D ETL-0220

Synthesis guide for cross-country

movement

0 Alexander R. Pearson

SJanet S. Wright

FEBRUARY 1980

ORMI1NAL CONTAINS COLOR PLATES. ALL DDO\RE.?RDUCTIONS WILL BE IN BLACK AND WHiT*

*U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

.D ENGINEER TOPOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES

Aj FORT BELVOIR, VIRGINIA 22060

So 5

Destroy this report when no longer needed.Do not return it to the originator.

The findings in this report are not to be construed as an officialDepartment of the Army position unless so designated b% otherauthorized documents.

The citation in this report of trade names of commerciallN availableproducts does not constitute official endorsement or approval of theuse of such products.

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IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ORIGINAL CONTAINS COLOR PLATES: ALL DMC~REPRODUCTIONS WILL BE IN BLACK AND WHI*h

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on aid*~* .it necessay and Identify by block ntamber)

Traf f icabi1i tyVehicle Mobility0ff-Road MobilityCross-Country Movement

20. ABSTRACT (COntInue on1 Po'ffso side If necessary and IdentIify by block rnonb..)

-This report provides step-by-step instructions for compiling a cross-country movement map from previously prepared factor overlays. The infor-mation on the factor overlays is combined, or synthesized, manually with orwithout the aid of a simple mathematical model. Three synthesis methodsare given: (1) using a mathematical model; (2) using a mathematical modelwith a programable calculator (HP-g7), and (3) using a qualitative, non-mathematical procedure.

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Preface

This guide for cross-country movement (CCM), is one in a series ofAnalysis and Synthesis Guides to be produced. It is anticipated that aftersome modification to format and content these guides will be published asDepartment of Defense Technical Manuals. In this regard, critical commwentsand suggestions are requested by the authors.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Messrs.A.D. Hastings, A.H. Reimer, and H.F. Barnett, Terrain Analysis Center U.S.Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories (ETL) in the development of theCCM synthesis procedures, and of Messrs. R.J. Orsinger and K.O. KurtzGeoraphic Sciences Laboratory, ETL, in the design of the calculatorprogram.

This study was conducted under DA Project 4A762707A855, Task C, WorkUnit 11, 'Military Geographic Analysis Technology.'

This study was done under the supervision of A.C. Elser, Chief, MGIData Processing and Products Division and K.T. Yoritomo, Director,Geographic Sciences Laboratory.

COL Daniel L. Lycan, CE was the Commander and Director and Mr. RobertP. Macchia was Technical Director of the Engineer Topographic Laboratoriesdurina the report preparation.

-11

-4|

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

I, Introduction 6

II. Mathematical Model and Synthesis Procedures -Computed Without a Programable Calculator 8

A. Introduction 8

B. Procedures for Factor Calculation 11

C. Procedures for Constructing the Complex Overlay 33

D. Procedures for Computing Speeds 47

I1. Mathematical Model Approach Using ProgramableCalculator (HP-97) 54

A. Introduction 54

B. Procedures 57

IV. Qualitative Method - No-Model Approach 85

A. Introduction 85

B. Procedures 86

V. Appendix Forms 96

2

I l I us trations

PAGE

1 The Cross-Country Movement Mathematical Model 8

2 Sample Slope Factor Overlay 12

3 Sample Vegetation Data Table 1 15

4 Sample Surface Roughness Factor Overlay 20

5 Sample Soil Data Table 22 & 23

6 Sample Watercourses and Water Bodies Data Table 1 27 & 28

7 Sample Watercourses and Water Bodies Data Table 2 29 & 30

8 Bank Conditions Analysis 26

9 Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas Added 34

10 Sample Vegetation Factor Overlay 35

11 Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas and Vegetation Added 37

12 Sample Watercourses and Water Bodies Factor Overlay 38

13 Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas, Vegetation andWatercourses Added 39

14 Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas, Vegetation, 40Watercourses, and Surface Roughness Added

15 Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas, Vegetation,Watercourses, Surface Roughness, and Slope Added 42

16 Sample Soil Factor Overlay 43

17 Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas, Vegetation,Watercourses, Surface Roughness, Slope and Soil Added 44

18 Sample Completed Complex Overlay with Area Numbers Added 45

19 Sample Completed CCM Manuscript 53

20 CCM Program Card for the XM-l and M-60 Tanks 60

3

21 HP-97 Calculator 60

22 Inserting Program Card into Card Reader Slot 61

23 Inserting Program Card into Window Slot 61

24 Specific Vehicles Printed on the Program Card 61

9

4 i

TABLES

PAGE

1 Sample Slope Factor Table (Si) for M-60 Tank 13

2 Sample Vegetation Factor Table (Fl/F 2) for M-60 Tank 16

3 Sample Surface Roughness Factor (F3T/F3w) Table forTracked and Wheeled Vehicles 21

4 Sample Soil Factor Table (F4D/F4W) for M-60 Tank 24

5 Sample Movement Analysis of Drainage Features

for M-60 Tanks 31 & 32

6 Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #1 48

7 Categories for Speeds and CCM Map Units 50

8 Sample Speed Predition Tabulation Sheet #2 forM-60 Tank 58

9 Vehicle Performance Characteristics 90

10 Precalculated Si for Selected Vehicles (kph) 91

11 Approximate RCI Values for Wet and Dry Seasons 92

12 Glossary of Symbols and Terms 93

13 Qualitative Thresholds for CCM 94

14 Calculator Program Flow Chart 95

5 j

I. INTRODUCTION

Cross-country movement maps enable commanders to judge the relativeease of off-road movement for foot troops and vehicles. Off-road movementcan be easy or difficult, depending on several terrain factors and on theability of troops or vehicles to cope with certain terrain factors. Theterrain factors include vegetation, slope, drainage, surface roughness,built-up areas, and soil. These factors are mapped on terrain factoroverlays. The cross-country movement (CCM) map shows the combination ofthese factors and prediction of their combined effects on the movement ofmen * and machines. This combining of factors and their effects is calledsynthesizing. The CCM map is, then, a synthesis of terrain factor overlays.

This synthesis guide shows three methods of combining specific terrainfactor overlays and using their legends and tables to determine speedcategories for specific vehicles. Two methods use a simple mathematicalmodel to determine speed categories. The third method uses a qualitativeapproach to determine movement categories. These methods enable the pro.duction of one CCM map for each type of vehicle concerned; i.e. one CCMmap will not provide movement data for more than one type of vehicle. **If movement data for more than one vehicle is required, more than one CCMmap will be required.

The synthesis process means taking specific factor overlays out of thedata base, placing a sheet of frosted mylar on the overlays one at a time,and tracing all the map unit boundaries on the different overlays onto thesingle sheet of mylar. This sheet of mylar, called the Complex Overlay,will become the base from which the CCM map will be made. With the mathmodel, speed values for the combined factors on the Complex Overlay canbe found. With the qualitative method, general speed categories for thecombined factors on the Complex Overlay can be created without using amathemati cal model.

The following diagram shows the basic steps in the general synthesisprocess for CCM:

• Cross-country movement for foot troops is not treated in this guide.

In some instances, the map can present data for more than one vehicle,but the computations must be done separately for each vehicle and also

r for each season.

6

Synthesis Process

D:o x7r

Q'~MILAR

7

II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND SYNTHESIS PROCEDURES - COMPUTED WITHOUT A

PROGRAMABLE CALCULATOR

A. Introduction.

The mathematical model used in this guide * enables the analyst toassign an expected maximum vehicle speed to specific terrain. The modelis a sequence of simple equations that take the maximum vehicle speed foran unobstructed flat surface and reduce that speed by calculated factorsrepresenting terrain elements that would prevent a vehicle from achievingits maximum speed (figure 1). These calculated factors reflect theslowing effect of certain slopes, vegetation, soil, surface roughness, andwatercourses.

S1 = M - (S)) , I = speed after slope effect (kph)

M = vehicle maximum speed (kph)

S = slope (%)G = vehicle gradability (%)

S2 = S1 x F1 or S2 = speed after vegetation and slope effect (kph)

x F2 stem spacing - mean stem diameter - vehicle widthF, = 2 x vehicle width

(stem diameter)2 x vehicle widthF2 = - (vehicle override diameter)' x (stem spacing)

S3 = S2 x F3 S3 = final speed after surface roughness, vegetation,

and slope effect (kph)

F3 = a factor fl by which surface roughness reducesvehicle speed

S4 = S3 x F4 S4 = speed after soil, surface roughness, vegetation,and slope considered (kph)

Rated Cone Index - Vehicle Cone Index, 1 passVehicle Cone Index, 50 passes - Vehicle Cone

Index, 1 pass

Drainage hindrance is evaluated only as GO or NO GO.

Figure 1. The Cross-Country Movement Mathematical Model

The equations in the model are solved at different staqes in thesynthesis process. In section B, S (speed after the effect of slope isconsidered) and F, through F4 (inhibiting factors for vegetation, surface

* An experimental model developed in the Geographic Sciences Lab., ETl.

8

roughness and soil) are calculated, and water obstacles are analyzed. Insection C, factor overlays for slope, vegetation, watercourses, surfaceroughness, and soil are combined (synthesized) to create the factor complexoverlay. In section D, vehicle speeds are computed for each area on theComplex Overlay.

The following summaries and illustrations show the sequence of analysissteps found in these sections:

Flow Diagram

Compute S 1, F2, F3, F4 & F4w and Do Drainage Obstacle Analysis.

3 ~~~ ~ v- oat TA,; ROu ,k t

Prepare Factor Complex Overlay.

i9

'I., ~ ""9S

Prepare Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet & Compute Speedfor each Map Unit on Complex Overlay.

Assign Speed Classes to each Map Unit, Trace Complex Overlay,and Complete CCM Manuscript.

10

B. Procedures for Factor Calculation AStep 1. Determine vehicle(s) for which the CCM map(s) is (are) beingprepared, and whether the CCM map will be for the wet or dry season or both.

Step 2. Refer to the vehicle performance characteristics in table 9.

Step 3.

a. If the vehicle under consideration is listed below, Si hasalready been calculated and listed in table 10, therefore, proceed toStep 5. If the vehicle under consideration is NOT listed below, proceedto Step 3b to calculate S1.

Vehicle

X-Ml

M-60

T-62

T-72

b. Pull the Slope Factor Overlay out of the data base (figure 2).Using the leqend for this overlay, make a Slope Factor Table like that intable 1.

Step 4.

a. Calculate S, for each map unit in the legend of the SlopeFactor Overlay by substituting vehicle values and slope values into thefollowino equation and solving the equation:

S= M- (S)(M)

where: S = vehicle speed adjusted for slope effects.

G = vehicle gradability in percent (%),found in table 9.

S = highest slope in map unit categoryin percent (%), found in table 1.

M = vehicle maximum speed in kilometersper hour (kph), found in table 9.

11

t: 500o0 5561

UJSA ETL PODVNI(SLOPE

~Sp~NDA. 0-% .D.3o-4s

0.~~ A~-o F

W. W~IF

Fiur 2SaE SoeFcovra

12C

Table I

MAP SLOPE S, NO S =M (S)(M)UNIT (%) (kph) GO S, 1 G

M = Max. Vehicle Speed = 48 kphA 3 45.6 S = Ground Slope, %

10 40 G = Max. Slope Vehicle Can Negotiate 60%

5o 24

.p 45 1 _.

E (0 0 ___

> 0

Table 1. Sample Slope Factor Table (Si) for M-60 Tank

( 13

Sample Calculation:

Given: G = 60%

S = 10%

M = 50 kph

Then: S, = 50 - (10)(50)

60

= 50 - 50060

= 50 - 8.33

= 41.67 kph

b. If Si < .5, the speed situation is NO GO Mark an "X"under the NO GO column in the Slope Factor Table (table 1) for map unitswhere Si < .5.

c. Record in the Slope Factor Table (table 1) the value of S,for each map unit.

Step 5. Pull Vegetation Data Table I (figure 3) out of the data base.(Retain the Slope Factor Overlay for later use.) Make a Vegetation FactorTable like that in table 2. Fill in the Map Unit and Stem Spacing columnsusing the information listed in Vegetation Data Table 1. Fill in the MeanStem Diameter column with the numbers in that column on Vegetation DataTable 1 divided by 100. For example, if a mean stem diameter listed onVegetation Data Table 1 isl 8, then .18 must be listed on the VegetationFactor Table (table 2).

Step 6.

a. Find the override diameter in meters for the vehicle concerned(table 9).

b. Compare the mean stem diameter in meters to the overridediameter value for each map unit recorded in table 2. If the mean stemdiameter (SD) is greater than the override diameter (OD), i.e. SD > OD,calculate F1 as shown in "c" below. If the mean stem diameter (SD) isless than or equal to the override diam-ter (OD), i.e. SD < OD, calculateF, as shown in "c" below and, also, F2 as shown in "g" below.

c. Calculate F1 for each map unit in table 2 by substitutingvehicle values and vegetation values into the following equation andsolving:

14

x . -

w

LU :7

-O I tc I A-

L(U

U)C

mz 0

44 - 15

I

STEM MEAN NO F, SS- SD - WMAP SPACING STEM DIA. F, GO 2WUNIT (in) (in)(S)xW

(M) 2= (SD) 2 xW2. --i - -_F__=

_1 (OD) 2 x (SS)

Vl .~ __ _• -s,5? * If SD > OD find F, only.

e if SD S OD find F, & F2, . . 10 X and use largest positive

value.- Neither F, nor F2 can

" ,5exceed 1. If F valueexceeds 1, reduce to 1.

...-. -(F, * 1, F2 :l' 1)9 Neither F, nor F2. can

_____._ ,,_.__ .1 be less than 0. If F value

..- is 0 or minus, passage1.o is blocked, use 0.

10 .' .,0 1-4- (F, A, 0, F2 '- 0)

II 7D . .35 SS = Stem Spacing

3.5 . ,e-.06 __ ' SD = Stem DiameterW Vehicle Width (3.63m)

S "- - - OD = Vehicle Override

14 11.1 .15 1.0 * . Diameter (.15m)l.0

_____ 10.3 0.90 '

____ 5' .42 -.o5 X

21 5.1 . -i - d

______ ~ 05

Table 2. Sample Vegetation Factor Table (F,/F 2 ) for M-60 Tank

16

F,= SS - SD - W

2W

SS = stem spacing in meters, listed in table 2.

SD = mean stem diameter at breast height inmeters, listed in table 2.

W = vehicle width in meters, found in table 9.

Sample calculation:

Given: SS = 7.6 meters

SD = .25 meters

W = 3.63 meters

Then: F1 = 7.6 - .25 - 3.637.26

3.72

- .51

d. If F1 is greater than 1, (F > 1), let F equal 1, (F =).Record the value 1 in table 2.

e. If F1 is less than or equal to 0, (F1 < 0), let F, equal 0,

(F, = 0). Record 0 in table 2, and mark an "X" in the NO GO column oftable 2.

f. If F, is between 0 and 1, (0 < F, < 1), record the calculatedvalue in table 2.

g. Calculate F2 for each map unit where the mean stem diameter(SD) is less than or equal to the override diameter (OD), i.e. (SD < OD),by substituting values into the following equation and solving:

W (SD)_ 2

F2 = 1 - SS- - )2

SD = mean stem diameter at breast heiaht in meters,listed in table 2.

W = vehicle width in meters, found in table 9.

OD = vehicle override diameter in meters, found intable 9.

SS = stem spacing in meters, listed in table 2.

17

Sample calculation:

Given: W = 3.63 meters

SD= .15 meters

SS= 11.1 meters

OD= .15 meters

Then: F9 =I -

- 3.63) .0225= (1-1l .1) (.0225)

.082

.250

= 1 - .328

= .672

= .67

h. If F2 is less than or equal to 0, (F2 < 0), let F2 equal 0,(F2 = 0). Record 0 in table 2.

i. If F2 is greater than or equal to 1, (F2 > 1), let F2 equal1, (F2 = 1). Record 1 in table 2.

j. If F2 is between 0 and 1, (0 < F2 < 1), as in the samplecalculation above, record the value of F in table 2. For the samplecalculation, the value .67 would be recorded in table 2.

Step 7.

a. In table 2 there may now be some map units which have valuesfor both F1 and F2. Compare these values to see which is larger.

b. If the F1 value is larger than the F2 value, (F1 > F2),cross out the F2 value on table 2.

c. If F1 equals 0, (FI= 0), and there is no F 2 value, place an"X" in the NO GO column.

d. If F, and F2 are both 0, (F1 = 0 and F2 = 0), place an "X"in the NO GO column.

18

e. If F2 is larger than F1, (F2 > F1), cross out the F1 valueon table 2.

f. If F, and F2 have the same value, (F1 = F2), cross out the

F, value on table 2.

Step 8. Pull the Surface Roughness Factor Overlay (figure 4) out of thedata base. Using the legend on the overlay, make a table like that intable 3.

Step 9.

a. Pull the Soil Data Table (figure 5) out of the data base.Make a Soil Factor Table like that in table 4.

b. Use the information in the Soil Data Table to fill in themap unit column of table 4 with each map unit's number and Unified SoilClassification System (USCS) symbol for the top 15 to 30 cm (centimenters)of the soil, if available. Record the associated RCIdry and RCIwet forthis soil layer as found in the Soil Data Table. (If this specific layerof soil is not given on the Soil Data Table, simply use what is given.)

c. For map units with the following Unified Soil ClassificationSystem (USCS) symbols shown on the Soil Data Table, fill in the F4 DRY andF. WET columns on table 4 with the number 1:

USCS SYMBOLS

GWGPSW

SP

d. For the remaining map units on table 4, calculate F4 DRY andWET using the following equations:

RCI - VCI RCI - VCI I

4D VCIso - VCI 1 Fw 4 VCl0- VCIl

where F4D = speed reduction factor owing to soil in dry state.

F4w = speed -eduction factor owing to soil in wet state.

RCID = rating cone index for the soil type under dry conditions,found in the Soil Data Table (figure 5) or table 11.

19

i 000 5 'V 6A ErM

+

,2

3z I ;a 7 ra / V/ i & V T 0

Telegend for surface roughness given here is for illustration purposes only. At the time of printing, surface roughnesscategories were still under development as part of the forthcoming Terrain Analyst Guide for surf ace configuration. It isanticipated that the final surface roughness categories Will be as few as four: smooth, irregular, broken, rugged.

Figure 4. Sample Surface Roughness Factor Overlay

20

TRACKED WHEELEDMAP VEHICLE VEHICLEUNIT (F3T) (F3w)

1 1 1

2 1 .9

3 .9 .5

Note: F3 Values are the same for all4 .5 .3 Tracked Vehicles and for all Wheel-

ed Vehicles5 .3 .1

6 .2 NO-GO

7 .1 NO-GO

8 NO-GO NO-GO

Table 3. Sample Surface Roughness Factor Table (F4T/F4w)for Tracked & Wheeled Vehicles

( l21

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w

o

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0

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z

l0

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23

SOIL FACTOR TABLE FOR M-60 TANK

MAP DRY WET

UNIT RCI F4 0 No-Go RCI F4W No-Go

( G) i ,e 15 -

-3 - RCID -VCI 13 CQW') . F3D VCi 50 - VCi1

4 125 F31 = RCIw - VCI1-' 3D :VCiso -VCI1

RCID = Rating ConeIndex, Dry State

RCIw = Rating Cone•C.) 125 J;-__ 4_ Index, Wet State

-0 -VCI

1 Vehicle Cone( Index, one pass

VCo5 0 = Vehicle ConeS(01,) Ito 5 -. 44 i lndex, fifty passes

II (HL) IZD.D -, D _

I ML) , o

Table 4. Sample Soil Factor Table (F4 D & F4w) for M-60 Tank(F4 cannot exceed 1.0)

24

RCIW = rating cone index for soil type under wet conditions,

found in the Soil Data Table (figure 5) or table 11.

VCII = vehicle cone index for one pass, found in table 9.

VC1 50 = vehicle cone index for 50 passes, found in table 9.

Sample Calculation:

Given: RCID = 46

VCI I = 45

VC1 50 = 60

46 - 45Then: F4D - 60 - 45

1

= .07

Record the F4 values for these map units in table 4. If any F4 value isgreater than 1, (F4D > 1 or F4W > 1), change it to 1, (F4D = 1 or F4W = I).

Step 10. Pull the Watercourses and Water Bodies Data Tables (figures 6 and7) out of the data base. (Put the soil overlay aside for later use.)Usino the Watercourses and Water Bodies Data Tables, make a MovementAnalysis of Drainage Features table like table 5.

a. List the feature (watercourse or water body) ID number in thefirst column of table 5, and the segment letters in the second column.

b. Refer to the vehicle performance characteristics table intable 9 and extract the following performance characteristics; record intable 5.

25

PERFORMANCE COLUMN OFCHARACTERISTIC TABLE 5

Max. fording depth w/o snorkel 4a

Max. vertical obstacle height 5a

Vehicle approach angle 6a

Max. stream velocity vehicle 7acan cross (m/s)

Vehicle Cone Index, 1 pass (VCI 1 ) 8a

c. Use Watercourses and Water Bodies Data Tables 1 and 2(figures 6 and 7), and enter the data for each segment of each feature intable 5. If only a dry season CCM map is to be prepared, enter data fordry season only. If only a wet season CCM map is to be prepared, enterdata for wet season only. If CCM maps are to be prepared for both wet anddry seasons, enter data for both wet and dry seasons. As each entry ismade, compare it with the preceding entry in the row for the vehicleperformance. If the watercourse value exceeds that of the vehicleperformance, record NO GO in the following space and stop the analysisfor that segment.

Bank height and bank slope conditions are considered togetheras shown in figure 8.

BANK BANK MOVEMENTHEIGHT SLOPE CONDITION

>Vehicle Vertical >Vehicle Approach No GoObstacle Capability Angle

>Vehicle Vertical <Vehicle Approach GoObstacle Capability Angle

<Vehicle Vertical Any GoObstacle Capability I I _I

Figure 8. Bank Condition Analysis

26

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8d

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C. Procedures for Constructing the Complex Overlay.*

Step 1. Decide which type of Complex Overlay is to be prepared, based onthe type of CCM map to be produced. If only a wet season CCM map is to beproduced, base the Complex Overlay on data for wet season conditions only.(The sample Complex Overlays in this part of the guide are for the wetseason.) If a dry season CCM map or both wet and dry season maps arerequired, base the Complex Overlay on data for dry season conditions.

Step 2.

a. Take the film positive or the lithographic map and aerialphotos out of the data base. Place them on a table. Take a clean sheetof frosted mylar, the same size as the film or lithographic map, and placeit, frosted side up, on top of the film or litho map. Pin-register themor tape them together. Trace the corner tick marks on the mylar with ablack fine-line pencil. Trace the neat line on the mylar lightly with ablue fine-line pencil.

b. Look through the mylar to find the built-up areas. Theywill appear as clusters of building symbols or sometimes as tinted areas.Using a black fine-line pencil, draw an angular outline that will tightlyenclose clusters of building symbols or tinted areas that cover an area

larger than this circle Q . Color in these outlined areas with a

red fine-line pencil as in figure 9. (Aerial photos may be used to update

tFe extent of the built-up areas.)

Step 3.

a. Remove the mylar sheet (which will now be called the ComplexOverlay). Pull the Vegetation Factor Overlay (figure 10) out of the DataBase. Put the Complex Overlay on top of the Vegetation Overlay. Pin-register (or match corner ticks and tape the sheets together).

b. Trace all the lines of the Factor Overlay onto the ComplexOverlay with a black fine-line pencil. Do not draw any lines throughcolored areas already on the Complex Overlay. If a new line nearly coin-cides with a line already drawn on the Complex Overlay, and the spacebetween them is smaller than this 0***, do not draw the new line.

* Based on procedures devised by A.D. Hastings, Terrain Analysis Center,

USAETL.

** Represents an area of .25 km2 at 1:50,000 scale (dia. 5.6 mm).

* 100 meters at 1:50,000 (2 mm dia.)

33

j: 50,000 55of J1USAETL PO DUN K V734

CRO55- COUNTRY MOVEMENT COMPLEA OVERLAY~ -GO WETI

I Il

Figure 9. Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas Added

34

",-MAN

:5o, ooo 55o f IUSAETL Y734-

PODUNK

2N-(-4o VEGETATION

710

SN-8-50

115N-20- GO0

12 N- 14- s0

148--i&- 0

_ 17-- /W 0-70

M20P

tAap LEGENDUNIT ,.I.OT(m)

AN- 20 -80-CANOPY CLOSURE

H- NEEDLE LEAF6- BROAD LEAFN5- MIXED

Figure 10 Sample Vegetation Factor Overlay

35

c. Referring to table 2, note all the vegetation map units thatare NO GO. Color these in with a yellow fine-line pencil as in figure 11.Ignore areas smaller than this circle QStep 4.

a. Remove the Complex Overlay from the Vegetation Factor Over-lay. Put the Vegetation Factor Overlay aside for later use. Pull theWatercourses and Water Bodies Factor Overlay (figure 12) out of the database. Place the Complex Overlay (which now may have red areas, yellowareas, and black lines on it) on top of the Watercourses and Water BodiesFactor Overlay. Pin-register (or match corner ticks and tape).

b. Trace and color in all drainage features shown as NO GOduring the dry season in table 5 with a blue fine-line pencil as shown infigure 13. Trace all drainage features shown as NO GO only during thewet season in red.

Step 5.

a. Remove the Complex Overlay from the Watercourses and WaterBodies Factor Overlay. Put this Factor Overlay aside for later use. Pullthe Surface Roughness Factor Overlay (figure 14) out of the data base.Place the Complex Overlay on top of the Surface Roughness Overlay. Pin-register (or match corner ticks and tape).

b. Trace all the lines of the Factor Overlay onto the ComplexOverlay with a black fine-line pencil. Do not draw any lines throughcolored areas already on the Complex Overlay. If a new line nearly coin-cides with a line already drawn on the Complex Overlay and the spacebetween them is smaller than this circle Q , do not draw the new line.

c. Look in table 3 and find all the NO GO Surface Roughness mapunits. Looking through the Complex Overlay, find any NO GO areas on theSurface Roughness Factor Overlay and color them in with a yellow fine-linepencil as in figure 14.

d. Trace all relief obstacles in red.

Step 6.

a. Remove the Complex Overlay from the Surface RoughnessOverlay. Put the Surface Roughness Factor Overlay aside for later use.Pull the Slope Factor Overlay (figure 2) out of the data base. Pin-register (or match tick marks and tape).

36

L,,

1:5oooo 55GI 1rUSAETL PODUNK V734

CRo55- COuNTRY OVEME tCoMPLEX, OVERLAY

/o(O WET

- I I -

Figure 11. Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas and Vegetation Added

37

I. 5oto5o

770

I

I.

..... W*A 104f' Wto elw, sre No. neA4

- /8.aa V no s _#.

444 0004 agfjp,

)fD~Pfr*1 b AI Ae L

Figure 12. Sample Watercourses and Water Bodies Factor Overlay

38

f: 50,000 55f TI

U5AETL PODUNK V734.C ROS6-COUNTR'I MOVEMENT COMPLEX OVERLAY

A-40 WET I

I I

Figure 13. Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas, Vegetation, andWatercourses Added

39

1;50,000 556f n:USAETL 90DUNK V 734

CROSS-COUINrR MOVEMENT COMPL-EX OVERLAY

M- GO WET

Figure 14. Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas. Vegetation,Watercourses, and Surface Roughness Added

40

b. Trace all the lines on the Factor Overlay onto the ComplexOverlay with a black fine-line pencil. Do not draw any lines throughcolored areas already on the Complex Overlay. If a new line nearlycoincides with a line already drawn on the Complex Overlay and the spacebetween them is smaller than this circle 0 , do not draw the new line.

c. Look in table I and find all the NO GO slope map units forthe vehicle under consideration. Find these NO GO areas on the ComplexOverlay. Color them in with a yellow fine-line pencil as in figure 15.

Step 7.

a. Remove the Complex Overlay from the Slope Factor Overlay.Put the Slope Factor Overlay aside for later use. Pull the Soil FactorOverlay (figure 16) out of the data base. Pin-register (or match cornertick marks and tape).

b. Trace all the lines on the Factor Overlay onto the ComplexOverlay with a black fine-line pencil. Do not draw any lines throughcolored areas already on the Complex Overlay. If a new line nearly coin-cides with a line already drawn on the Complex Overlay and the spacebetween them is smaller than this circle O , do not draw the new line.

c. Look in table 4 and find all the NO GO soils for the season(wet or dry) being considered. Find these NO GO areas that appear onthe overlay. Color them in with a yellow fine-line pencil as in figure 17.

Step 8.

a. Remove the Complex Overlay from the Soil Factor Overlay.Put the Soil Factor Overlay aside. The Complex Overlay now has manyuncolored, irregularly shaped and sized areas formed by all the inter-secting black lines drawn on it.

b. Starting in the upper left corner of the Complex Overlay,number these uncolored areas from left to right, consecutively from 1 to99, in such a way as to number a rectangular portion of the sheet (figure18).

c. Draw a heavy black pencil line around the border of thelarge rectangular area. This area is now Sector A. Label the sector byputting a letter A in a conspicuous spot, as in figure 18.

Note that figure 18 represents only a portion of a map sheetand therefore has only one lettered sector. Most Complex Overlays willhave several hundred numbered areas and several sectors as shown in thediagram below.

41

1:50000 556111rUSAETL PODUt1K V734

C ROSS-COUNTRY M'OVEtAENT COMPLEX OVERLAY

I M-GO WET

Figure 15. Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas, Vegetation,Watercourses, Surface Roughness, and Slope Added

42

I

1: 5O0000 5561 3EUSAETL POP'INK V754

501L5 OIL

z z 04)

c) P)- 1,sc'V

VA IAc

(c%L) (C)

IErr END

(w)- -41esW/e

Figure 16. Sample Soil Factor Overlay

43

11:50,000 55 (of IIUSAETL POD UMK V 734-

C0_56ss- C0UNtR'Y M O E K II COMPLEYC OV ER LAY

M-650 WET

Figure 17. Sample Complex Overlay with Built-Up Areas. Vegetation,Watercourses, Surface Roughness, Slope, and Soil-Added

44

f: 50000 51

USAETL 900(JNI V7.3+CROSS - COUNTRY 1MOVEMENT COM PILEX OVERkAV

A -(00WET

F1

to 16

Figure 18. Sample Completed Complex Overlay with Area Numbers Added

45

d. Repeat the numbering and sectoring process until the overlayis covered. (The last sector may have less then 99 areas in it.) Labelthe sectors left to right, top to bottom, alphabetically, A - Z (figure 18and below).

69

Lettered Sectors

46

D. Procedures for Computing Speeds.

Step 1. On a separate piece of paper prepare a Speed Prediction Tabulation

Sheet for each sector like that in table 6.

Step 2.

a. Retrieve the Slope Factor Overlay. Place the Complex Overlayon top of the Slope Factor Overlay (figure 2). Register.

b. Go to Sector A, Area 1. Look through the Complex Overlay,(or pick up the corner) to see what slope map unit lies under Area 1. *Record this map unit on the Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #1 on therow for Area 1 under the left slope column.

c. Go to table 1 and find the S, Factor that corresponds to theslope map unit for Area 1. Record this number on the row for Area 1 underthe right slope column.

d. Repeat steps b and c until all numbered Areas in Sector Aare completed. (If it is discovered that an area was mistakenly not givena number, at this time simply assign it with the number of its leftneighboring area plus a small letter, e.g. la. Insert la between I and 2on the Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #1.)

e. Repeat steps b and c for all remaining sectors until all the

numbered areas on the overlay have been given Si values.

Step 3.

a. Remove the Slope Factor Overlay from.the Complex Overlay.Put the Slope Factor Overlay back in the data base.

b. Retrieve the Vegetation Factor Overlay. Place the ComplexOverlay on top of the Vegetation Factor Overlay. Register.

c. Go to Sector A, Area 1. Look through the Complex Overlay,(or pick up the corner) to see what Vegetation Map unit lies under Area 1.Record this map unit on the Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet on the rowfor Area 1 under the left vegetation column.

* In some cases, a single area of the Complex Overlay may lie over parts

of two map units on the factor overlay because of omission of lines thatnearly coincide during the complexing phase. Use the factor map unit thatoccupies the greater portion of the complex area.

47

SPEED PREDICTION TABULATION SHEET #1aector A

SLOPE VEGETATION AUGHNES SOIL CCM - Dry CCM - WetMap S Map FF S Map F3 S3 IMap F S Map Unit MapUnitUnit Unit Unit Unit

F40 4 4 n M i

I 0 4o I 1 - 4. 4 .5 Z. I 1 .% l.0 3 4

2 6 4o4 t 11-0 40 4 . . t S ,, il., 1 A

6 4. o 11- 4o 4 .5 Zo I .' il.o 4

4 6 46 " ---- 40 4 .5 Z- I 1. .I11.- 3 4

5 . r- A G 3 II., 4 .5 4.i 4 1 2A 4.$ 1.(- 4, 5

1 A s, .4 t5.6 i 1i5. 4 I ir.5 5.i 4

1 0 4o 7 4. I 4 .I.4 A-12. i 4-

-0 5 4o.4 _, 1o k l 4 1 .1 b53 4 '5-to C 1 .4 91,, 4 .5 4.1 A ) .40 I1.,1 5 5

II C. Z4 .4o .i, I I .9,1 4 I . 9, 3Z 4 _

Iz . 4 (4 1 1 9g . 4 1 t4.& Z.-' 4 1;

i C. 4 "1 Z41 I I ?A 4 I 1g.. 5 4

14 C.U 17 -- 4 4 .S t' 4 i.* IZ14., 4 q

IS A .4 .i 41, I 4 b 4 1 .h454 11 1 4I , k. #,, 7 -- 51, 1 1 6. 4 1 .3;444 1-5 1 41 A 5.& 1 -- 4 I I 4 1 . iS I 4

is ' (Z , 4.. 4 .5 ?,1 4 1 .3 2 .. C

19 1 It (. .34 4.o ( .ZO.1 4 1 .,o.m .5 ___

to 6 l4o 3t.s 4 I I .S.,' 6A If 7 4

?i r- Z44 10 .7v.1'-1 3 4

ft b 4 -- 4b 2 1 & 11 1.% 4.1 n I

i' "D IZ i1 _ i 4 .5 &, I I IS 4t.1 5 '514 P IZ 1 1 I Z 1 1 .1 I.Z I I 1.IZ o.7 5 5

Z5 D IZ il .11 Z ., .AI I i 1 g 5

& "D Iz if .IT o 4 .1 '511I 1 1 5'1 6 4 I .11 (,.41 4 .5 5.4 6 1 1i34 6.41 _

z 1,Z 11 .17 2j 4 .6 I i 1 .55 I .15 5 '5

f7 Iq IZ 14l. _ 12 C .1 - Z Z4q 1 .o Z41 ?A 1 5_0 4 * I- - 4 2 1 401 1io 4141 1

!IA 46. 0 - - 4J4 5ajS .0'*A Z. 1 2

~Z~Z4 14 1. ?A414 It I .J16IZt1Z 4 4

3 4, II. 4o i ,I I '4 .S4oS.z i 4

N 41b 17 -- 4o I1 49 1 A 4o%.Z I 2

A 16A I- -4 1 I 40 345 15 1 4

Table 6. Sample Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #1

48

d. Look in table 2 and find F1 or F2 that corresponds to thevegetation map unit under Area 1. Record this number on the row forArea 1 under the right vegetation column. (If there is no F, or F2 value,record a dash).

e. Find S2 by multiplying by F, or Ft. Record the value forS2 on the row for Area 1 under the S2 column. If there is no F, or F2value, then S2 equals S. Record the S, value under the S2 column).

f. Repeat steps c, d, and e until all numbered areas in SectorA are given vegetation numbers on the tabulation sheet.

g. Repeat steps c, d, and e for all remaining sectors untilall numbered areas on the overlay have been given S2 values on thetabulation sheet.

Step 4.

a. Remove the Vegetation Factor Overlay and return it to thedata base.

b. Retrieve the Surface Roughness Factor Overlay. Place theComplex Overlay on top of the Surface Roughness Factor Overlay andregister.

c. Go to Sector A, Area 1. Look through the Complex Overlay(or pick up the corner) to see what Surface Roughness map unit lies underArea 1. Record this map unit on the Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #1on the row for Area 1 and under the left surface roughness column.

d. Look in table 3 and find F3 that corresponds to the SurfaceRoughness map unit under Area 1. Record this number on the row forArea I under the right Surface Roughness column.

e. Multiply F3 by S2 to find S3, i.e., S3 = F3 x S 2 . Recordthe value for S3 in the row for Area 1 under the S3 column.

f. Repeat steps c, d, and e until all areas in Sector A havebeen given S3 value numbers.

g. Repeat steps c, d, and e for all remaining sectors.

Step 5.

a. Remove the Surface Roughness Factor Overlay and put it backin the data base.

49

b. Retrieve the Soil FactQr Overlay and place the Complex Over-lay on top of it. Register.

c. Go to Sector A, Area 1. Look through the Complex Overlay(or pick up the corner) to see what soil map unit lies under Area 1.Record this map unit on the Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #1 on therow for Area 1 and under the left soil column.

d. Look in table 4 and find F41D that corresponds to the soilmap unit under Area 1. Record this number on the Speed PredictionTabulation Sheet #1 (table 6) on the row for Area 1 under the right soilcolumn. Then do the same for F4w if a wet season CCM map is required.

e. Multiply F4D by S3 to find S4D, i.e., S4D = S3 x F4,. Roundoff the answer to the nearest whole number, e.g. 8.50 = 9 and 8.49 = 8.Record the value for S4D in the row for Area 1 under the S4D column. Thendo the same for F4 w to find S4w.

f. Repeat steps c, d, and e until all areas in Sector A havebeen given SLD and/or Siw values.

g. Repeat steps c, d, and e for all remaining sectors.Step 6. Categorize the S4D and Sw values into CCM map units according

to table 7, and record in the CCM map unit columns of the Speed PredictionTabulation Sheet #1 (table 6).

Table 7. Categoires for Speeds and CCM Map Units

SPEEDS (kph) CLASS CCM MAP UNIT =

>40 Excellent 1

33-40 Very Good 2

17-32 Good 3

8-16 Fair 4

.5-7 Poor 5

<.5 NO GO 6

Built-up Area NO GO 7

50

Step 7.

a. Place a clean sheet of frosted mylar on the CCM dry seasonComplex Overlay. Pin-register (or tape) the sheets together. Trace thecorner tick marks with a black fine-line pencil. Trace the neat linelightly with a blue fine-line pencil. If a CCM dry season map is desired,continue to Step 7h. If a CCM wet season map is desired, go NOW to Step 8.

b. Trace the outline of all red areas with a black pencil. Labelthem with the map unit number 7.

c. Trace all dry season water obstacles with a black outline anda blue fill. Single line streams may be all blue.

d. Over each numbered area showing through the mylar, write thedry season CCM map unit number for that area.

e. Trace the outlines of all numbered areas with a black pencil,omitting lines between areas with the same map unit number.

f. Trace the'outlines of all yellow areas, omitting lines betweenadjacent yellow areas. Label them with the map unit number 6.

g. Trace with a red fine-line pencil all relief obstacles.

h. Match all four sides of the last sheet of mylar, now calledthe CCM dry season maunscript with the completed manuscripts for the ad-joining map sheets. Make sure that continuing map units do, indeed, continueonto the next sheet.

i. Place the legend in the appropriate place on the CCM manuscriptas indicated in figure 19.

Step 8.

a. Place a clean sheet of mylar on top of the CCM Complex Over-lay. Trace corner ticks with a black fine-line pencil, and neat lines witha blue fine-line pencil.

b. Trace the outline of all red areas in black. Label them withthe map unit number 7.

c. Trace all wet season water obstacles with a black outline anda blue fill. Single line streams will be all blue.

d. Over each numbered area showing through the mylar, write theCCM wet season map unit number for that area.

51

b'j

-.- - - - --

e. Trace the outlines of each numbered area in black, omittinglines between areas with the same map unit number.

f. Trace the outlines of all yellow areas, omitting lines betweenadjacent areas. Label them with the map unit number 6.

g. Trace all relief obstacles in red.

Step 9. Match all four sides of the last sheet of mylar, now called theCCM wet season manuscript, with the completed CCM wet season manuscriptsfor the four adjoining map sheets. Make sure that continuing map unitsdo, indeed, continue onto the next sheet.

Step 10. Place the legend in the appropriate place on the CCM manuscriptas indicated in figure 19.

52

52

I-

f: 50000 55(tIr

USAETL PODUNK V73#CROSS- COUNTRY MOVEM~ENT MAP

M-40 WET SEASON

3 5

7

5

ILEGEND I

10P MAX.SPEED M4AP MAX.SPEED W/ATR OSTACLEUNIT CKPH) UNIT (KP A) vwLiKEAf RIELiEFOSTACLE

11, 4.0 5 .5-7 * PotNT RELIEF OGGTACLE2 33-40 & NO-GO

3 17-32 7 OvIL-UP AREA+ 8I

Figure 19. Sample Completed 0CM Manuscript

53

I1. Mathematical Model Approach Using Programable Calculator (HP-97)*

A. Introduction

The mathematical model shown in figure 1, which yields an expected

maximum vehicle speed for specific terrain, can be put into a programable

calculator, such as the HP-97 (see program flow chart, table 14). In the

next section, instructions are given for using the programable calculator

in the synthesis process.

The following diagram summarizes and illustrates the steps in the

next section:

Flow Diagram

Do Movement Analysis of Drainage.

_ 4Th4 er.S

T

Prepare Factor Complex Overlay.

* Other programable calculators may be used.

54

Prepare Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2 and Enter Data onto It from FactorOverlays and Factor Complex Overlay.

(Twte. 8)

a I a I

55

Program the Calculator, Enter Data From Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2,Calculate Speeds.

%POMP ftwU'IIr4

Ubol oroom 2"CD' 4F 2

r V - ~ESff 0 4 - 0

CCM Manuscript.

5 C'i MAP UNIDTI

0r0 0L- 7)

56

C3 0 0 C 0

B. Procedures

Step 1. Perform a movement analysis of drainage features as required insection II B, Step 10.

Step 2. Prepare a Factor Complex Overlay as required in section II. Showbuilt-up areas and drainage obstacles, but do not show other NO GO areas.It is not necessary to compute Si or any of the F values at this time.

Step 3. On a separate sheet of paper, prepare a Speed Prediction Tabulation

Sheet #2, as in table 8.

Step 4.

a. Retrieve the Slope Factor Overlay. Place the Complex Overlayon top of the Slope Factor Overlay. Register.

b. Go to Sector A, Area 1 on the Complex Overlay. Look throughthe Complex Overlay (or pick up the corner) to see what slope map unitlies under Area 1. Record this map unit on the Speed Prediciton TabulationSheet #2 on the row for Area 1 under the left Slope column. Under theright Slope column, labeled "value", write the highest value for that mapunit. For example, slope map unit A may include slopes from 0 to 3 percent.In this case, record A in the left Slope column, and 3 in the right Slopecolumn as in table 8.

c. Repeat Step b above for the remaining areas in Sector A.

d. Repeat Step b and c above for the remaining sectors on the

Complex Overlay.

Step 5.

a. Remove the Slope Factor Overlay from the Complex Overlay.Put the Slope Factor Overlay back in the data base.

b. Retrieve the Vegetation Factor Overlay and Vegetation DataTable 1. Place the Complex Overlay on top of the Vegetation Factor Overlay.Register.

c. Go to Sector A, Area 1. Look through the Complex Overlay,(or pick up a corner) to see what Vegetation Map Unit lies under Area 1.Record this map unit in the row for Area 1 under the left Veaetation columnon the Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2. Look on the Veqetation Data

Table 1 and find the stem spacing value and the mean stem diameter valuefor that map unit. Convert the stem diameter value from centimeters tometers, i.e. 18 cm = .18 m. Record these values in their proper columns in

the row for Area 1 on the Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2, table 8.

57

'T T 1L "z

&

D

0 0 g 9

I---o 0

oI C 1) Ccca V 00 C)(6 r BrtM0 C 6(

I-0

-T - -T - -

m\

_ _ _ _ 7

co

I-

0

C a6

58~

(If there is no stem spacing or stem diameter value owing to the absenceof trees, record a value of 30 for stem spacing and 5 for stem diameteron Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2.)

d. Repeat Step 5c for all areas in Sector A, and then for allsectors on the Complex Overlay.

Step 6.

a. Remove the Vegetation Factor Overlay and put it back in thedata base.

b. Retrieve the Soil Factor Overlay and place the Complex Over-lay on top of it.

c. Go to Sector A, Area 1. Look through the Complex Overlay(or pick up a corner) to see what soil map unit lies under Area 1. Recordthis map unit on the Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2 on the row forArea 1 in the proper column under Soil. Find this map unit on the SoilData Table and record the values for RCID, and RCIW on the SpeedPrediction Tabulation Sheet #2 in the appropriate columns under Soil.

d. Repeat 6c for all areas in Sector A, and then for all areasin each of the other sectors on the Complex Overlay.

e. Remove the Soil Factor Overlay and put it back in the database.

Step 7.

a. Take the Program Card (for the vehicle concerned) out of theProgram Card Packet (figure 20). Handle the Program Card with care; donot fold, spindle, or mutilate. If there is no Program Card for the vehicleconcerned in the Packet, go NOW to Step 12.

b. Slide the OFF-ON button on the HP-97 to ON (figure 21).

c. Slide the PRGM-RUN button to RUN (figure 21).

d. Slide the MAN-TRACE-NORM button to MAN (figure 21).

e. Hold the Program Card with the white side up, and insertside 1 (figure 20) into the card reader slot (figure 21) as shown infigure 22. When it is partially into the slot, the machine will take thecard. After it is fed automatically through the machine, the card willemerge from a slot at the back of the machine.

59

,4CCM1

Side 1 - X - M60 i - Side 2

Figure 20. CCM Program Card For the XM-1 and M-60 Tanks

Display

Card ReaderSlot

Man-Trace-NormPRGM-Run

Off-On - .,..

Window Slot 0 C D

R/S

Figure 21. HP-97 Calculator (Source: The HP-97Programmable Printing Calculator Owner's Handbookand Programming Guide, 1977)

60

OilJ

Figure 22. Inserting Program Card Into Card Reader Slot(Source: The HP-97 Programmable Printing Calculator Owner'sHandbook and Programming Guide, 1977)

/

Figure 23. Inserting Program Card into Window Slot(Source: The HP-97 Programmable Printing Calculator Owner'sHandbook and Programming Guide, 1977)

XM-1 _ M-60 T-72 M151..

Figure 24 Specific Vehicles Printed on the Program Card

61

Jil I I II I I ~l=r . ... F: = '. .. . _-L :.= :: ...' m- -, . ... I Ii e

f. When the card appears and after the feed motor stops

running, take the card out of the calculator.

g. Insert side 2 into the card reader slot.

h. After the card appears at the back, slide it carefully intothe window slot (figure 21) as shown in figure 23.

Step 8.

a. If a CCM dry season map is required, complete Step 8. If aCCM wet season map is required, go NOW to Step 11.

b. Press the letter (A, B, C, or D) that lies under the vehicleof interest printed on the Program Card (figure 24). The display windowwill flash for a few moments and then a value will appear. Ignore thisvalue.

c. Starting with Sector A, Area 1, read the slope value fromthe Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2 (table 8). Enter this value intothe calculator by pressing the appropriate number keys.

d. Press the R/S button. The display window will flash and avalue will appear. Ignore this value.

e. Read the mean stem diameter for Sector A, Area 1, from theSpeed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2 (table 8). Enter this value bypressing the appropriate number keys.

f. Press the R/S button. A value will appear in the displaywindow. Ignore this value.

g. Read the stem spacing value for Sector A, Area 1 from theSpeed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2 (table 8). Enter this value bypressing the appropriate number keys.

h. Press the R/S button. The display will flash until a valueappears. Ignore this value.

i. Read the surface roughness factor for Sector A, Area 1 fromthe Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2 (table 8). Enter this valueby pressing the appropriate number keys.

j. Press the R/S button. The display will flash until a valueappears. Ignore this value.

k. Read the RCI-DRY value for Sector A, Area 1 from Speed

Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2 (table 8). Enter this value by pressing

62

the appropriate number keys.

1. Press the R/S button.

m. The value appearing in the display is the speed for dryconditions. Values .5 and greater are automatically rounded-off to thenearest whole number, e.g. .5 would be rounded-off to 1. Values less than.5 appear in the display in scientific notation, e.g. 0.28 would look like2.800000000 -01. The -01 indicates that the decimal point be moved 1placed to the left to give .28. The number .28 should be entered on theSpeed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2. Record this value in the DRY SPEEDcolumn on the Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2 (table 8).

n. Look in table 7 to determine the dry season CCM map unitnumber for the above speed. Record this map unit number in the appropriatecolumn on the Speed Prediction Tabulation Sheet #2 (table 8).

o. Repeat Steps 8b through 8n for all areas in all sectors.

Step 9.

a. Place a clean sheet of frosted mylar over the Complex Overlay.Pin-register (or tape) the sheets together. Trace the corner tick markswith a black fine-line pencil. Trace the neat line lightly with a bluefine-line pencil.

b. Using a black fine-line pencil, lightly trace the outlinesfor each area from the Complex Overlay.

c. Over each area in each sector showing through the mylar,

write the dry season CCM map unit number for that area.

d. Trace the drainage obstacles in dark blue.

e. Erase any lines between areas with the same dry season CCMmap unit number.

f. Label NO GO areas showing through the mylar with the dryseason CCM map unit number 6.

g. Label red areas showing through the mylar with the dry seasonCCM map unit number 7.

Step 10. Add the legend and other marginal information as shown infigure 19.

63

Step 11.

a. If a CCM wet season map is required, complete Step 11. If

not, ignore Step 11.

b. Foliow Part III, Steps 8b through 8j above.

c. Read the RCI-WET value for Area 1, Sector A from the SpeedPrediction Tabulation Sheet #2 (table 8). Enter this value into thecalculator by pressing the appropriate number keys.

d. Follow Part III, Steps 81 through 8n.

e. Repeat III, Steps llb through lld for all areas in all sectors.

f. Follow Part III, Steps 9 through 10, substituting "wetseason CCM" for "dry season CCM".

Step 12.

a. If these is no Program Card (figure 20) for the vehicle(s)*of interest, and there are no blank cards, proceed with this step. Other-wise, go NOW to Step 13.

b. Make a list of the following vehicle specifications:

Maximum Road Gradability in percent.Maximum Road Speed in kilometers per hour (kph) or miles per hour (mph).Vehicle Width in meters.Maximum Override Diameter in meters at breast height.Vehicle Cone Index, one pass (VCII).Vehicle Cone Index, 50 passes (VC1 5 0).Subtract VCIj from VC1 5 0 (VCI 50 - VCI1).

c. Slide the OFF-ON button to ON (figure 21).

d. Slide the MAN-TRACE-NORM button to MAN (figure 21).

e. Slide the PRGM-RUN button to PRGM (figure 21).

* Up to four vehicles can be stored on one card.

64

. .77

f. Press the followina buttons in the exact order given,substituting vphicle values where indicated.

IIA II Identifies the selected vehicle, e.g. XM-l

Width in meters for selected vehicle, e.g.W 3.65 for XM-l (table 9)

IZi{s5o

I Max road speed in kph for selected vehicle,e.g. 71.0 for XM-l (table 9)

IZI

L

SVehicle override diameter in meters for selectedvehicle, e.a. .25 for XM-l (table 9)

65~i

\, I

FA

IE1

Z 8 I Max road gradability in percent for selectedvehicle, e.g. 68.7 for XM-l (table 9)

IZI

I VCI value for selected vehicle, e.o. 24for XM-l (table 9)

I°Z

W (VCI - VCI,) value for selected vehicle,

e.n. (56 - 24) =32 for XM-l (table 9)

66

- F.ml

V

BIdentifies another vehicle, e.a. M6OAI

" J Width of above vehicle in meters, e.g. 3.63~li for M6OAl (table 9)

iLi

Max vehicle road speed in kph for selected vehicle,

e.g. 48 for M6OAI (table 9)

S*- Skip this section if only one vehicle is required on the proaram card.

N 67

IZIS Vehicle override diameter in meters for selected

vehicle, e.g. .15 for M6OAl (table 9)

i 6Max road gradability in percent for the selected

vehicle, e.g. 60 for M6OAl (table 9)

LIZ

i 2VCI 1 value for the selected vehicle, e.g. .25for M6OAl (table 9)

5o J

I VC1i 0 - VCI1) value for the selected vehicle, e.a.(70 - 25) = 45 for M6OAl (table 9)

68

II1

I II Identifies a third vehicle, e.g. M-113

W "Width of above vehicle in meters, e.o. 2.69 forW M-113 (table 9)

l 4 I Max road speed of vehicle in kph, e.g. M-113(table 9)

**-** Skip this section if only one or two vehicles are required on the

program card

69

Vehicle override diameter in meters for selectedvehicle, e.a. .1 for M-I13 (table 9)

STO

W ~ Max road cradability in percent for the selectedvehicle, e.g. 60 for M-113 (table 9)

W 2 I VCI I value for selected vehicle, e.g. 20 forM-113 (table 9)

iTo

W 2 (VC1 50 - VCI 1) value for selected vehicle, e.g.i (47 - 20) = 27 for M-113 (table 9)(770

LEJ

IZjI Identifies a fourth vehicle, e.g. T-72

W" Width of above vehicle in meters, e.g. 3.38

for T-72 (table 9)

:Li

Max road speed of selected vehicle in kph, e.o.60 for T-72 (table 9)

Lo***-*** Skip this section if only one, two, or three vehicles are

required on program card.

71

A_

W Vehicle override diameter in meters, e.g. .18for T-72 (table 9)

2I 1 Max road qradability in percent for selectedvehicle, e.a. 62.5 for T-72 (table 9)

r_757

ZVCII value for selected vehicle, e.g. 45 forT-72 (table 9)

IF 72

(V"I 6o VCII) value for selected vehicle,

Leii.) - 45) =15 for T-72 (table 9)

I73

I]I-Z

73

w~

74

1'II-I

IZ]

I I

1811

w 75

LI

RCL

3DE2

76

lI

lIl

I'E

l ~l°

77

LIJ1IEcl

I°1ExLY

I'78

Ix~oI

ro

ELI

EoLLo~oJIE1

EL1

E ,L

LE79I

izl

I×z

LIol

L4z

ii1

80

.-, ...... , -.. - ...--."' ,' -

I×1

ioz

ioi

izl

iz 8 I

iij

Il

ELoE'L

IoEL

EL 82

L I

-I

•lii

g. Slide the PRGM-RUN button to RUN.

h. Follow Steps 8 through 11.

Step 13.

a. If there is no Program Card (figure 20) for the vehicle ofinterest, but there is a blank Program Card, proceed as follows.

b. Follow Part III, Steps 12b through 12f.

c. Slide the PRGM-RUN button to PRGM.

d. Insert the blank Program Card into the card reader slot asshown in figure 22 and explained in Part III, Steps 7e through 7h. Thecard now holds the Program for the vehicle of interest. Label the cardwith the vehicle identification number using a felt-tip pen or pencil thatwill not emboss the card.

e. Follow Steps 8 through 11.

84

I

IV. Qualitative Method - No-Model Approach

A. Introduction

This method * presents only three categories of Cross-Country Movement.

NO GO Movement precluded except in local areas, or sodifficult and tortuous that progess is essentiallynil.

SLOW GO Movement restricted or significantly slowed byobstacles that require bypassing, zigzagging, ordetouring.

GO Movement mostly free and easy. At least moderatespeeds can be maintained for relatively longdistances. Few, if any, time-consuming detoursrequired to avoid obstacles.

To obtain these categories, all the factor overlays are examined forclearly NO GO and GO areas. These areas are transferred to the ComplexOverlay. Then the factor overlays are re-examined with the aid of avail-able maps, air photos, or literature to determine the nature of the SLOWGO areas, and perhaps extend the GO and NO GO areas.

With this method, a CCM map may be produced in less time than withthe model methods, but the movement categories will be more general andquali tati ve.

* Method is based on one developed by A.H. Reimer and H.F. Barnett,USAETL TAC.

85

B. Procedures

Step 1.

a. Determine for what vehicle the CCM map is being prepared.

b. Obtain the following specifications for that vehicle fromtable 9:

Maximum slope (road gradability) (percent).Maximum fording depth (m) (with or without snorkel).Approach angle (degrees).Vehicle width (i).Vehicle override diameter ().Vehicle cone index, 50 passes (VC150 ).

c. Record this information on a reference table like the, following:

VEHICLE TYPE - M-60

Maximum Slope (Road Gradability) (%) 60

Maximum Fording Depth (m) 1.22

Approach Angle (C) 43

Vehicle Width (m) 3.63

Vehicle Override Diameter (m) 0.15

Vehicle Cone Index, 50 passes (VC 5 0 ) 70

Step 2.

a. Take the film positive or the lithographic map and the aerialphotos out of the data base. Place them on a table. Take a clean sheet offrosted mylar, the same size as the film or lithographic map, and place it,frosted side up, on top of the film or lithographic map. Pin-register themor tape them together. Trace the corner tick marks on the mylar with ablack fine-line pencil. Trace the neat line on the mylar lightly with ablue fine-line pencil.

b. Look through the mylar to find built-up areas. They willappear as clusters of building symbols or sometimes as tinted areas. Usinga black fine-line pencil, draw an angular outline that will tightly encloseclusters of building symbols or tinted areas that cover an area larger

86

than this circle This sheet of mylar is now known as the Complex

Overlay. Mark the built-up areas with the letter "N".

Step 3.

a. Remove the Complex Overlay.

b. Pull the Vegetation Factor Overlay and Vegetation DataTable 1 out of the data base. Register the Complex Overlay over theFactor Overlay.

c. Referring to Vegetation Data Table 1 and the table made inStep 1, note the map units with stem spacing equal to or less than thewidth of the vehicle. Trace the outlines of these map units with a blackfine-line pencil.

d. Referring again to Vegetation Data Table I and the tablemade in Step 1, trace the outlines of all the vegetation areas that havemean stem diameters greater than the maximum vehicle override diameter.

e. Mark all the overlapping areas outlined in Steps 3c and dwith the letter "N", which represents NO GO.

f. Trace the outlines of all the areas that have no trees, smalltrees (less than the maximum vehicle override diameter) or brush, or widelyspaced trees (stem spacing greater than the vehicle width). Mark theseareas with a "G", representing GO. If these areas should overlap an "N"area, change the "G" in the overlapped section to "N".

Step 4.

a. Replace the Vegetation Overlay with the Watercourses andWater Bodies Factor Overlay. Register.

b. Referring to the table made in Step 1, and the Watercoursesand Water Bodies Data Tables 1 and 2, trace in blue all drainage reachesthat have depths greater than the maximum vehicle fording depth, approachangles greater than the maximum for the vehicle, and any of the bottomconditions with RCIwet listed in table 11 that are less than VC1 5 0. Markthese areas with an "N".

c. Trace the outlines of all swamps and marshes in blue. Labelthese with an "N".

* Represents an area of 0.25 km2 at 1:50,000 scale.

87

Step 5.

a. Replace the Watercourses and Water Bodies Factor Overlay withthe Surface Roughness Factor Overlay. Trace the outline of all map unitAreas 8. Label these with an "N". If these overlap an area marked "G",be sure to change the "G" area boundary to exclude the "N" area.

b. Trace the outline of all map unit Areas 1. Label these witha "G". If these overlap with an "N" area already on the Complex Overlay,be sure to change the "G" area boundary to an "N" area for that overlappedspace.

Step 6.

a. Replace the Surface Roughness Overlay with the Slope FactorOverlay. Trace the outline of the areas with slopes greater than thevehicle maximum slope. Label these areas with an "N". An "N" overlappinga "G" becomes an "N" for that overlapped spaced.

b. Trace the outline of the areas with slopes less than 10 per-cent. Label these with a "G". If the "G" overlaps an "N" area alreadyon the Complex Overlay, the overlapped space remains an "N".

Step 7.

a. Replace the Slope Factor Overlay with the Soil Factor Over-lay. Trace outlines of all OL, OH, and Pt soil categories. Label thesewith an "N". Any "N" overlapping a "G" becomes an "N".

b. For Wet Conditions, follow Step 7a, but add all ML and CLsoil categories. Label with an "N".

c. Trace outlines for all GW, GP, GM, and GC soil categories.Label these with a "G". Any "G" overlapping an "N" becomes an "N" forthat overlapped space.

Step 8. Remove the Complex Overlay. On the Complex Overlay, combineadjoining areas having the same letter.

Step 9.

a. The remaining space on the Complex Overlay is probablySLOW GO. Label the remaining areas on the Complex Overlay "S" for SLOWGO. If aerial photos, maps, or literature are available, they should beexamined for the areas labeled SLOW GO to see if there may be some GO andNO GO areas included in them. For example, air photos or written descrip-tions in the literature may reveal highly dissected terrain that might

88

make part of the area NO GO, or reveal sand dunes stabilized by enoughvegetation to make part of the area GO. Use the Qualitative Thresholds forCCM (table 13) to help locate these extra NO GO and GO areas. The "Good"movement condition on table 13 corresponds to GO; "Fair" and "Poor"corresponds to SLOW GO; and "Blocked" corresponds to NO GO.

b. Make the Complex Overlay neat (redraw if necessary), makingsure that areas less than inch in the least dimension are combined withanother category. Match all four sides with adjoining CCM sheets, andadd the legend and marginal information. Edit the finished manuscript toensure that it is completed and ready for drafting or distribution.

89

"'

V

Vehicle

XM-1 M-60 M-113 M-35 T-62 T-72

Gradability (%) 68.7 60 60 64 62.5 (62.5)

Max. Road Speed (kph) 71 48 48 56 50 (60)

Width (m) 3.65 3.63 2.69 2.43 3.37 3.38

Override Diameter (m) 0.25 0.15 0.1 .06 (0.18)(at Breast Height)

Vehicle Cone Index, 24 25 20 30 23 451 Pass (VCI,)

Vehicle Cone Index,50 Passes (VCy,) 56 70 47 69 68 (60)

Max Fording Depth,w/o Snorkel (m) 1.22 1.22 Swims 76 1.40 (1.40)

Max. Fording Depth, 2.34 2.44 Swims 5.00 (5.50)w/Snorkel (m)

Max. Stream Velocity Vehicle (35) 3.4 1.8 (1.0) (3.4) (3.4)Can Cross (m/s)

Vehicle Approach Angle (°) 22.5 43 70 48 (32.5)

Max. Height, Vert. Obstacle (m) 1.24 .91 .61 .35 .80 (1.00)

Ditch Crossing Capability (m) 2.77 2.59 1.68 .55 2.85 (2.80)

( ) Estirp'ted

Table 9. Vehicle Performance Characteristics

90

MP SOE X-MI M-60 T-62 T-72

UNT () S, NO GO S, NO GO S, NO GO S1 NO GO

A 0-3 67.9 45.6 47.6 57.1

B 3-10 60.7 40.0 42.0 50.4

C 10-30 40.0 24.0 26.0 31.2

D 30-45 24.5 12.0 14.0 16.8

E 45-60 9.0 0 X 2.0 2.4

F >60 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x

Table 10. Precalculated S, for Selected Vehicles (kph)

91

RCI RCI

USCS Symbol Dry Season Wet Season

GW N/A N/A

GP N/A N/A

GM 100 + 72

GC 100 + 90

GM-GC 100 + 81

SW N/A N/A

SP N/A N/A

SM 100 + 82

SC 100 + 82

SM-SC 100 + 82

ML 100+ 55

CL 100 + 46

ML-CL 100+ 51

OL 46 46

MH 100+ 83

CH 100 + 90

OH 40 40

Pt 35 35

Table 11. Approximate RCI Values for Wet and Dry Seasons

(To be used ONLY for the cross-country move-

ment calculations required in this guide when noother RCI values are available.)

92

mm

Table 12. GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS AND TERMS

a < b a is less than b

a > b a is greater than b

a < b a is less than or equal to b

a > b a is greater than or equal to b

(a)(b) a x b, a multiplied by b

93

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I I 9! 1!.01 0'.,~i-( Ii 1 ____ ___________ _________

94

~~6t

S, =M- I)MG

2W

SO-OD~~~5 N , W F,~ F F

y y S y S, S, F,

S. , SF, I , ,F

Tabl 14 Caculaor rogam Fow har

A A A S S, I5

F,.C .1

V. Appendix Forms

SOIL FACTOR TABLEMAP DRY WET

UNIT Adl F4D No-Go RCI F4W No-Go

96

60

00

2 c

,A 0-

~0

0

4 00

zW6 w

0

0 0

o goZ, -

-a97

SPEED PREDICTION TABULATION SHEET #1

actor ASURFAE

SLOPE VEGETATION ROU HNE, SOIL CCM- Dry CCM- WetAe Map S,lMapIF, F.S Map ,S a f 4MpUi

Unit u t Unt Unit F Map UnitntUnit I TW44

LL

98

1 2 4 _ AG- Ft Belvoir