Mount Gerizim

8/12/2019 Mount Gerizim

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Mount Gerizim 1

Mount Gerizim

Old view of Mount Gerizim

Mount Gerizim (/rzm/; Samaritan Hebrew Ar-garzim,

Arabic Jabal Jarizm, Tiberian Hebrew Har

Grizzm, Standard Hebrew Har Grizzim) is one of the

two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the West Bank city of

Nablus (biblical Shechem), and forms the southern side of the

valley in which Nablus is situated, the northern side being formed

by Mount Ebal. The mountain is one of the highest peaks in the

West Bank and rises to 2849 feet (881 m) above sea level, 228 feet

(69.5 m) shorter than Mount Ebal.[1]

The mountain is particularly

steep on the northern side, is sparsely covered at the top with

shrubbery, and lower down there is a spring with a high yield of fresh water.[2]

A Samaritan village (Kiryat Luza) and an Israeli settlement (Har Bracha) are situated on the mountain ridge.

Trilingual road signs directing toward Mount Gerizim

and Kiryat Luza (Shomronim Samaritans in Hebrew)

The mountain is sacred to the Samaritans who regard it, rather

than Jerusalem's Temple Mount, as having been the location

chosen by Yahweh for a holy temple. The mountain continues to

be the centre of Samaritan religion to this day, and over 90% of

the worldwide population of Samaritans live in very close

proximity to Gerizim, mostly in Kiryat Luza, the main village. The

passover is celebrated by the Samaritans on Mount Gerizim,[3]

and

it is additionally considered by them as the location of the

near-sacrifice of Isaac (the masoretic, Septuagint and the Dead Sea

Scroll versions of Genesis state that this happened on Mount

Moriah which Jews traditionally identify as the Temple Mount).

According to classical rabbinical sources, in order to convert to

Judaism, a Samaritan must first and foremost renounce any belief

in the sanctity of Mount Gerizim.

Biblical account

Old city of Nablus and Mount Gerizim in background

The Torah commanded the Israelites on first

entering Canaan to celebrate the event with a

ceremony of blessings and cursings respectively

on Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal,[4][5]

The

masoretic text of the Tanakh says the Israelites

later built an altar on Mount Ebal, constructed

from natural (rather than cut) stones, to place

stones there and whiten them with lime, to make

peace offerings on the altar, eat there, and write

the words of this law on the stone.[6]

The

Samaritan Pentateuch version of Deuteronomy,

and a fragment found at Qumran,[7]

holds that the
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Pentateuchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korbanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_oxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanakhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masoretichttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Ebalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ANablus_panorama-cropped.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nablushttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_Rabbinical_Literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moriahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Genesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrollshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrollshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Septuaginthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masoretic_texthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binding_of_Isaachttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passoverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahwehhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_Mounthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerusalemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AGerizim_sign.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Har_Brachahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli_settlementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiryat_Luzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaritanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_%28hydrosphere%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Ebalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_levelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Ebalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shechemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nablushttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bankhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Hebrewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_English%23Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AGerizim.jpg


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instruction actually mandated the construction of the altar on Mount Gerizim, which the Samaritans view is the site

of the tabernacle, not Shiloh.[8][9]

Recent Dead Sea Scrolls work supports the accuracy of the Samaritan Pentateuch's

designation of Mount Gerizim rather than Mount Ebal as the sacred site.[10]

An instruction immediately subsequent to this orders that, once this is done, the Israelites should split into two

groups, one to stay on Mount Ebal and pronounce curses, while the other goes to Mount Gerizim and pronounces

blessings.

[11]

The tribes of Simeon, of Levi, of Judah, of Issachar, of Joseph, and of Benjamin were to be sent toGerizim, while those of Reuben, of Gad, of Asher, of Zebulun, of Dan, and of Naphtali, were to remain on Ebal. No

attempts to explain this division of tribes either by their Biblical ethnology or by their geographical distribution have

been generally accepted in academic circles.

The text goes on to list twelve curses, which were to be pronounced by the Levite priesthood and answered by the

people with Amen.[12]

These curses heavily resemble laws (e.g. cursed be he who removes his neighbour's

landmark), and theyare not followed by a list of blessings described in a similarly liturgical framework; scholars

believe that these more likely represent what was written on the stones, and that the later list of six explicit

blessings,[13]

six near-corresponding explicit curses,[14]

were originally in this position in the text. The present

position of these explicit blessings and curses, within a larger narrative of promise, and a far larger narrative of threat

(respectively), is considered to have been an editorial decision for the post-exilic second version of Deuteronomy

(Dtr2), to reflect the deuteronomist's worldview after the Babylonian exile had occurred.

In the Book of Joshua, after the Battle of Ai, Joshua built an altar of unhewn stones there, the Israelites then made

peace offerings on it, the law of Moses was written onto the stones, and the Israelites split into the two groups

specified in Deuteronomy and pronounced blessings and curses as instructed there.[15]

There is some debate between

textual scholarsas towhether this incident in Joshua is one account or two different accounts spliced together, where

one account refers to Joshua building an altar, and making sacrifices on it, while the other account refers to Joshua

placing large stone slabs there that had been whitened with lime and then had the law inscribed on them. Either way

there are some who believe that the sources of Joshua predate Deuteronomy, and hence that the order to build the

altar and make the inscription is likely based on these actions in the sources of Joshua, rather than the other way

round, possibly to provide an aetiology for the site acceptable to the deuteronomist's theology.[16]

Much later in the Book, when Joshua was old and dying, he gathered the people together at Shechem, and gave a

farewell speech, and then wrote these words in the book of the law of Yahweh, and set up a stone as a witness,

placing it next to the sanctuary of Yahweh, under the oak tree.[17]

Depending on the way in which the sources of

Joshua were spliced together, this may just be another version of the earlier narrative Joshua placing the whitened

stones slabs with the law inscribed on them, and some scholars believe that this narrative may have originally been

in an earlier location within the Book of Joshua.

Scholars consider it plausible for the sanctuary to have been pre-Israelite. It is possible that the name of the mountain

is indicative of this, as it is thought that Gerizim may mean mountain of the Gerizites, a tribe in the vicinity of the

Philistines that, according to the Hebrew Bible, was conquered by David. A straightforward etymology for Gerizimwould give the meaning of mountain cut in two.

[18]According to the narrative about Jotham in the Book of Judges,

Shechem was a site where there was a sanctuary of El-Berith, also known as Baal-Berith, meaning God of the

covenant and Lord of the covenant, respectively;[19]

scholars have suggested that the Joshua story about the site

derives from a covenant made there in Canaanite times.[20]

In the narrative of Judges, the pillar that was in Shechem

is seemingly significant enough to have given its name to a nearby plain,[21]

and this pillar is thought to be likely to

have been a totem of El-Berith; the Joshua story, of a stone being set up as a witness, simply being an attempt to

provide an aetiology in accordance with later Israelite theology.

In the Biblical narrative, the oak tree, seemingly next to the sanctuary, was evidently in existence as early as the time

of the Patriarchs, as Jacob is described in the Book of Genesis as having buried the idols of strange gods (formerly

worshipped by his household) beneath it.[22] According to a Jewish midrash, one of these idols, in the shape of a

dove, was later recovered by the Samaritans, and used in their worship on Mount Gerizim.
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Post-exile history

After the end of the Babylonian Captivity, a large schism between the Samaritans and Judaism developed, with the

Samaritans, but not the Jews, regarding Mount Gerizim as the holy place chosen by God. Subsequently, in the

Persian Period, the Samaritans built a temple there probably in the middle of 5th century BCE., arguing that this was

the real location of the Israelite temple which had been destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar,[23]

The religious tension between the Jews and the Samaritans led to the temple on Gerizim being destroyed by either

John Hyrcanus in the 2nd century BCE (according to Josephus) or by Simeonthe Just (according to the Talmud).

The date of the Samaritan temple destruction, the 21st of Kislev, became a holiday for the Jews during which it is

forbidden to eulogize the dead.[24]

However, the mountain evidently continued to be the holy place of the

Samaritans, as it is mentioned as such by the Gospel of John[25]

and coins produced by a Roman mint situated in

Nablus included within their design a depiction of the temple; surviving coins from this mint, dated to 138161 CE,

show a huge temple complex, statues, and a substantive staircase leading from Nablus to the temple itself.[26]

In Jesus' discussion with the Samaritan woman he revealed his feeling about worship there: Jesus said to her:

Believe me, woman, The hour is coming when neither in this mountain nor in Jerusalem will you people

worship the Father. You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, because salvationoriginates with the Jews. Nevertheless, the hour is coming, and it is now, when the true worshipers will

worship the Father with spirit and truth.

John 4:21-23 [27]

Eventually, when Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire, Samaritans were barred from

worshiping on Mount Gerizim. In 475 CE a Christian church was built on its summit. In 529, Justinian I made

Samaritanism illegal, and arranged for a protective wall to be constructed around the church. As a result, the same

year, Julianus ben Sabar led a pro-Samaritan revolt, and by 530 had captured most of Samaria, destroying churches

and killing the priests and officials. However in 531, after Justinian enlisted the help of Ghassanids, the revolt was

completely quashed, and surviving Samaritans were mostly enslaved or exiled. In 533 Justinian had a castle

constructed on Mount Gerizim to protect the church from raids by the few disgruntled Samaritans left in the area.

Archaeology

As a result of the fortified church and previous Samaritan temple, extensive ruins still exist at the somewhat

plateau-like top of Gerizim. The line of the wall around the church can easily be seen, as can portions of the former

castle, and initial archaeological study of the site postulated that the castle built by Justinian had utilised stones from

an earlier structure on the site (probably the Samaritan temple). In the centre of the plateau is a smooth surface,

containing a hollow, which archaeologists consider to be reminiscent of dolmens found in southwestern Syria, and

which Samaritans consider to be a portion of their former temple.

A more substantial archaeological survey was undertaken in the middle of the 20th century, while the site was in the

possession of Jordan, in the region of the mountain known as Tel el-Ras, situated on the northernmost peakat the

end of the northern ridge. This excavation, which continued under Israel's jurisdiction, uncovered Corinthian

columns, a large rectangular platform (65m by 44m) surrounded by 2m thick and 9m high walls, and an 8m wide

staircase leading down from the platform to a marbled esplanade. The complex also has a series of cisterns in which

Late Roman ceramics were found. These discoveries, now named "Structure A", have been dated to the time of

Hadrian, due to numismatics and external literary evidence, and are believed to be a temple dedicated to Zeus.[28]

Underneath these remains were found a large stone structure built on top of the bedrock. This structure, now known

as "Structure B", nearly half cubic (21m by 20m in width and length, and 8.5m high), consists almost entirely of

unhewn limestone slabs, fitted together without any binding material, and has no internal rooms or dividing walls.

The structure was surrounded by a courtyard similar to the platform above it (being 60m by 40m in size with 1.5m

thick walls), and was dated to during or before the Hellenic era by ceramics found in a cistern cut into the bedrock at
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the northern side. The excavating archaeologist considered "Structure B" to be the altar built by the Samaritans in the

5th or 6th century BCE.

Notes and citations

[1] Matthew Sturgis,It aint necessarily so, ISBN 0-7472-4510-X

[2][2] Jewish Encyclopedia[3] Photograph of this (http://www.lifeintheholyland. com/images/Mount_Gerizim,_Samaritan_Passover,_mat00114. jpg)

[4] Yitzakh Magen, 'The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence,' in Oded

Lipschitz, Gary N. Knoppers, Rainer Albertz (eds.)Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, 2007 pp.157ff.p.183

[5] Deuteronomy, 11:29-30

[6] Deuteronomy 27:48

[7] An Unknown Dead Sea Scrolls Fragment of Deuteronomy James H. Charlesworth (http://www.ijco.org/?categoryId=28682)

[8] Yitzakh Magen, 'The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence,' in Oded

Lipschitz, Gary N. Knoppers, Rainer Albertz (eds.)Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, 2007 pp.157ff.p.176

[9][9] Peake's commentary on the Bible

[10] Charlesworth, James H. The Discovery of an Unknown Dead Sea Scroll: The Original Text of Deuteronomy 27?(http://blogs.owu. edu/

magazine/2012/07/16/the-discovery-of-an-unknown-dead-sea-scroll-the-original-text-of-deuteronomy-27/) OWU Magazine, 2012/07/16


[12] Deuteronomy 1526



[15] Joshua 8:3135

[16] Richard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible;Jewish Encyclopedia,Book of Joshua,Deuteronomy, et passim

[17] Joshua 24:127

[18] Cheyne and Black,Encyclopedia Biblica

[19][19] Judges 9

[20] Judges 9;Peake's commentary on the Bible et passim

[21][21] Judges 9:6

[22] Genesis 35:4 (http://bible.cc/genesis/35-4. htm)

[23] Jewish Encyclopedia, et passim

[24] Antiquities Authority (http://www.antiquities.org. il/article_Item_eng. asp?sec_id=36& subj_id=286 Israeli)

[25][25] John 4:20

[26] W.J. Bennett and R. Bull, Tell er-Ras, Publication of Archaeological Materials and Data from Mt. Gerizim, West Bank, 1998

[27] http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+ 4%3A21-23& version=ESV

[28] Robert J. Bull, The Excavations of Tell er Ras

External links

The curses and blessings of Ebal and Gerizim, in isolation, at wikiversity

Photos of Mount Gerizim (http://www.pbase.com/rdavid/gerizim)

Coordinates: 321158N 351622E (http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.

php?pagename=Mount_Gerizim&

params=32_11_58_N_35_16_22_E_region:PS_type:mountain_source:dewiki)
http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Gerizim&params=32_11_58_N_35_16_22_E_region:PS_type:mountain_source:dewikihttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Gerizim&params=32_11_58_N_35_16_22_E_region:PS_type:mountain_source:dewikihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographic_coordinate_systemhttp://www.pbase.com/rdavid/gerizimhttps://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Bible,_English,_King_James,_Documentary_Hypothesis,_Deuteronomist_source,_First_Deuteronomist_Version,_Curse_blessing_pairshttp://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+4%3A21-23&version=ESVhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%EE%BF%80http://bible.cc/genesis/35-4.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peake%27s_commentary_on_the_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Biblicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Elliott_Friedmanhttp://blogs.owu.edu/magazine/2012/07/16/the-discovery-of-an-unknown-dead-sea-scroll-the-original-text-of-deuteronomy-27/http://blogs.owu.edu/magazine/2012/07/16/the-discovery-of-an-unknown-dead-sea-scroll-the-original-text-of-deuteronomy-27/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peake%27s_commentary_on_the_Biblehttp://www.ijco.org/?categoryId=28682https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deuteronomyhttp://www.lifeintheholyland.com/images/Mount_Gerizim,_Samaritan_Passover,_mat00114.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Encyclopedia


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Article Sources and Contributors 5

Article Sources and ContributorsMount Gerizim Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593983461 Contributors: Al Ameer son, Amoruso, Andrew c, Angel ivanov angelov, Asad112, Atubeileh, BD2412,

Barticus88, BillFlis, Briangotts, Bryan H Bell, Cortland, Dalai lama ding dong, Darwinek, Deflective, Dougweller, Dr Jorgen, Drabkin, Drift chambers, Editor2020, Eliyak, Epeefleche, Etz Haim,

FDuffy, Feline Hymnic, Finn Bjrklid, Gilgamesh, Gringo300, Grutness, IZAK, Ian Pitchford, Israelite9191, JaGa, Jdunlevy, JonHarder, KYJustin, Kbdank71, Ken Gallager, Mak13, Mandarax,

Mazeartist, Michael Hardy, Michael1408, Mmathu, MrOllie, Muchness, Mustafaa, Netanel h, Nishidani, Od Mishehu, PT33Judistian, Pjacobi, Rachack, Readeraml86, RedWolf, Rjwilmsi,

Robertgreer, Ruy Pugliesi, SamuelTheGhost, Sburke, Seidenstud, Shilonite, Shuki, Standforder, Storkk, Sweetmoose6, SyrianKing, Teacherbrock, Tewfik, The Man in Question, Tomtom9041,

Tonymec, Vuvar1, Wailer, Webodactyl, Wutsje, XLerate, Y-barton, Yone Fernandes, 34 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Gerizim.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gerizim.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Christophe cag, FunkMonk, G.dallorto, Hhmb, Jerome Charles Potts,

Liftarn, Sumerophile, Talmoryair

File:Gerizim sign.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gerizim_sign.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Shuki

File:Nablus panorama-cropped.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nablus_panorama-cropped.jpg License: BSD Contributors: . Original uploader was Al Ameer son

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