission mask with save/recall mask feature

Spurious emissions

Occupied bandwidth

Channel power

• I/Q demodulation measurements including:

Modulation accuracy with Burst Info view & results

Power vs time with Burst and Rise & Fall views

Spectral flatness

Power Stat CCDF

I/Q impairments trace

• Auto-Ranging (Optimize EVM automatically)

• Additional Speed improvement with Multi-burst

acquisition

N9077A 11ah WLAN Measurement Application

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Wi-Fi Evolution

802.11ah

Page 37

For X-series Signal Analyzers (PXA/MXA/EXA)

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Keysight in IoT

38

Signal

Generators

RF Module Development

RF Proto RF Chip/module

Design

Simulation

BTS and Mobile

BB Chipset Development

L1/PHY

FPGA and ASIC

Conformance

RF and BB

Design

Integration

L1/PHY

System

Design

Validation

System Level

RF Testing

BTS

or

Mobile Protocol Development

L2/L3

DigRF v4

Pre-Conformance

Network Deployment

Manufacturing

89600 VSA/WLA For Signal Analyzers, Scopes, LA

SystemVue and ADS

3D EM Simulation

SystemVue (BB)

ADS/GG (RF/A)

Scopes and

Logic Analyzers

Baseband

Generator and

Channel Emulator

Signal Studio

Software

RF Handheld Analyzers Manufacturing

Test

N7109A Multi-Channel

Signal Analyzer Battery Drain

Characterization

Signalling RF, Protocol and

Function Test

Signal Analyzers

Power Measurement

PXI Modular

Solutions

N4010A Wireless Connectivity

Test Set

Cellular / Bluetooth

Conformance Test System NFC R&D Test System

5G and IoT

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IEEE 802.11

Overview 39