mountain survival

7/29/2019 mountain survival

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DGD&D/18/34/64 Army Code

1996


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CONDITIONS OF RELEASE

(Applicable to copies supplied with Ministry of Dapproval to Commonwealth and Foreign Govern

1. This information is released by the Unite

dom Government to the recipient Govefor Defence purposes only.

2 This information must be accorded the


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INDEX

Index

Introduction

Safety Rules for Mountainous Areas

Lost Procedure

E Bi P d


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INTRODUCTION

1. This Aide Memoire has been produced as a

tary guide for all ranks involved on opemountainous areas.

2. To operate efficiently in the mountains yo

a. Knowledge.

b Practice


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SAFETY RULES FOR MOUNTAIN AREA

1. The mnemonic HAVERSACKS should b

bered as a safety guide when operating in tains.

a. Have a map, compass and first a

b. Always wear the correct clothingspares.


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LOST PROCEDURE

1. In the event of being lost on a mountainsid

lowing procedure should be carried out.

a. Stop and consider the situation c

b. Check all recorded bearings and

and recalculate the position.

c Check calculations with someon


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EMERGENCY BIVOUAC PROCEDUR

1. The following procedure should be adopt

a. Descend as far as possible d

mountainside.

b. Find shelter in the lee, avoid ridg

are cold and windy.

c Put on any spare clothing


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COLD WEATHER INJURIES (SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION AND CURES

AILMENT/ SYMPTOMS PREVENTATIVE T INJURY MEASURES

1 Wind-chapping * adequate protectionWind Burn from wind and cold.

* lip salve and skin cream.

2 a. Frost Nip * numbness accompanied by * good gloves, boots and If not treateblanching of the skin and head gear. develop.

tingling.Treatment:

* men shoul

and examin* any sign othawed imm* place finge* feet on ano* patient ma

warming com


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b. Superficial * skin is white and frozen on * adequate protection from * gradual re

Frostbite surface but soft when the cold. * clothing spressed. * regular inspections of affected a* becomes numb, blue and face, fingers and feet. * affected p

mottled after warming and * immediate warming if any massage

will burn, sting and swell. extremity goes white. * do not att* blisters may occur within part if the

24-36 hrs and dry up leaving part freezthick black skin. * treat casu

*` throbbing, aching for several sweet dri

weeks. * evacuate* scabs will fall off in time,

exposing red tissues.



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3 Deep * skin becomes yellowish, The only for

Frostbite lacking mobility. treated on th* large blisters in 3-7 days,

skin blue or mottled grey. * Evacuate* shooting or throbbing pain.* swelling, blisters and colour

change around affected parts.* affected parts turn black and

shrivel.* blisters finally dry up and fall

away leaving red tenderareas and red sensitive areaof new skin itches for manymonths.



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4 Freezing Cold * headache. * adequate clothing. Warmth and

Injury * abdominal pains. * regular meals, hot drinks* blurred vision. and rest. * erect she

Hypothermia * vomiting. * dry clothing. * remove w* slow mental reactions. * place ma* clumsiness. * in bad ca

* irrational behaviour. bag for ad* bursts of energy followed by * artificial re

lethargy. and heart* physical resistance to offers * 2 men wit

of help. * evacuate* finally - collapse and coma.

5 Carbon A man may collapse with no * proper ventilation. * EvacuateMonoxide signs. * do not run engines near.Poisoning



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6 Snow Gritty sensation in the eye, * wearing of tinted glasses. * Apply col

Blindness followed by intense pain and usually ofblindness. 100% rec* Cover bo

7 Sunburn * sun's rays are reflected from * lip salve.snow. * barrier cream.

* common areas are lips, * shaving lotions withnostrils and eyelids. alcohol content should

be avoided (they dissolve

the skin's natural oils).* gradual tanning.

8 Battle Wounds * low body temp prevents * stop the b

blood. * apply dre* excessive bleeding. * cover wit



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* bleeding increases chance * anti-shoc

of hypothermia through rapid at body teloss of body heat. fluids).

* shock. * adequate

9 Dehydration * headache. * regular and adequate * keep pati

* tiredness. intake of fluids and salt. * clothing lo* mouth, tongue and throat * liquids sh

become parched. by mouth* swallowing difficult. * allow plen

* nausea, fainting, dizziness,vomiting.

* muscular cramp.* urine becomes dark orange

colour.



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10 Trench Foot * pain in the feet and legs. * avoid prolonged immer- * do not rub

* numb and stiff feeling. sion of feet in water. * handle fo* pain and numbness may * use footpowder. damage.

alternate. * clean foo* if pain is severe, casualty and dry.

looks ill and shocked. * elevate th* legs and feet begin to swell. swelling.

* foot shou

* cover fooimprovise

* give hot faspirin to

* evacuate



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11 Constipation * similar to dehydration. * strict adherence to * medical a

* irritability. routine. if for more* lethargy, nausea.* stomach cramps.

12 Toothache * lack of Vitamin C and failure * dental check-up before * aspirin.

to keep teeth clean. deployment.

13 Acute Ulcerative * swollen, painful and bleeding * good hygiene and * casualtiesStomatitis gums. regular teeth cleaning. if possible

given ant* eating ute



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CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT

1. General. Some special clothing and equip

be required for mountain operations, depenthe type of activities to be undertaken. A

has to be struck between operational ecarried (weapons, ammunition, radios, emen are not overloaded and that sufficien

able clothing is worn for the operations en

2 Cl thi A l f th i l l th


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b. Group Equipment

Sleeping bag per 10 menSleeping mat per 10 men

Poncho per 10 menTent per 10 men

Helicopter panels per 10 menRopes as necessary (11mm/No Specialist clothing equipment as

appropriateAvalanche probes

R di ( ith h b it)


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CARRYING LOADS IN THE MOUNTAIN

1. Operations in a mountain terrain require s

equipment to be manpacked across steeThe points given below cover the packin

rying of loads.

Techniques of Packing a Bergen

2. In packing a load the centre of gravity sho

t th h ld bl d d l t


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c. Speed and Rhythm. Speed shojusted to the gradient so as to avoidbreathing. Otherwise the pace rhythmical and regular.

d. Selection of Route. A long rou

even surface is to be preferred one leading over broken or excesland.

e. Training Loads. During porterag

l d h ld b h i th


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THREE ESSENTIAL KNOTS FOR CLIMB

1. Overhand Knot


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AVALANCHE SAFETY

1. Protection. The following basic rules ap

a. Most avalanche accidents are tri

their victims. Keep up high and athe trigger which starts the slide.

b. Keep clear of accumulation areas immediately after snow storms.


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n. Be observant of warning signsbooming of snow, heavy snow baavalanches from the boots or ski

o. Sudden increase in temperatusnow fall, especially when a dry

ates an avalanche danger.

p. Study layers of snow by digging a

Note particularly any weak layers

Th d th th t


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3. Action if caught in an Avalanche

a. Remove rucksack and skis (thealready be in the quick release p

suspect ground). A good skier mto ski out of danger.

b. Make a quick assessment of the awhether you are at the top, botto

dle or to one side and where youof escape lies.


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4. Avalanche Search.

a. Speed is of paramount importanavalanche search operation. The

of survival are greatly reduced as increases. Few victims are broug

after two hours or more in the sn

b. Mark the position of where the vic

engulfed and where they or any ewas last seen. The line betwee

i t ill i di t th di ti


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IMPROVISED STRETCHERS

Introduction

1. At the outset it should be understood that i

"carries" and "stretchers" are of short ranIt would be exhausting and possibly danattempt a long evacuation by such meth

main requirement is in moving an injureda more sheltered area or in evacuating som

l ti l i i j i


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d. Two-man Split Rope Carry:People Required - TwoEquipment and Means - Rope andSplit into two over outside should

carriers. Casualty sits on rope (pin between.

Comment - Not good on rough teUnstable fore/aft.


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WINDCHILL FACTOR THE RISK OF FROSTBITE ON BARE SKIN

WIND STRENGTH AIR TEMPERATURE

BEAUFORTSCALE WIND MPH +10 +5 -1 -7 -12 -18 -23 -29 -34 -40

0 CALM 0 10 5 -1 -7 -12 -18 -23 -29 -34 -40

2 LIGHT BREEZE 4.2 9 3 -3 9 -15 -21 -26 -32 -38 -44

3 GENTLE " 8.8 5 -2 -9 -16 -23 -30 -36 -43 -50 -57 -

4 MODERATE " 13 2 -6 -14 -21 -29 -36 -43 -50 -58 -65

4 " " 17.3 0 -8 -16 -24 -32 -40 -47 -55 -63 -71

5 FRESH " 22.3 -1 -9 -18 -26 -34 -42 -51 -59 -67 -76

6 STRONG " 26 -2 -11 -19 -28 -36 -44 -53 -61 -70 -79

6 " " 30.3 -3 -12 -20 -29 -37 -45 -54 -63 -72 -81

7 MODERATE 34.7 -3 -12 -21 -30 -38 -46 -55 -64 -73 -82GALE

LOW RISK OF HIGH RISK VERY HIGHFROSTBITE OF OF

FROSTBITE FROSTB

WIND CHILL CHART

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