Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
-
Upload
alfonso-akira-fujita -
Category
Documents
-
view
229 -
download
2
Transcript of Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
1/35
1
Sum mary of
Basics of Biblical Greek
William D. Mounce
2000 William D. Mounce
All Rights Reserved
printing 10/19/2000
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
2/35
2 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Table of Contents
English Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alp habet , etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alp habet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dip hthongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greek Nou n Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
English Verb Gram mar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greek Verb Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
3/35
English Noun Grammar 3
English Noun Grammar
Issues effecting infl ect ion
S.1 Cases. If a w ord is the subject of the sentence, it is in the subjective case.
If a word shows possession, it is in the possessive case. You can either pu t of in front of
the word , an apostrophe s after the word , or just apostrophe if the word end s in s.
If a w ord is the direct object, it is in th e objective case.
The indirect object is the person / thing that is indirectly affected by the action of the
verb.
S.2 Number. Words can be either singular or plural, depend ing upon wh ether they refer to one, or
more than one.
S.3 Gender. Some word s, mostly pronou ns, change their form d epending u pon w hether they arereferring to a masculine,feminine , or neuter object.
Natural gender means that a w ord takes on the gend er of the object it represents.
Parts of Speech
S.4 Noun . A noun is a word th at stands for someone or something.
S.5 Adjective. An adjective is a word that m od ifies a nou n (or another ad jective).
S.6 Prepositions. A prep osition is a w ord that indicates the relationship between two w ords. The
wor d tha t follows the pr eposition is called the object of the p reposition . The object of the pr ep-
osition is always in the objective case. The prep osition together with its object and m odifiers iscalled a prepositional phrase.
General Issues
S.7 Lexical form . Whereas m ost peop le call them d ictionaries, scholars call them lexicons. The
form of the w ord found in the lexicon is called th e lexical form.
S.8 Definite article. The d efinite article is the word the.
S.9 In defin ite article. In English, the indefinite article is the word a. Greek does not have an
indefin ite article, although in certain circum stances you w ill be able to add a to your tr ansla-
tion.
S.10 Su b ject an d Pred icate. A sentence can be broken down into two parts. The term subject
describes the subject of the verb and what modifies it. Predicate describes the rest of the sen-
tence, includ ing verb, d irect object, etc.
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
4/35
4 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
S.11 An adjective is a word that m odifies a noun or p ronoun . They can fun ction adjectivally or sub-
stantivally and be in one of three positions.
An attributive adjective gives a qu alityan attr ibuteto the w ord it is modifying. It is nor-
mally articular, agreeing with the nou n it modifies in case, nu mber, and gend er.
A substantival adjective has no word to m odify but rather stands on its own and performs
a function in the sentence. Its gend er and nu mber are d etermined by w hat it stands for, its
case by its fun ction in th e sentence.
An ad jectiv e in th e predicate position tells uspredicatessomething about the word. A
predicate adjective can function either adjectivally or substantivally and is always anar-
throus.
When there is no article with the noun or the adjective, context decides its function.
S.12 A pronoun is a word that rep laces a noun.
A personal pronoun is a pronoun that replaces a noun referring to a person.
The word that a pronoun refers back to is the antecedent.
The same word can be either a pronoun (That is mine.) or an adjective (That car is
mine.).
S.13 Person al Pron ou ns. Pronouns can be first person, second person, or third p erson.
First person refers to the person speaking (I, we).
Second person refers to the person being spoken to (you).
Third person refers to all others (he, she, it, they).
S.14 D em on strative Pon ou n s. Demonstratives in English are this/ these and that/ those
(singular/ plural).
S.15 Relative Pron ou ns. The relative pronouns in English are who, whom, that, which,
and whose.
A relativ e p ron ou nintroduces a clause that u sually modifies a noun.
A relative clause is the relative pronoun and the clause it introd uces. The teacher who has
a halo around his headteaches Greek.
S.16 Clauses. Clauses can p erform many of the same functions as noun s and adjectives.
Subject (Whoever is with me is not against me.)
Direct object ( I eat what is placed before me.)
Object of a preposition (Give the Bible to whomever asks for it.)
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
5/35
A lphabet & diphthongs 5
Alphabet & Diphthongs
Alphabet
Alpha a[lfa a A a a as in father
Beta bh'ta b B b b as in Bible
Gamma gavmma g G g g as in gone
Delta devlta d D d d as in dog
Epsilon e] yilovn e E e e as in met
Zeta zh'ta z Z z z as in daze
Eta h\ta e H h e as in obey
Theta qh'ta th Q q th as in thing
Iota ijw'ta i I i i as in intrigue
Kappa kavppa k K k k as in kitchen
Lambda lavmbda l L l l as in law
Mu mu' m M m m as in mother
Nu nu' n N n n as in newXsi (xi) xi xs X x x as in axiom
Omicron o] mikrovn o O o o as in not
Pi pi' p P p p as in peach
Rho rJw' r R r r as in rod
Sigma sivgma s S s/" s as in study
Tau tau' t T t t as in talk
Upsilon u\ yilovn u/ y U u u as the German
Ph i fi' ph F f ph as in phone
Ch i ci' ch C c ch as in loch
Psi yi' ps Y y ps as in lipsOmega w\ mevga o W w o as in tone
Diphthongs
ai as in a isle ai[rw
ei as in eigh t eij
oi as in oil oijkiva
au as in sauerkraut aujtov"
ou as in soup oujdev
ui as in suite uiJov"
eu, hu as in feud eujquv" / hu[xanen
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
6/35
6 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Greek N oun Grammar
Issues effecting infl ection
S.17 Stem . If you take the case end ing off a nou n you are left with th e stem. If it is a third declension
stem, drop the genitive case ending.
S.18 Gender.A nou n is either masculine, feminine, or neuter. A noun h as only one gender an d it
never varies.
S.19 Case en din gs . The case of a word in Greek is indicated by the case ending. This is a suffix
added to the end of the word.
S.20 D eclen sion s. There are three basic inflectional patterns that a word can follow. Each of these
patterns is called a declension. Which pattern a word follows has no effect on its meaning,
only its form
Nouns that have a st em ending in an alphaor eta are first declension , take first d eclension
end ings, and ar e primar ily feminine (e.g., grafhv).
Nouns that have a s tem ending in an omicron are second declension , take second declen-
sion endings, and are m ostly masculine or neuter (e.g.,ajpovstolo";e[rgon).
If the stem of a word ends in a consonant it is third declension (e.g., savrx).
Cases
S.21 N ominative. The nominative case is used to indicate the subject of a verb and the predicate
nominative.
S.22 Genitive. The genitive case ind icates possession . The word in the genitive usually follows the
word it is mod ifying (novmoi tou' qeou').
S.23 Dative. The dative case is used to indicate an ind irect object.
S.24 Accu sative. If a word is the direct object of the verb it will be in the accusative case.
S.25 Vocative. The vocative case is the case of direct ad dr ess.
S.26 Word order. Grammatical function is not determined by w ord ord er but by case endings.
As a general rule, try to maintain the same order of the Greek words in your translation if
possible.
S.27 Lexical form . The lexical form of a nou n is its nomina tive singular form.
S.28 Parse. When asked to par se a word , you are to specify the case, nu mber, gend er, lexical form,and meaning of the inflected form.
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
7/35
Greek Noun Grammar 7
Greek Cases
English cases Greek cases and uses Question Key word
1. Subjective (he) 1. NOMINATIVE Who? What?a. Subject of the verb
b. Predicate of is
VOCATIVE(d irect address) O
2. Possessive (his) 2. GENITIVE Whose?
a. Possessive of
b. Object of Preposition
c. Direct object
d . Ablative (separation) from
3. Objective (him) 3. DATIVE
a. Indirect object to whom? to / for
to what?
b. Object of Preposition
c. Direct object
d . Instrumental (means) by what? by/ with
e. Locative (p lace) where? in
4. Objective (him) 4. ACCUSATIVE
a. Direct object of the verb whom?
what?
b. Object of preposition
Formula for key word usage:
The word has th e ____ case end ing, so I know that it fun ctions as th e _______ in the sentence; therefore
I translate it with th e key w ord _____ .
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
8/35
8 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Mast er Case Ending Chart
A dash means that no case ending is used. An und erline means that the final stem vowel changes to the
one listed in the chart (rule 5).
first/second declension third declension
The Basic Rules Gov erning Case Endings
S.29 Rule 1. Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems in omicron are in the
second, an d consonantal stems are in the third .
S.30 Rule 2. Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative.
S.31 Rule 3. Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural.
In the second d eclension the alpha is the changed stem vowel; in the third it is
the case ending.
S.32 Rule 4. In the dative singular, the iota subscripts if possible.
Because an iota can subscript only under a vowel (in which case the vowel
lengthens), it subscripts only in the first and second d eclensions.
S.33 Rule 5. Vowels often change their length (ablaut).
Contraction occurs when two vowels meet and form a different vowel or diph-thong (logo + i lovgw/).
Compensatory lengthening occurs when a vowel is lengthened to compensate
for the loss of anoth er letter (logo + n" lovgo" lovgou").
S.34 Rule 6. In the genitive and dative, the masculine and neuter will always be identical.
masc fem neut masc/fem neut
nom sg " - n " - -
gen sg u " u o" o"
dat sg i i i i i
acc sg n n n a/n -
nom pl i i a e" a
gen pl wn wn wn wn wn
dat pl i" i" i" si(n) si(n)
acc pl u" " a a" a
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
9/35
Greek Noun Grammar 9
S.35 Rule 7. The Square of Stops (showing what happens when joined with s).
The nt combination drop s out wh en followed by sigma (pant + " pa'").
Whatever happens in the nominative singular third declension also happens in
the dative plural. sark + s sarx. sark + si savrxi.
S.36 Rule 8. A tau cannot stand at the end of a word and will drop off.
When no case ending is used in s tems ending in -mat, the tau drops out (ojnomat
+ - ojnomat o[noma).
Select Paradigms
S.37 Fir st and s econd decl ensi on
2 1 2
masc fem neut
nom sg oJ lovgo" hJ grafhv to; e[rgon
hJ w{ra
gen sg tou' lovgou th'" grafh'" tou' e[rgou
th'" w{ra"
dat sg tw'/ lovgw/ th'/ grafh' / tw'/ e[rgw/
th'/ w{ra/
acc sg to;n lovgon th;n grafhvn to; e[rgon
th;n w{ran
nom pl oiJ lovgoi aiJ grafaiv ta; e[rga
gen pl tw'n lovgwn tw'n grafw'n tw'n e[rgwn
dat pl toi'" lovgoi" tai'" grafai'" toi'" e[rgoi"
acc pl tou;" lovgou" ta;" grafav" ta; e[rga
Labials p b f y
Velars k g c x
Dentals t d q s
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
10/35
10 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
S.38 T hird d eclen sion f orm s
*sark *carit *onomat *pisti
nom sg: savrx cavri " o[noma pisti "
gen sg: sark ov" cavrit o" ojnovmat o" piste w"
dat sg: sark i cavrit i ojnovmat i piste i
acc sg: savrk a cavrit a o[noma pisti n
nom pl: savrk e" cavrit e" ojnovmat a piste i"
gen pl: sark w'n carit wn ojnomavt wn piste wn
dat pl: sarx i (n) cavri si(n) ojnovma si(n) piste si(n)
acc pl: savrk a" cavrit a" ojnovmat a piste i"
S.39
3 1 3
masc fem neut
nom sg pa'" pa'sa pa'n
gen sg pantov" pavsh" pantov"dat sg panti pavsh/ panti
acc sg pavnta pa'san pa'n
nom pl pavnte" pa'sai pavnta
gen pl pavntwn pasw'n pavntwn
dat pl pa'si(n) pavsai" pa'si(n)
acc pl pavnta" pavsa" pavnta
S.40 Vocative.
In the plural, the vocative is always identical to the nominative plural (a[nqrwpoi).
In the singular first declension, the vocative is the same as the nominative (ajdelfhv).
In the singular second d eclension, the vocative ending is usually epsilon. If you w ere
speaking directly to a man you w ould say,a[nqrwpe.
In the singular third d eclension, the vocative is usually the bare stem of the word, some-
times with the stem vow el being changed du e to ablaut. The vocative ofpathvr is pavter.
Definite Article
S.41 Agreement.The article has case, nu mber, and gend er. The article always agrees with the noun
that it mod ifies in case, num ber, and gend er.
S.42 Article. The Greek articleis usually translated the. The general ru le is to translate accord ing
to the p resence or absence of the article. If an a rticle is pr esent, translate it. If there is no article,
do n ot use the.
There are times when the meaning of the article seems to shift.oJ dev means, but h e.
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
11/35
Greek Noun Grammar 11
Preposition
S.43 The mean ing of a preposition d epends u pon the case of its object. For example,
diav with the genitive means through.
diav with the accusative m eans on account of if its object is in the accusative.
The object almost alw ays imm ediately follows the p reposition.
S.44 If a wor d is the object of a preposition, do not u se the key word .
S.45 The form of a preposition d oes not vary d epending on the case of its object.
When a preposition ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, the final
vowel of the prep osition m ay be dropp ed and marked with an ap ostrophe (elision).
meta; aujtovn met aujtovn
When a preposition ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel and rough
breathing, the consonant before the vowel in the prep osition often changes as well.
meta; w|n meq w|n
Adjectives
S.46 Function . Adjectives can fun ction one of two ways.
When an adject ive funct ions adjectivally, the adjective agrees with the noun it mod ifies in
case, number, and gender.
When an adject ive funct ions substantivally, its case is determ ined by its fun ction. Its gen-
der and nu mber are determined by wh at it stands for.
S.47 Positions. Adjectives can occur in on e of three p ositions.
A n ad jective in th e attributive position is imm ediately preceded by the article. A n ad jective in th e predicate position is not imm ediately preceded by the article. The nou n
is mod ified by the article.
If there is no noun for the adjective to modify, the adjective mu st be functioning substanti-
vally. Adjectives used substan tivally are regularly (bu t not always) preceded by th e article.
S.48 When there is no article before the noun or adjective (independen t position), check the con-
text to determine you r translation.
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
12/35
12 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
S.49 Adjectives fall into four basic categories, depending on which declension they follow and
wh ether the feminine and masculine forms are the same or d ifferent. The masculine and neuter
always follow the same d eclension.
Pronouns
S.50 Form
A pronoun always takes its number and gender from another word, either the word it is
modifying or its antecedent.
A pronou n takes its case from two p ossible sources. (1) If it is mod ifying a word (like an
ad jective), it agrees with tha t wor d in case (as well as num ber and gend er). (2) Otherw ise,
it takes its case from its fun ction in the relative clause.
Pronouns, other than personal pronouns, always introduce a dependent clause.
S.51 Person al p ron ou ns
first second translation
nom sg ejgwv suv I you
gen sg mou (ejmou' ) sou (sou' ) my your
dat sgmoi ( ejmoi ) soi (soi )
to me to youacc sg me (ejmev ) se (sev ) me you
nom pl hJmei'" uJmei'" we you
gen pl hJmw'n uJmw'n our your
dat pl hJmi'n uJmi'n to us to you
acc pl hJma'" uJma'" us you
aujtov" can function as the third p erson personal pronoun .
S.52 O th er u ses of
Adjectival intensive .aujtov" can also function intensively when it is used adjectivally. In
this caseaujtov" normally modifies another word and is usually in the pred icate position.
Translateaujtov" with the reflexive p ronou n (him self, herself, itself, them selves, etc.). In this
case,aujtov" is usually in the nomina tive case and m odifies the subject.
Iden tical adjective.aujtov" is sometimes used as the iden tical adjective meaning same. It
is normally in the attributive position w hen u sed this way, but not always.
S.53 D em on strative pron ou n s
The demonstrat ives in Greek areou|to" (this/ these) andejkeino" (that/ those).
category masculine feminine neuter
2-1-2 2 declension 1 declension 2 declension
3-1-3 3 declension 1 declension 3 declension
2-2 2 declension 2 declension 2 declension
3-3 3 declension 3 declension 3 declension
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
13/35
Greek Noun Grammar 13
When a demonstrative functions as a pronoun, its case is determined by its function in the
sentence.
If a demonstrative is functioning as an ad jective, it is written in the predicate position
although it is translated a s an attributive ad jective.
A demonstrative can weaken in force and be used as a personal pronoun.
The forms of ou|to"
masc fem neut masc fem neut
nom ou|to" au{th tou'to ou|toi au|tai tau'ta
gen touvtou tauvth" touvtou touvtwn touvtwn touvtwn
dat touvtw/ tauvth/ touvtw/ touvtoi" tauvtai" touvtoi"
acc tou'ton tauvthn tou'to touvtou" tauvta" tau'ta
S.54 Relative pron ou ns
If the relative clause modifies a word, then the relative pronoun is translated w ith the sim-
ple wh o, which, or that.
The man who is sitting at the tableis my pastor.
Relative clauses can perform almost any function that a noun can. In these cases, it may be
necessary to add a pron oun to the clause.
2 1 2
masc fem neut translation
nom sg o{" h{ o{ who/ which/ tha t
gen sg ou| h|" ou| of whom/ which
dat sg w/ | h/ | w/| to whom/ which
acc sg o{n h{n o{ whom/ which/ tha t
nom pl oi{ ai{ a{ who/ which/ tha t
gen pl w|n w|n w|n of whom/ which
dat pl oi|" ai|" oi|" to whom/ which
acc pl ou{" a{" a{ whom/ which/ tha t
Dependent Clauses
S.55 A d epend ent clause is a collection of w ords th at cannot stand alone. It has m eaning only w hen
it is part of a complete sentence; it is dependent upon that sentence. A s you are looking for the
main subject and verb in a sentence, you will never find them in the dependent clause.
i{na ejavn eij o{pw
o{ti w{ste kaqwv o{, h{, o{
S.56 Personal pronouns in the nominative . When a personal pronou n occurs in the nom inative, it
is for emphasis or to clarify the genderof the subject. Often the emp hasis is by way of contrast.
oujc wJ" ejgw; qevlw ajll wJ" suv(Mat t 26:39).
Not asIwill but a s you (will).
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
14/35
14 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
English Verbal Grammar
Terms
S.57 Verb .A verb is a wor d th at describes action or state of being. I am studying Greek. Greekisthe heavenly language.
S.58 Agreem en t. A verb m ust agree w ith its subject in p erson (first, second, or third) and num ber
(singu lar or plural). A Greek verb accomp lishes this by using personal endings.
The Greek sentence does not require an expressed subject.
S.59 Tense. Tense in English refers to the time when the action of the verb takes place. English
verbs are centered on thr ee different tenses (present, pa st, past perfect). From th ese three forms
all the variations of the verb are formed.
If you study your Greek right now, then the verb is in the present tense (study).
If you are planning on studying tomorrow, then the verb is in the future tense (willstudy).
If you studied last night, then the verb is in the past tense (studied).
When you use the helping verbs have or has (past perfect), the action described was
done in the (recent) past and the statement is accurate up to now.
The English present can describe an action with current consequences (It is written). This
is close to th e Greek p erfect.
S.60 Formation of Engli sh Tenses
Past simple Past progressive Past perfect
regular active I studied I was studying I had studied
irregular active I ate I was eating I had eaten
regular passive I was studied I was being studied I had been studiedirregular passive I was eaten I was being eaten I had been eaten
Present simple Present progressive Present perfect
regular active I study I am studying I have studiedirregular active I eat I am eating I have eaten
regular passive I am studied I am being studied I have been studiedirregular passive I am eaten I am being eaten I have been eaten
Future simple Future progressive Future perfect
regular active I will study I will be studying I will have studiedirregular active I will eat I will be eating I will have eaten
regular passive I w ill be stu d ied I w ill be bein g stu d ied I w ill h ave been stu d iedirregular passive I w ill be eaten I w ill be being eaten I w ill have been eaten
The past tense of an English verb is formed one of two ways. A regular verb forms its past
tense by adding -ed. I study all the time. I studiedall last night. An irregular verb
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
15/35
English Verbal Grammar 15
forms its past tense by altering its actua l stem. Usually the vowel is changed . I eatbreak-
fast every morning. I ate last night as w ell.
S.61 Voice. Voice refers to the relationship betw een the su bject and th e verb.
If th e su bject does the action of the verb, then the verb is in the active voice. Bill hit the ball.
If th e su bjectreceives
the action of the verb, the verb is in the passive voice. Bill was h it bythe ball. Sometimes there will be a prepositional phrase specifying who or what is doing
the action of the v erb (e.g., by the ball).
Greek has a third voice called the middle (see below).
S.62 Mood . Mood refers to the relationship betw een the verb and reality.
A verb is in the indicative if it is describing something th at is, as opp osed to someth ing that
may or might be (including statements and questions).
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
16/35
16 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Greek Verbal Grammar
Formation
S.63 Augment. Greek indicates that a verb is in th e past time by ad ding an augm ent.
If the verb begins w ith a consonant, the augm ent is an epsilon, always with smooth breathing
(luvw e[luon).
If a word begins with a single vowel, the augm ent is formed by lengthening that vowel (a h,
e h, o w).
If a verb begins with a diphthong, either the first letter of the d iphth ong length ens (eujcaristevw
hujcaristoun), or the d iphthong is not changed at all (euJrivskw eu{riskon).
S.64 Consonant al redup lica ti on. If a verb begins with a single consonant, that consonan t is redup li-
cated and the two consonants are separated by an epsilon (lu lelu levluka).
If the consonant that was redupl icated is f,c, or q, the redu plicated consonant w ill change
to p, k, or t, respectively (fanerovw fefanero pefanevrwka).
S.65 Voca lic redup lica ti on. If a verb begins w ith a vowel or d iphthong, the vow el is lengthened.
The vocalic reduplication is identical in form to the augment in the imperfect and aorist
(ajgapavw hjgavphka).
If the verb begins with two consonants, the verb will usually und ergo vocalic redup lication
and not consonantal redu plication (*gno (ginwvskw) e[gnwka).
S.66 Stem . The stem of a verb is the p art of the verb th at carries its basic meaning . The form luvomen
means We destroy. The stem is *lu. Lexicons list up to six different ten se forms of a verb .
ajgapavw, ajgaphvsw, hjgavphsa, hjgavphka, hjgaphvmai, ajgaphqhvsomai
They are: pr esent; futur e active mid dle; aorist active/ mid dle, perfect active; perfect midd lepassive; aorist passive (futu re passive). If the verb occur s in the New Testamen t in the imp er-
fect, we have included the imperfect as well, but in paren theses.
e[rcomai, (hjrcovmhn), ejleuvsomai, h\lqon or h\lqa, ejlhvluqa, -, -
If the aorist passive does not occur but the future passive does, then we list the future passive
as the sixth form (e.g.,ajgaphqhvsomai).
S.67 Ten se form ative.The tense form ative is a letter or group of letters added to the end of the tense
stem to form a specific tense.
S.68 Con nectin g vow el. A connecting vowel is added between the tense stem and a suffix (e.g.,
tense formative, personal ending) to aid in pronu nciation.
In the indicative mood, if the personal ending begins with mu or nu, the connecting vowel
is omicron (leg + o + men levgomen); the connecting vowel in every other case is epsilon (leg
+ e + te levgete). If no p ersonal end ing is used, the conn ecting vow el can be either om icron
or epsilon.
S.69 Lexical form . The lexical form of verbs is the first p erson singu lar, present ind icative.
Deponent verbs will show a present middle/ passive lexical form.
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
17/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 17
S.70 Parse. When you parse verbs, specify the verbs tense, voice, mood, person, number, lexical
form, defin ition of inflected form.
S.71 Deponent. A deponent verb is midd le or passive in form bu t active in mean ing. You can tell if
a verb is dep onent in a p articular tense by looking at its lexical form.
If a verb is a present middle or passive deponent (and therefore the imperfect), its lexical
form will end inomai.
If a verb is a future middle deponent, its second tense form will end in -omai. If a verb has
a futur e passive dep onent, it will not have a second tense form but it will have a sixth.
If a verb is an aorist middle deponent, its third tense form will end in -hmhn.
If a verb is a perfect middle or passive deponent, it will not have a fourth tense form but it
w ill have a fifth.
If a verb is an aorist passive deponent, it will not have a third tense form but it will have a
sixth.
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
18/35
18 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
S.72 Person al en din gs. Personal end ings are suffixes that are added to the end of the verb and indi-
cate person and nu mber. Primary personal endings are used in the unaugm ented tenses, and
the secondary are used in the augm ented tenses.
luvw (-)
luv ei" (")
luv ei (i)
luv omen (men)
luv ete (te)
luv ousi(n) (nsi)
secondary tenses
luv omai (mai)
luvh/ (sai)
luv etai (tai)
luovmeqa (meqa)
luv esqe (sqe)
luv ontai (ntai)
e[luon (n)
e[lue" (")
e[lue(n) (-)
ejluv omen (men)
ejluv ete (te)
e[luon (n)
primary tenses
ejluovmhn (mhn)
ejluv ou (so)
ejluv eto (to)
ejluovmeqa (meqa)
ejluv esqe (sqe)
ejluv onto (nto)
primary secondary
regular alternate regular alternate
active
1 sg luvw o - mi e[luon o n
2 sg luv ei" e " e[lue" e "
3 sg luv ei e i si(n) e[lue e -
1pl luv omen o men ejluv omen o men
2 pl luv ete e te ejluv ete e te
3 pl luv ousi(n) o nsi(n) asi(n) e[luon o n san
middle/passive
1 sg luv omai o mai ejluovmhn o mhn
2 sg luvh/ e sai ejluv ou e so
3 sg luv etai e tai ejluv eto e to
1 pl luovmeqa o meqa ejluovmeqa o meqa
2 pl luv esqe e sqe ejluv esqe e sqe
3 pl luv ontai o ntai ejluv onto o nto
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
19/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 19
S.73 The Master Verb Chart sum mar izes all these issues. It must be learned perfectly.
Master Verb Chart
Tense Aug/ Tense Tense Conn. Personal 1st singRedup stem form. vowel endings paradigm
Present act pres o/e prim act luvw
Present mid/pas pres o/e prim mid/ pas luvomai
Imperfect act e pres o/e sec act e[luon
Imperfect mid/pas e pres o/e sec mid/ pas ejluovmhn
Future act fut act s o/e prim act luvsw
Liquid fut act fut act es o/e prim act menw'
Future mid fut act s o/e prim mid/ pas poreuvsomai
1st fut ure pas aor pas qhs o/e prim mid/ pas luqhvsomai
2nd fut ure pas aor pas hs o/e prim mid/ pas ajpostalhvsomai
1st aorist act e aor act sa sec act e[lusa
Liquid aorist act e aor act a sec act e[meina2nd aorist act e aor act o/e sec act e[labon
1st aorist mid e aor act sa sec mid/ pas ejlusavmhn
2nd aorist mid e aor act o/e sec mid/ pas ejgenovmhn
1st aorist pas e aor pas qh sec act ejluvqhn
2nd aorist pas e aor pas h sec act ejgravfhn
1st perfect act le perf act ka prim act levluka
2nd perfect act le perf act a prim act gevgona
Perfect mid/pas le perf pas prim mid/ pas levlumai
pres act subj pres w/h prim act luvsw
pres mid/pas subj pres w/h prim mid/ pas luvwmai
1 aorist act subj aor act sa w/h prim act luvw
1 aorist mid subj aor act sa w/h prim mid/ pas luvswmai
1 aorist pas subj aor pas qh w/h prim act luqw'
2 aorist act subj aor act w/h prim act lavbw
2 aorist mid subj aor act w/h prim mid/ pas gevnwmai
2 aorist pas subj aor pas w/h prim act grafw'
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
20/35
20 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Other Verbal Issues
Aspect and Tim e
S.74 Aspect. The basic genius of the Greek verb is not its ability to indicate when the action of the
verb occurs (time), but what t ype of action it describes, or w hat w e call aspect.
The continuous (imperfective) aspect means that the action of the verb is thought of as
an ongoingprocess.
The undefined (perfective) aspect means th at the action of the verb is thought of as a sim-
ple event, without commenting on w hether or not it is a process.
The perfect aspect describes an action that was brought to completion but has effects car-
rying into the present. Jesus has died for our sins. It is written. Because it describes a
completed action, by implication the action norm ally occurred in the past.
S.75 Tense. A Greek tense carries two connotations: aspect and time. We use the term tense to
refer only to the form of the verb (e.g., present tense, future tense, aorist tense), and we do not
use the term to d esignate when the action of a verb occurs. We always use the term time to
describe wh en the action of that verb occurs.
S.76 Time. The time of a Greek verb is always from the stand point of the wr iter, not the read er.
Middle Voice
S.77 The vast majority of middle forms in the N ew Testament are d eponent.
S.78 Some word s, even in the m idd le, have basically the same m eaning as they have in the active.
S.79 A few verbs hav e one meaning in the active and a totally d ifferent meaning in the mid dle. The
most common example of this isa[rcw, wh ich in the active means I rule but in the mid dle(a[rcomai) means I begin.
S.80 The classical definition of the middle voice is that the action of a verb in the middle voice in
some w ay affects the su bject. We will call this the self-interest nu ance of the m idd le.
This is not necessarily the reflexive idea. If the subject of the verb performs an action to
itself, Hellenistic Greek normally requires the reflexive pronoun (eJautou'). Rather, in the
mid dle the su bject does the action of the verb to the d irect object, and yet the action of the
verb in som e way affects the subject.
aijtevw active: I ask
middle: I ask (for myself)
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
21/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 21
Root s and Stems
S.81 The root of a verb is its most basic form. The stem of a verb is the basic form of that verb
in a particular tense.
S.82 The verbal root and the present tense stem can be the same, or the root can be altered wh en
forming th e present tense stem. The present tense stem is never altered to form another tense stem; the present tense stem
is often a mod ified form of the verbal root.
All tenses are formed from the root, never the present tense stem (except for the imp erfect).
S.83 Patterns
Pattern 1. Verbal Root and th e Present Tense Stem are the same.
roots ending in an iota or upsilon (e.g., *ajkou ajkouvw; *ajkou ajkouvsw);
con tract verbs (*poie poiew'; *poie poihvsw);
r oo ts end ing in a stop (*blep blevpw; *blep blevyw).
Pattern 2. Roots end ing in a stop.
/ verbs. The present tense stems of verbs that end in izw orazw are gener-
ally formed from roots that actually end in a dental.
verbs. The present tense stem of verbs that end inassw are generally
formed from roots that actually end in a velar.
Pattern 3. Dou ble consonants. Present tense stems that end in a d ouble consonant are often
from roots with a single consonant.
Pattern 4. Letter(s) added. Some roots ad d a letter or letters to form th e present tense stem.
The add ed letter will not app ear in the other tenses.
Iota. Some roots add an iota to form the p resent tense stem.
*ar + i ai[rw (present)
*ar ajrw' (future)
Some roots add sk (or isk if the stem ends in a consonant) to form the
present tense stem.
*gno + sk ginwvskw (present)
*gno gnwvsomai (future)
Pattern 5. Differen t roots altogether. Some verbs have totally different forms in the futu re.
*oJra oJravw I see
*ojp o[yomai I will see
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
22/35
22 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Tenses
Present
S.84 The present a ctive ind icative verb describes an action that u sually occur s in the presen t. It can
be either a continuou s (I am studying) or u nd efined (I study) action.
Greek differentiates the present active from the present middle and passive by using two
different sets of personal end ings.
Active
1 sg luv w I am loosing o -
2 sg luv ei" You are loosing e "
3 sg luv ei He/ she/ it is loosing e i
1 pl luv o men We are loosing o men
2 pl luv e te You are loosing e te
3 pl luv ousi(n) They are loosing o nsi
Middle /Passive
1 sg luv o mai I am being loosed o mai
2 sg luv h/ You are being loosed e sai
3 sg luv e tai He, she, it is being loosed e tai
1 pl lu ov meqa We are being loosed o meqa
2 pl luv e sqe You are being loosed e sqe
3 pl luv o ntai They are being loosed o ntai)
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
23/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 23
Future
S.85 Meaning.The futur e tense describes an action that will occur in th e future.
S.86 Form . The futu re active and midd le are the same form. The futu re passive is formed from the
unau gmented aorist passive stem.
S.87 Tran slation . As a general rule, translate the future with the undefined aspect (I will eat)
rather than the continu ous (I will be eating).
futu re active
1 sg luv s w I will loose o - luvw
2 sg luv s ei" You will loose e " luvei"
3 sg luv s ei He/ she/ it will loose e i luvei
1 pl luv s omen We will loose o men luvomen
2 pl luv s ete You will loose e te luvete
3 pl luv s ousi(n) They w ill loose o nsi luvousi(n)
future middle
1 sg poreuv s o mai I will go o mai luvomai
2 sg poreuv s h/ You will go e sai luvh/
3 sg poreuv s e tai He/ she/ it will go e tai luvetai
1 pl poreu s ov meqa We will go o meqa luovmeqa
2 pl poreuv s e sqe You will go e sqe luvesqe
3 pl poreuv s o ntai They will go o ntai luvontai
first fut ure passive
1 sg lu qhvs o mai I will be loosed o mai
2 sg lu qhvs h/ You will be loosed e sai
3 sg lu qhvs e tai He/ she/ it will be loosed e tai
1 pl lu qhs ov meqa We w ill be loosed o meqa
2 pl lu qhvs e sqe You will be loosed e sqe
3 pl lu qhvs o ntai They w ill be loosed o ntai
Second future passive
1 sg ajpostal hvs o mai I will be sent o mai
2 sg ajpostal hvs h/ You will be sent e sai
3 sg ajpostal hvs e tai He/ she/ it will be sent e tai
1 pl ajpostal hs ov meqa We will be sent o meqa
2 pl ajpostal hvs e sqe You will be sent e sqe
3 pl ajpostal hvs o ntai They will be sent o ntai
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
24/35
24 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Imperfect
S.88 The imperfect tense is generally translated as a past tense, always w ith continuou s aspect.
Imperfect active
1 sg e[ lu o n I was loosing o n luvw
2 sg e[ lu e " You were loosing e " luvei"
3 sg e[ lu e (n) He/ she/ it was loosing e - (n) luvei
1 pl ej luv o men We were loosing o men luvomen
2 pl ej luv e te You were loosing e te luvete
3 pl e[ lu o n They were loosing o n\ luvousi(n)
Imperfect middle/passive
1 sg ej lu ov mhn I was being loosed o mhn luvomai
2 sg ej luv o u You were being loosed e so luvh/
3 sg ej luv e to He/ she/ it was being loosed e to luvetai
1 pl ej lu ov meqa We were being loosed o meqa luovmeqa
2 pl ej luv e sqe You were being loosed e sqe luvesqe
3 pl ej luv o nto They wer e being loosed o nto luvontai
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
25/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 25
Aorist
S.89 The aorist tense d escribes an undefined action that norm ally occurs in the past.
The aorist is always und efined. In translation you use the simple form of the English past
tense: I studied; not, I was studying.
S.90 The Greek tense parallel to the English regular formation is called the first aorist wh ile theirregular is called th e second aorist.
S.91 The midd le and p assive are distinctly different forms
S.92 First aorist
The aorist active is formed from the first aorist tense stem, which is generally the same form
as the presen t tense stem
First aorist activ e
1 sg e[ lu sa I loosed sa e[labon
2 sg e[ lu sa " You loosed sa " e[labe"3 sg e[ lu se (n) He/ she/ it loosed sa (n) e[labe(n)
1 pl ej luv sa men We loosed sa men ejlavbomen
2 pl ej luv sa te You loosed sa te ejlavbete
3 pl e[ lu sa n They loosed sa n e[labon
First aorist middle
1 sg ej lu sav mhn I loosed sa mhn ejgenovmhn
2 sg ej luv s w You loosed sa so ejgevnou
3 sg ej luv sa to He/ she/ it loosed sa to ejgevneto
1 pl ej lu sav meqa We loosed sa meqa ejgenovmeqa
2 pl ej luv sa sqe You loosed sa sqe ejgevnesqe
3 pl ej luv sa nto They loosed sa nto ejgevnonto
First aorist passive
1 sg ej luv qh n I was loosed qh n e[luon
2 sg ej luv qh " You were loosed qh " e[lue"
3 sg ej luv qh He/ she/ it was loosed qh - e[lue
1 pl ej luv qh men We w ere loosed qh men ejluvomen
2 pl ej luv qh te You were loosed qh te ejluvete
3 pl ej luv qh san They were loosed qh san e[luon
Stems end ing in a stop (aorist active/mid dle) . First aorist stems end ing in a labial form a
psi when joined to the tense formative. Stems end ing in a velar (includ ingassw verbs) form
a xsi. Stems end ing in a dental (includ ing izw andazw verbs) lose the dental.
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
26/35
26 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Stems endin g in a stop (aorist passive). If the final stem consonan t is a stop, it changes to
its corresponding aspirate before the q in the aorist passive (p/f q; k/g c; t/d s).
Second aorist stems with first aorist endin gs. Occasionally you will find certain second
aorist forms with an alpha instead of an omicron as th e connecting vowel (ei\pon ei\pan;
h\lqon h\lqan).
S.93 Secon d aorist
Stem . In the active voice, a second aor ist will always have a different stem from the present
because the root w ill always have been mod ified to form the p resent tense stem. The only
difference between the imperfect and second aorist active is the tense stem (e.g.,e[ballon
vs. e[balon).
Second aorist activ e
1 sg e[ lab o n I took o n e[luon
2 sg e[ lab e " You took e " e[lue"
3 sg e[ lab e (n) He/ she/ it took e - (n) e[lue(n)
1 pl ej lavb o men We took o men ejluvomen
2 pl ej lavb e te You took e te ejluvete
3 pl e[ lab o n They took o n e[luon
Second aorist middle
1 sg ej gen ov mhn I became o mhn ejluovmhn
2 sg ej gevn o u You became e so ejluvou
3 sg ej gevn e to He/ she/ it became e to ejluveto
1 pl ej gen ov meqa We became o meqa ejluovmeqa
2 pl ej gevn e sqe You became e sqe ejluvesqe
3 pl ej gevn o nto They became o nto ejluvonto
Second aorist passive
1 sg ej gravf h n I was w ritten h n ejluvqhn
2 sg ej gravf h " You w ere written h " ejluvqh"
3 sg ej gravf h He/ she/ it was written h - ejluvqh
1 pl ej gravf h men We were written h men ejluvqhmen
2 pl ej gravf h te You w ere written h te ejluvqhte
3 pl ej gravf h san They were w ritten h san ejluvqhsan
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
27/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 27
Perfect
S.94 Tran slation . The perfect can be translated tw o basic ways.
If the emphasis of the context is on the completion of the event, use the helping verbs
have/ has and the past p articiple form of the verb (e.g., has eaten).
If the emphasis of the context is on the current implications of the action, use the Englishpr esent tense (It is written.)
First perfect active
1 sg levluka I have loosed ka - e[lusa
2 sg levluka" You h ave loosed ka " e[lusa"
3 sg levluke(n) He/ she/ it has loosed ke - (n) e[luse(n)
1 pl leluvkamen We have loosed ka men ejluvsamen
2 pl leluvkate You h ave loosed ka te ejluvsate
3 pl leluvkasi(n) They have loosed ka si (n) e[lusan
First perfect middle/passive
1 sg levlumai I have been loosed mai luvomai
2 sg levlusai You h ave been loosed sai luvh/
3 sg levlutai He/ she/ it has been loosed tai luvetai
1 pl leluvmeqa We have been loosed meqa luovmeqa
2 pl levlusqe You h ave been loosed sqe luvesqe
3 pl levluntai They have been loosed ntai luvontai
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
28/35
28 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Overview of Ind icative
present imperfect future 1st aorist 2nd aorist perfect
active indicativ e
1 sg luvw e[luon luvsw e[lusa e[labon levluka
2 sg luv ei" e[[lue" luvsei" e[lusa" e[labe" levluka"
3 sg luv ei e[lue(n) luvsei e[luse(n) e[labe(n) levluke(n)
1 pl luv omen ejluv omen luvsomen ejluvsamen ejlav bomen leluvkamen
2 pl luv ete ejluv ete luvsete ejluvsate ejlav bete leluvkate
3 pl luv ousi(n) e[luon luvsousi(n) e[lusan e[labon leluvkasi(n)
middle indicativ e
1 sg luv omai ejluovmhn luvsomai ejlusavmhn ejgenovmhn levlumai
2 sg luvh/ ejluv ou luvvsh/ ejluvsw ejgevnou levlusai
3 sg luv etai ejluv eto luvsetai ejluvsato ejgevneto levlutai
1 pl luovmeqa ejluovmeqa lusovmeqa ejlusavmeqa ejgenovmeqa leluvmeqa
2 pl luv esqe ejluv esqe luvsesqe ejluvsasqe ejgevnesqe levlusqe
3 pl luv ontai ejluv onto luvsontai ejluvsanto ejgevnonto levluntai
passive indicativ e
1 sg luv omai ejluovmhn luqhvsomai ejluvqhn ejgravfhn levlumai
2 sg luvh/ ejluv ou luqhvsh/ ejluvqh" egravfh" levlusai
3 sg luv etai ejluv eto luqhvsetai ejluvqh ejgravfh levlutai
1 pl luovmeqa ejluovmeqa luqhsovmeqa ejluvqhmen ejgravfhmen leluvmeqa2 pl luv esqe ejluv esqe luqhvsesqe ejluvqhte ejgravfhte levlusqe
3 pl luv ontai ejluv onto luqhvsontai ejluvqhsan ejgravfhsan levluntai
present imperfect future
1 sg eijmiv h[mhn e[somai
2 sg ei\ h\", h\sqa e[sh/
3 sg ejstiv(n) h\n e[stai
1 pl ejsmevn h\men, h\meqa ejsovmeqa
2 pl ejstev h\te e[sesqe
3 pl eijsiv(n) h\san e[sontai
eijmi will be followed by a p redicate nom inative, not a d irect object.
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
29/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 29
Specialt y Verbs
S.95 For the parad igms of the following forms, see your textbook.
Compound Verbs
S.96 A compoun d v erb is a verb that is mad e up of two parts, a preposition and a verb. For example,ejkbavllw (I throw out) is a comp ound of the prepositionejk (out) and the verbbavllw (I
throw).
S.97 Compou nd verbs form th eir tense stems the same w ay as the simple verb. For example, the
future ofbavllw isbalw', and the future ofejkbavllw isejkbalw'.
S.98 The augment comes after the preposition and before the stem of the verb. The imperfect of
katabaivnw is katevbainon.
Whenever the preposition ends in a vowel, that final vowel will either drop out before the
augm ent or in a few cases (such as compoun ds w ith periv) it stays but will not contr act (e.g.,
peripatevw periepavtoun).
S.99 A compou nd verb redu plicates the verbal part of a compou nd verb, just like the imp erfect and
aorist augmen t the verbal part of a comp ound .
ejkbavllw ejkbevblhka
Contract Verbs
S.100 Contract verbs are verbs whose stems end in alpha, epsilon, or omicron. When that final stem
vow el comes into contact with the connecting vow el, the tw o vowels contract.
There always will be a circumflex over the contracted vowels in the present active indica-
tive.
The lexical form shows the contract vowel (ajgapavw), bu t if that form actually occurs in thetext the contract vow el and om icron w ill have contracted (ajgapw', poiw', plhrw').
In the first person singular, no personal ending is used so the connecting vowel lengthens
to omega.
The second person singular seems to follow its own rules.
S.101 Rules of Cont ract ion
1. ou is formed byeo,oe, andoo.
ou eo poiou'men poieomen
ou oe plhrou'te plhroete
2. ei is formed byee. ei ee poieite poieete
3. w is formed from almost any combination of omicron or omega with any other vowel,
except for ru le #1.
w ao ajgapw'men ajgapaomen
w aou ajgapw'si ajgapaousi
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
30/35
30 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
4. a is form ed fromae.
a ae ajgapa'te ajgapaete
a/ aei ajgapa/ ' ajgapaei
5. h is formed fromea.
h/ eai poih' / poihi poieai poiesai
6. Misce llaneous oi oei plhroi" plhroei"
plhroi plhroei
7. The contraction of diphthongs
a. If the contract vowel and the first vowel of the diphthong are the same, they simp lify.
ei eei poiei" poieei"
ou oou plhrou'si plhroousi
b. If the contract vowel and the first vowel of the diphthon g are different, they contract.
If the second vow el of the diph thong is an iota, it subscripts if possible; if it is an up si-
lon it drop s off.
ou eou poiou'sin poieousi
8. Contract verbs contract as if the true personal endings are those visible in the present active
indicative.
S.102 Len gth en in g. The contract vowel lengthens before a tense formative. Alpha and epsilon both
lengthen to eta w hile omicron lengthens to omega.
*ajgapa + s + w ajgaphvsw
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
31/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 31
Stems ending in a stop
S.103 If the stem of a verb end s in a stop, when the sigma of the future/aorist tense formative is add ed
to the stem, the following changes occur.
Labial ps y blep + sw blevyw
bs y
fs y graf + sw gravyw
Velar ks x diwk + sw diwvxw
gs x ag + sw a[xw
cs x ejlegc + sw ejlevgxw
Dental ts s
ds s baptid + sw baptivsw
qs s peiq + sw peivsw
S.104 Verbal roots that end in a stop undergo significant change in the perfect middle/passive
because they are placed imm ediately next to th e consonant of the p ersonal ending.
labial (p b f) velar(k g c) dental (t d q)
gravfw diwvkw peivqw
mai gevgrammai dedivwgmai pevpeismai
sai gevgrayai dedivwxai pevpeisai
tai gevgraptai dedivwktai pevpeistai
meqa gegravmmeqa dediwvgmeqa pepeivsmeqa
sqe gevgrafqe dedivwcqe pevpeisqe
ntai eijsi; gegrammevnoi eijsi; dediwgmevnoi eijsi; pepeismevnoi
S.105 Stops change when immediately followed by a theta in the aorist pasive.
pq fq *blep + qh ejblevfqhn
bq fq *ejlhmb + qhn ejlhvmfqhn
kq cq *diwk + qh ejdiwvcqhn
gq cq *ag + qh h[cqhn
tq sq1
dq sq *baptid+ qh ejbaptisqhn
qq sq *peiq + qh ejpeisqhn
1 There is no example of this combination in aorist verbs in the New Testament.
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
32/35
32 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Liquid Verbs
S.106 The consonants l, m, n, and r are called liquids.
S.107 Li qu id Fu tu re. A liquid future add ses and then the connecting vow el. How ever, a sigma d oes
not like to stand between tw o vowels so it drop s out, and th e epsilon and connecting vowel
contract (men + es + o + men meneomen menou'men ).
1 sg menw' I will remain poiw' mevnw
2 sg menei'" You will remain poiei'" mevnei"
3 sg menei' He/ she/ it will remain poiei' mevnei
1 pl menou'men We will remain poiou'men mevnomen
2 pl menei'te You will remain poiei'te mevnete
3 pl menou'si(n) They will remain poiou'si(n) mevnousi(n)
1 sg menou'mai I will remain poiou'mai mevnomai
2 sg menh'/ You will remain poih' / mevnh/
3 sg menei'tai He/ she/ it will remain poiei'tai mevnetai
1 pl menouvmeqa We will remain poiouvmeqa menovmeqa
2 pl menei'sqe You will remain poiei'sqe mevnesqe
3 pl menou'ntai They will remain poiou'ntai mevnontai
The future of a liquid verb looks just like the present tense epsilon contract verb.
Accents. The accent can also be helpful in identifying a liqu id verb (bu t not in d istingu ish-
ing it from an ep silon contract). A liquid fu tur e always has a circum flex over the contractedvowels.
Stem changes . Along with the different tense formative, the stems of liquid verbs some-
time und ergo a change in the present. For example,balw' is the future form of the verbal
root *bal, which has the p resent tense formbavllw.
S.108 Li qu id aori sts . Instead of add ing sa as the tense formative, liquid verbs ad d only alpha an d
then sometimes mod ify the tense stem.
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
33/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 33
Tense Stems of Verbs Occurring
Fifty Times or More in the New Testament
The following forms that are un derlined should probably be mem orized. SeeBBG for a fuller d iscussion
of this chart and the explanations for each ind ividual form .
present future aorist act perfect act perfect mid/pas aorist pas
ajgapavw ajgaphvsw hjgavphsa hjgavphka hjgavphmai hjgaphvqhn
a[gw a[xw h[gagon - h\gmai h[cqhn
ai[rw ajrw' h\ra h\rka h\rmai h[rqhn
aijtevw aijthvsw h/[thsa h/[thka h/[thmai -
ajkolouqevw ajkolouqhvsw hjkolouvqhsa hjkolouvqhka - -
ajkouvw ajkouvsw h[kousa ajkhvkoa - hjkouvsqhn
ajnabainw ajnabhvsomai ajnev bhn ajnabev bhka - -
ajnisthmi ajnasthvsw ajnevsthsa ajnevsthka ajnevsthmai ajnestavqhn
ajnoigw ajnoixw ajnevw/xa - - ajnew/vcqhn
ajpevrcomai ajpeleuvsomai ajph'lqon ajpelhvluqa - -
ajpoqnh/vskw ajpoqanou'mai ajpevqanon - - -
ajpokrinomai - ajpekrinavmhn - - ajpekriqhn
ajpokteinw ajpoktenw' ajpevteina - - ajpektavnqhn
ajpovllumi ajpolevsw ajpwvlesa ajpovlwla - -
ajpoluvw ajpoluvsw ajpevlusa - ajpolevlumai ajpeluvqhn
ajpostevllw ajpostelw' ajpevsteila ajpevstalka ajpevstalmai ajpestavlhn
a[rcw a[rxomai hjrxavmhn - - -
ajspavzomai - hjspasavmhn - - -
ajfihmi ajfhvsw ajfh'ka - ajfevwmai ajfevqhn
bavllw balw' e[ balon bev blhka bev blhmai ejblhvqhn
baptizw baptisw ejbavptisa - bebavptismai ejbaptisqhn
blevpw blevyw e[ bleya - - -
gennavw gennhvsw ejgevnnhsa gegevnnhka gegevnnhmai ejgennhvqhn
ginomai genhvsomai ejgenovmhn gevgona gegevnhmai ejgenhvqhn
ginwvskw gnwvsomai e[gnwn e[gnwka e[gnwsmai ejgnwvsqhn
gravfw gravyw e[graya gevgrafa gevgrammai ejgravfhn
dei' - - - - -
devcomai devxomai ejdexavmhn - devdegmai ejdevcqhn
present future aorist act perfect act perfect mid/pas aorist pas
didavskw didavxw ejdidaxa - - ejdidavcqhn
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
34/35
34 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
didwmi dwvsw e[dwka devdwka devdomai ejdovqhn
dokevw dovxw e[doxa - - -
doxavzw doxavsw ejdovxasa - dedovxasmai ejdoxavsqhn
duvnamai dunhvsomai - - - hjdunhvqhn
ejgeirw ejgerw' h[geira - ejghvgermai hjgevrqhn
eijmi e[somai h[mhn - - -
eijsevrcomai eijseleuvsomai eijsh'lqon eijselhvluqa - -
ejkbavllw ejkbalw' ejxev balon ejkbev blhka ejkbev blhmai ejxeblhvqhn
ejxevrcomai ejxeleuvsomai ejxh'lqon ejxelhvluqa - -
ejperwtavw ejperwthvsw ejphrwvthsa - - -
e[rcomai ejleuvsomai h\lqon ejlhvluqa - -
ejrwtavw ejrwthvsw hjrwvthsa - - -
ejsqiw favgomai e[fagon - - -
eujaggelizw - eujhggevlisa - eujhggevlismai eujhggelisqhn
euJriskw euJrhvsw eu|ron eu{rhka - euJrevqhn
e[cw e{xw e[scon e[schka - -
zavw zhvsw e[zhsa - - -
zhtevw zhthvsw ejzhvthsa - - ejzhthvqhn
qevlw qelhvsw hjqevlhsa - - hjqelhvqhn
qewrevw - ejqewvrhsa - - -
i{sthmi sthvsw e[sthsa e{sthka e{stamai ejstavqhn
kavqhmai kaqhvsomai - - - -
kalevw kalevsw ejkavlesa kevklhka kevklhmai ejklhvqhn
katabainw katabhvsomai katev bhn katabev bhka - -
khruvssw khruvxw ejkhvruxa - kekhvrugmai ejkhruvcqhn
kravzw kravxw e[kraxa kevkraga - -
kratevw krathvsw ejkravthsa kekravthka kekravthmai -
krinw krinw' e[krina kevkrika kevkrimai ejkriqhn
lalevw lalhvsw ejlavlhsa lelavlhka lelavlhmai ejlalhvqhn
lambavnw lhvmyomai e[labon ei[lhfa ei[lhmmai ejlhvmfqhn
levgw ejrw' ei\pon ei[rhka ei[rhmai ejrrevqhn
marturevw marturhvsw ejmartuvrhsa memartuvrhka memartuvrhmai ejmarturhvqhn
present future aorist act perfect act perfect mid/pas aorist pas
mevllw mellhvsw - - - -
mevnw menw' e[meina memevnhka - -
oi\da eijdhvsw h/[dein - - -
-
8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek
35/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 35
oJravw o[yomai ei\don eJwvraka - w[fqhn
ojfeilw - - - - -
paradidwmi paradwvsw parevdwka paradevdwka paradevdomai paredo vqhn
parakalevw parakalevsw parekavlesa parakevklhka parakevklhmai pareklhvqhn
peiqw peisw e[peisa pevpoiqa pevpeismai ejpeisqhn
pevmpw pevmyw e[pemya - - ejpevmfqhn
peripatevw peripathvsw periepavthsa - - periepathvqhn
pinw pi omai e[pion pevpwka - ejpovqhn
piptw pesou'mai e[peson pevptwka - -
pisteuvw pisteuvsw ejpisteusa pepisteuka pepisteumai ejpisteuvqhn
plhrovw plhrwvsw ejplhvrwsa peplhvrwka peplhvrwmai ejplhrwvqhn
poievw poihvsw ejpoihsa pepoihka pepoihmai ejpoihvqhn
poreuv omai poreuvsomai - - pepovreumai ejporeuvqhn
prosevrcomai proseleuvsomai prosh'lqon proselhvluqa - -
proseuvcomai proseuvxomai proshuxavmhn - - -
proskunevw proskunhvsw prosekuvnhsa - - -
sunavgw sunavxw sunhvgagon - sunh'gmai sunhvcqhn
sw/vzw swvsw e[swsa sevswka sevsw/smai ejswvqhn
threvw thrhvsw ejthvrhsa tethvrhka tethvrhmai ejthrhvqhn
tiqhmi qhvsw e[qhka tevqeika tevqeimai ejtevqhn
uJpavgw uJpavxw uJphvgagon - uJph'gmai uJphvcqhn
uJpavrcw uJpavrxomai uJphrxavmhn - - -