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Transcript of Mountaineering by Zenith Roy
8/8/2019 Mountaineering by Zenith Roy
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CLASS-VIII A
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ABOUT MOUNTAINS
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About Mountaineering
Mountaineering is the sport,
hobby or profession of walking,
hiking, backpacking and climbing
mountains.
In Europe it is also referred to as
alpinism, while in the Americas
the term refers to a particular style
of mountain climbing, that involves
a mixture of ice climbing, rock
climbing, mixed climbing, and
where the climbers carry all their
loads with them at all times.
In the Himalayan regions the style
of mountaineering is Expedition.
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HOW MANY TYPES?
Mountaineering began asattempts to reach thehighest point of unclimbedmountains, it has branchedinto specializations that
address different aspects of the mountain and consistsof three areas : rock-craft,snow-craft and skiing,depending on whether the
route chosen is over rock,snow or ice.
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TYPES
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SNOW
Compacted snow conditions allowmountaineers to progress on foot.Frequently crampons are required to travelefficiently over snow and ice. Cramponshave 8-14 spikes and are attached to amountaineer's boots. They are used on hardsnow (neve) and ice to provide additionaltraction and allow very steep ascents and
descents Varieties range from lightweight aluminium
models intended for walking on snowcovered glaciers, to aggressive steel modelsintended for vertical and overhanging iceand rock. Snowshoes can be used to walkthrough deep snow. Skis can be usedeverywhere snowshoes can and also insteeper, more alpine landscapes, although ittakes considerable practice to developstrong skills for difficult terrain
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GLACIER
When travelling over glaciers, crevasses pose agrave danger. These giant cracks in the ice are notalways visible as snow can be blown and freezeover the top to make a snow bridge. At times snowbridges can be as thin as a few inches.
Climbers use a system of ropes to protectthemselves from such hazards. Basic gear for
glacier travel includes crampons and ice axes.Teams of two to five climbers tie into a rope equally
spaced.
If a climber begins to fall the other members of theteam perform a self-arrest to stop the fall. The other members of the team enact a crevasse rescue to
pull the fallen climber from the crevasse.
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ICE
Multiple methods are used to safely travelover ice. If the terrain is steep but notvertical, then the lead climber can place icescrews in the ice and attach the rope for protection .
Each climber on the team must clip past theanchor, and the last climber picks up the
anchor itself. Occasionally, slinged icicles or bollards are also used. This technique isknown as Simul-climbing and is sometimesalso used on steep snow and easy rock .
If the terrain becomes too steep,standard ice climbing techniques areused in which each climber is belayed,moving one at a time
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SKIING
Skiing is a group of sports using skis
as equipment for traveling over snow.
Skis are used in conjunction with boots
that connect to the ski with use of a
binding. Combining the techniques of
alpine skiing and mountaineering
to ascend and descend a
mountain is a form of the sport by
itself, called Ski Mountaineering.
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SHELTERS
HUT
BASE CAMP
BIVOUAC (BIVY)
TENT
SNOW CAVE
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BASE CAMP
The "Base Camp" of a mountain is
an area used for staging an
attempt at the summit. Base
camps are positioned to be safe
from the harsher conditions
above.
There are base camps on many
popular or dangerous mountains.
Where the summit cannot be
reached from base camp in a
single day, a mountain will have
additional camps above basecamp.
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HUT
The mountain huts are of varying sizeand quality, but each is typicallycentered on a communal dining roomand have dormitories equipped withmattresses, blankets or duvets, and
pillows; guests are expected to bringand to use their own sleeping bagliner.
The facilities are usuallyrudimentary but, given their locations, huts offer vital shelter,make routes more widely
accessible (by allowing journeysto be broken and reducing theweight of equipment needing to becarried), and offer good value.
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BIVIOUAC (BIVY)
In the mountaineering context,a bivouac or "bivy" is amakeshift resting or sleepingarrangement in which theclimber has less than the full
complement of shelter, foodand equipment that wouldnormally be present at aconventional campsite.
This may involve simplygetting a sleeping bag and
Bivouac sack and lying downto sleep.
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TENT
Tent are the most common form of
shelter used on the mountain.
These may vary from simple tarps
to much heavier designs intended
to withstand harsh mountain
conditions .
In exposed positions, windbreaks
of snow or rock may be required
to shelter the tent.
One of the downsides to tenting is
that high winds and snow loads
can be dangerous and may
ultimately lead to the tent's failure
and collapse.
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SNOW CAVE
Where conditions permit snowcaves are another way toshelter high on the mountain.Some climbers do not usetents at high altitudes unlessthe snow conditions do notallow for snow caving, sincesnow caves are silent andmuch warmer than tents.
They can be built relativelyeasily, given sufficient time,using a snow shovel. A
correctly made snow cave willhover around freezing, whichrelative to outsidetemperatures can be verywarm.
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TYPES OFHAZARDS
FALLING ROCKS
FALLING ICE
FALLS FROM ROCKS
AVALANCHES
ICE SLOPES SNOW SLOPES
CREVASSES
WEATHER
ALTITUDE
SOLAR RADIATION VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES
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HAZARDS
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AVALANCHES
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EQUIPMENTS
A wide range of
equipment is used
during rock climbing .
It protects climbersfrom consequence
falls.
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TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS
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LOCATIONS
Mountaineering has become a popular sportthroughout the world. In Europe the sport largelyoriginated in the Alps, and is still immensely popular there. Other notable mountain ranges frequented byclimbers include the Caucasus, the Pyrenees, Rilamountains, the Tatra mountains and CarpathianMountains.
In North America climbers frequent the RockyMountains, the Sierra Nevada of California, theCascades of the Pacific Northwest and the highpeaks of Alaska .
There has been a long tradition of climbers going onexpeditions to the Greater Ranges, a term generallyused for the Andes and the high peaks of Asiaincluding the Himalaya, Pamirs and Tien Shan.
Other mountaineering areas of interest include theSouthern Alps of New Zealand, the Japanese Alps,the South Korean mountains, the Coast Mountainsof British Columbia, the Scottish Highlands, and themountains of Scandinavia, especially Norway.
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Sir Edmund P. Hillary
New Zealand mountain climber Sir Edmund
Hillary was one of the first two men to reach
the summit of Mount Everest, the tallest
mountain in the world, and return. Hillary and
Sherpa tribesman Tenzing Norgay reached
the 8848 m (29,028 ft) summit on May 29,
1953. Queen Elizabeth II knighted Hillary, a
Royal Air Force veteran, for the feat.
First Men to Reach The Summit of
Mount Everest
Tenzing NorgayIn 1953 Nepalese mountain climber Tenzing
Norgay and New Zealand mountaineer Edmund Hillary were the first people to scale
the summit of Mount Everest, the highest
mountain in the world at 8,850 m (29,035 ft).
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FIRST TEENAGE TO REACH
EVEREST
Arjun Bajpayee, a resident of
Uttar Pradeshs Noida city has
become the youngest person
to climb the Mount Everest at
the age of 16.
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REACHING THE TOP
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THE END