DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLESDEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLESDEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIADISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

MOTORCYCLEMOTORCYCLE AA N N U U A A L L

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR MANUAL

In the District of Columbia, you must have a valid driver’s license with motorcycle (M) endorsement to operate a motorcycle.

DC law refers to a motorcycle as a 2 or 3 wheeled motor vehicle that has one or more of the following characteristics:

• Piston displacement of more than fifty (50) cubic centimeters• Capable of traveling over 35 miles per hour on level ground• More than one and one-half (1.5) brake horsepower (S.A.E. rating)• Wheels under 16 inches in diameter• Manual transmission

Note: If your 2 or 3 wheeled motor vehicle has none of the above 5 characteristics, it falls under the definition of motorized bicycle and may be operated by a person holding a provisional operator's permit or a driver's license (provided the vehicle passes inspection, is registered, and is insured).

You may obtain a motorcycle (M) endorsement on your DC driver’s license if you:

• Are at least 18 years of age• Have a valid DC driver's license• Pass the DC motorcycle knowledge test• Pass the DC DMV motorcycle demonstration skills test or provide a motorcycle

demonstration course certificate of completion approved by Maryland or Virginia.

Service Locations

To take the DC DMV motorcycle knowledge test, you may visit any DMV service center. You must obtain a DC motorcycle learner’s permit after passing the motorcycle knowledge test, if you are taking the DC DMV motorcycle demonstration skills test.

To submit MD or VA Motorcycle Certificate of Completion, you must visit the Brentwood Road Test Facility to obtain your DC driver license with motorcycle (M) endorsement.

To schedule a motorcycle demonstration skills test, you may schedule online or call (202) 727-5000.

Rev. 07/2007

2 Jenner Street, Suite 150Irvine, CA 92618-3806

www.msf-usa.org

Operating a motorcycle safely intraffic requires special skills andknowledge. The Motorcycle SafetyFoundation (MSF) has made this manualavailable to help novice motorcyclistsreduce their risk of having a crash. Themanual conveys essential safe ridinginformation and has been designed foruse in licensing programs. Whiledesigned for the novice, all motorcyclistscan benefit from the information thismanual contains.

The original Motorcycle OperatorManual was developed by the NationalPublic Services Research Institute(NPSRI) under contract to the NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) and within the terms of acooperative agreement between NHTSAand the MSF. The manual and relatedtests were used in a multi-year study ofimproved motorcycle operator licensingprocedures, conducted by the CaliforniaDepartment of Motor Vehicles undercontract to NHTSA.

The purpose of this manual is toeducate the reader to help avoid crasheswhile safely operating a motorcycle. Forthis edition, the MSF has updated andexpanded the content of the originalmanual.

These revisions reflect:• The latest finding of motorcycle-safety research.

• Comments and guidance providedby the motorcycling, licensing andtraffic safety communities.

• Expanded alcohol and druginformation.In promoting improved licensing

programs, the MSF works closely withstate licensing agencies. The Foundationhas helped more than half the states inthe nation adopt the Motorcycle OperatorManual for use in their licensingsystems.

Improved licensing, along withhigh-quality motorcycle rider educationand increased public awareness, has thepotential to reduce crashes. Staff at theFoundation are available to assist state,private and governmental agencies inefforts to improve motorcycle safety.

Tim BuchePresident,Motorcycle Safety Foundation

PREFACE

PREPARINGTO RIDE

WEAR THE RIGHT GEAR ....................4Helmet Use .........................................4Helmet Selection .................................4Eye and Face Protection .....................5Clothing ..............................................6

KNOW YOUR MOTORCYCLE ...............6The Right Motorcycle for You ...........6Borrowing and Lending ......................7Get Familiar with theMotorcycle Controls ........................7

Check Your Motorcycle ......................8KNOW YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES .........9

RIDE WITHINYOUR ABILITIES

BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL ................10Body Position ...................................10Shifting Gears ...................................10Braking .............................................11Turning ..............................................11

KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE ................12Lane Positions ...................................12Following Another Vehicle ...............13Being Followed .................................14Passing and Being Passed .................14Lane Sharing .....................................16Merging Cars ....................................16Cars Alongside ..................................16

SEE ......................................................17INTERSECTIONS ..................................18Blind Intersections ............................19Passing Parked Cars .........................20Parking at the Roadside ....................20

INCREASING CONSPICUITY ................21Clothing ............................................21Headlight ..........................................21Signals ..............................................21Brake Light ........................................22Using Your Mirrors ...........................22Head Checks .....................................23Horn ..................................................23Riding at Night .................................24

CRASH AVOIDANCE ............................24Quick Stops .......................................24Swerving or Turning Quickly ...........25Cornering ..........................................26

HANDLING DANGEROUS SURFACES ..27Uneven Surfaces and Obstacles .......27Slippery Surfaces ..............................28Railroad Tracks, Trolley Tracksand Pavement Seams ....................29

Grooves and Gratings .......................29MECHANICAL PROBLEMS ..................30Tire Failure .......................................30Stuck Throttle ...................................30Wobble ..............................................30Chain Problems ................................31Engine Seizure ..................................31

ANIMALS .............................................31FLYING OBJECTS ................................32GETTING OFF THE ROAD ..................32CARRYING PASSENGERSAND CARGO .....................................32Equipment .........................................32Instructing Passengers ......................33Riding With Passengers ....................33Carrying Loads .................................33

GROUP RIDING ...................................34Keep the Group Small ......................34Keep the Group Together .................34Keep Your Distance ..........................34

BEING IN SHAPETO RIDE

WHY THIS INFORMATION ISIMPORTANT ......................................36

ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS INMOTORCYCLE OPERATION ...............36ALCOHOL IN THE BODY .....................37Blood AlcoholConcentration .................................37

ALCOHOL AND THE LAW ...................38Consequences ofConviction ......................................38

MINIMIZE THE RISKS .........................38STEP IN TO PROTECT FRIENDS .........39FATIGUE ..............................................39

EARNINGYOUR LICENSE

Knowledge Test ................................40On-Motorcycle Skill Test ..................41

CONTENTS

3

WEAR THE RIGHT GEARWhen you ride, your gear is

“right” if it protects you. In anycrash, you have a far better chance ofavoiding serious injury if you wear:• An approved helmet.• Face or eye protection.• Protective clothing.

HELMET USECrashes can occur —

particularly among untrained,beginning riders. And one out ofevery five motorcycle crashes resultsin head or neck injuries. Headinjuries are just as severe as neckinjuries — and far more common.Crash analyses show that head andneck injuries account for a majorityof serious and fatal injuries tomotorcyclists. Research also showsthat, with few exceptions, head andneck injuries are reduced by properlywearing an approved helmet.

Some riders don’t wear helmetsbecause they think helmets will limittheir view to the sides. Others wearhelmets only on long trips or whenriding at high speeds. Here are somefacts to consider:

• An approved helmet lets you seeas far to the sides as necessary. Astudy of more than 900 motorcyclecrashes, where 40% of the riderswore helmets, did not find evenone case in which a helmet kept arider from spotting danger.

• Most crashes happen on shorttrips (less than five mileslong), just a few minutes afterstarting out.

• Most riders are riding slowerthan 30 mph when a crashoccurs. At these speeds, helmetscan cut both the number and theseverity of head injuries by half.No matter what the speed,

helmeted riders are three times morelikely to survive head injuries thanthose not wearing helmets at the timeof the crash.

HELMET SELECTIONThere are two primary types of

helmets, providing two differentlevels of coverage: three-quarter andfull face.

Whichever style you choose, youcan get the most protection bymaking sure that the helmet:

WEARTHERIGHTGEAR

4

What you do before you start a trip goes a long way towarddetermining whether or not you’ll get where you want to go safely.Before taking off on any trip, a safe rider makes a point to:1. Wear the right gear.2. Become familiar with the motorcycle.3. Check the motorcycle equipment.4. Be a responsible rider.

PREPARING TO RIDE

• Meets U.S. Department ofTransportation (DOT) and statestandards. Helmets with a labelfrom the Snell MemorialFoundation give you an addedassurance of quality.

• Fits snugly, all the way around.• Has no obvious defects suchas cracks, loose padding orfrayed straps.Whatever helmet you decide

on, keep it securely fastened on yourhead when you ride. Otherwise, ifyou are involved in a crash, it’s likelyto fly off your head before it gets achance to protect you.

EYE AND FACE PROTECTIONA plastic shatter-resistant

faceshield can help protect yourwhole face in a crash. It alsoprotects you from wind, dust, dirt,rain, insects and pebbles thrown upfrom cars ahead. These problemsare distracting and can be painful.If you have to deal with them, youcan’t devote your full attention tothe road.

Goggles protect your eyes,though they won’t protect the rest ofyour face like a faceshield does. Awindshield is not a substitute for afaceshield or goggles. Mostwindshields will not protect youreyes from the wind. Neither willeyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasseswon’t keep your eyes from watering,and they might blow off when youturn your head while riding.

To be effective, eye orfaceshield protection must:• Be free of scratches.• Be resistant to penetration.• Give a clear view to either side.• Fasten securely, so it does notblow off.

• Permit air to pass through, toreduce fogging.

• Permit enough room foreyeglasses or sunglasses, ifneeded.Tinted eye protection should

not be worn at night or any othertime when little light is available.

HELMETS HELMETUSE

EYEANDFACEPROTECTION

5

CLOTHINGThe right clothing protects you

in a collision. It also providescomfort, as well as protection fromheat, cold, debris and hot and movingparts of the motorcycle.• Jacket and pants should coverarms and legs completely. Theyshould fit snugly enough to keepfrom flapping in the wind, yetloosely enough to move freely.Leather offers the most protection.Sturdy synthetic material providesa lot of protection as well.Wear a jacket even in warmweather to prevent dehydration.Many are designed to protectwithout getting you overheated,even on summer days.

• Boots or shoes should be high andsturdy enough to cover your anklesand give them support. Solesshould be made of hard, durable,slip-resistant material. Keep heelsshort so they do not catch on roughsurfaces. Tuck in laces so theywon’t catch on your motorcycle.

• Gloves allow a better grip andhelp protect your hands in a crash.Your gloves should be made ofleather or similar durable material.In cold or wet weather, your

clothes should keep you warm anddry, as well as protect you frominjury. You cannot control amotorcycle well if you are numb.Riding for long periods in coldweather can cause severe chill andfatigue. A winter jacket should resistwind and fit snugly at the neck,wrists and waist. Good-qualityrainsuits designed for motorcycleriding resist tearing apart orballooning up at high speeds.

KNOWYOURMOTORCYCLE

There are plenty of things on thehighway that can cause you trouble.Your motorcycle should not be one ofthem. To make sure that yourmotorcycle won’t let you down:• Read the owner’s manual first.• Start with the right motorcycle foryou.

• Be familiar with the motorcyclecontrols.

• Check the motorcycle beforeevery ride.

• Keep it in safe riding conditionbetween rides.

• Avoid add-ons and modificationsthat make your motorcycleharder to handle.

THE RIGHT MOTORCYCLEFOR YOU

First, make sure your motorcycleis right for you. It should “fit” you.Your feet should reach the groundwhile you are seated on themotorcycle.

1 Test Yourself

CLOTHING

THERIGHTM

OTO

RCYCLE

6

A plastic shatter-resistant faceshield:A. Is not necessary if you have a

windshield.B. Only protects your eyes.C. Helps protect your whole face.D. Does not protect your face as well

as goggles.Answer - page 40

At minimum, your street-legalmotorcycle should have:• Headlight, taillight andbrakelight.

• Front and rear brakes.• Turn signals.• Horn.• Two mirrors.

BORROWING AND LENDINGBorrowers and lenders of

motorcycles, beware. Crashes arefairly common among beginningriders — especially in the firstmonths of riding. Riding anunfamiliar motorcycle adds to theproblem. If you borrow a motorcycle,get familiar with it in a controlledarea. And if you lend yourmotorcycle to friends, make sure they

are licensed and know how to ridebefore allowing them out into traffic.

No matter how experienced youmay be, ride extra carefully on anymotorcycle that’s new or unfamiliarto you. More than half of all crashesoccur on motorcycles ridden by theoperator for less than six months.

GET FAMILIAR WITH THEMOTORCYCLE CONTROLS

Make sure you are completelyfamiliar with the motorcycle beforeyou take it out on the street. Be sureto review the owner’s manual. This isparticularly important if you areriding a borrowed motorcycle.

If you are going to use anunfamiliar motorcycle:

MOTORCYCLE CONTROLS

KNOWYOURM

OTO

RCYCLE

7

Light Switch (high/low)

Choke (varies)Turn-SignalSwitch

Ignition Key(varies)

Engine Cut-OffSwitchElectricStartButton

Horn Button

Clutch LeverSpeedometer& Odometer

Fuel Supply Valve(if equipped)

Gear-Change Lever

Throttle

Front Brake Lever

Tachometer(if equipped)

Rear Brake Pedal

Kick Starter(if equipped)

• Make all the checks you wouldon your own motorcycle.

• Find out where everything is,particularly the turn signals, horn,headlight switch, fuel-supplyvalve and engine cut-off switch.Find and operate these itemswithout having to look for them.

• Know the gear pattern. Work thethrottle, clutch and brakes a fewtimes before you start riding. Allcontrols react a little differently.

• Ride very cautiously and beaware of surroundings. Accelerategently, take turns more slowly andleave extra room for stopping.

CHECK YOUR MOTORCYCLEAmotorcycle needs more

frequent attention than a car. A minortechnical failure in a car seldom leadsto anything more than aninconvenience for the driver.

If something’s wrong with themotorcycle, you’ll want to find outabout it before you get in traffic.Make a complete check of yourmotorcycle before every ride.

Before mounting the motorcycle,make the following checks:• Tires— Check the air pressure,general wear and tread.

• Fluids— Oil and fluid levels. At aminimum, check hydraulic fluidsand coolants weekly. Look underthe motorcycle for signs of an oilor gas leak.

• Headlights and Taillight—Check them both. Test your switchto make sure both high and lowbeams are working.

• Turn Signals— Turn on bothright and left turn signals. Makesure all lights are workingproperly.

• Brake Light— Try both brakecontrols, and make sure each oneturns on the brake light.Once you have mounted the

motorcycle, complete the followingchecks before starting out:• Clutch and Throttle—Makesure they work smoothly. Thethrottle should snap back whenyou let go. The clutch should feeltight and smooth.

• Mirrors— Clean and adjust bothmirrors before starting. It’sdifficult to ride with one handwhile you try to adjust a mirror.Adjust each mirror so you can seethe lane behind and as much aspossible of the lane next to you.When properly adjusted, a mirrormay show the edge of your arm orshoulder—but it’s the road behindand to the side that’s mostimportant.

• Brakes— Try the front and rearbrake levers one at a time. Makesure each one feels firm and holdsthe motorcycle when the brake isfully applied.

• Horn— Try the horn. Make sureit works.In addition to the checks you

should make before every trip, checkthe following items at least once aweek: Wheels, cables, fasteners andfluid levels. Follow your owner’smanual to get recommendations.

CHECKYOURM

OTO

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8

2 Test YourselfMore than half of all crashes:A. Occur at speeds greater than

35 mph.B. Happen at night.C. Are caused by worn tires.D. Involve riders who have ridden

their motorcycles less than sixmonths.

Answer - page 40

KNOWYOURRESPONSIBILITIES

“Accident” implies anunforeseen event that occurs withoutanyone’s fault or negligence. Mostoften in traffic, that is not the case. Infact, most people involved in a crashcan usually claim some responsibilityfor what takes place.

Consider a situation wheresomeone decides to try to squeezethrough an intersection on a yellowlight turning red. Your light turnsgreen. You pull into the intersectionwithout checking for possiblelatecomers. That is all it takes for thetwo of you to tangle. It was thedriver’s responsibility to stop. And itwas your responsibility to lookbefore pulling out. Neither of youheld up your end of the deal. Justbecause someone else is the first tostart the chain of events leading to acrash, it doesn’t leave any of us freeof responsibility.

As a rider you can’t be sure thatother operators will see you or yieldthe right of way. To lessen yourchances of a crash occurring:

• Be visible— wear properclothing, use your headlight, ridein the best lane position to see andbe seen.

• Communicate your intentions—use the proper signals, brake lightand lane position.

• Maintain an adequate spacecushion— following, beingfollowed, lane sharing, passingand being passed.

• Scan your path of travel 12seconds ahead.

• Identify and separate multiplehazards.

• Be prepared to act— remainalert and know how to carry outproper crash-avoidance skills.Blame doesn’t matter when

someone is injured in a crash. Thereis rarely a single cause of any crash.The ability to ride aware, makecritical decisions and carry them outseparates responsible riders from allthe rest. Remember, it is up to you tokeep from being the cause of, or anunprepared participant in, any crash.

KNOWYOURRESPO

NSIB

ILITIES

9

BASIC VEHICLECONTROL

BODY POSITIONTo control a motorcycle well:

• Posture— Sit so you can use yourarms to steer the motorcycle ratherthan to hold yourself up.

• Seat— Sit far enough forward sothat arms are slightly bent whenyou hold the handlegrips. Bendingyour arms permits you to press onthe handlebars without having tostretch.

• Hands— Hold the handlegripsfirmly to keep your grip overrough surfaces. Start with yourright wrist flat. This will help youkeep from accidentally using

too much throttle. Also, adjust thehandlebars so your hands are evenwith or below your elbows. Thispermits you to use the proper musclesfor precision steering.• Knees— Keep your knees againstthe gas tank to help you keep yourbalance as the motorcycle turns.

• Feet— Keep your feet firmly onthe footrests to maintain balance.Don’t drag your feet. If your footcatches on something, you couldbe injured and it could affect yourcontrol of the motorcycle. Keepyour feet near the controls so youcan get to them fast if needed.Also, don’t let your toes pointdownward — they may get caughtbetween the road and the footrests.

SHIFTING GEARS

There is more to shifting gearsthan simply getting the motorcycle topick up speed smoothly. Learning touse the gears when downshifting,turning or starting on hills isimportant for safe motorcycleoperation.

Shift down through the gearswith the clutch as you slow or stop.Remain in first gear while you arestopped so that you can move outquickly if you need to.

BODYPO

SITION

10

SHIFTINGGEARS

This manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed or balance.That’s something you can learn only through practice. But control begins withknowing your abilities and riding within them, along with knowing andobeying the rules of the road.

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

HOLDING HANDLEGRIPS

RIGHT

WRONG

Make certain you are ridingslowly enough when you shift into alower gear. If not, the motorcycle willlurch, and the rear wheel may skid.When riding downhill or shifting intofirst gear you may need to use thebrakes to slow enough beforedownshifting safely. Work toward asmooth, even clutch release,especially when downshifting.

It is best to change gears beforeentering a turn. However, sometimesshifting while in the turn is necessary.If so, remember to do so smoothly. Asudden change in power to the rearwheel can cause a skid.

BRAKINGYour motorcycle has two brakes:

one each for the front and rear wheel.Use both of them at the same time.The front brake is more powerful andcan provide at least three-quartersof your total stopping power. Thefront brake is safe to use if you useit properly.

Remember:• Use both brakes every time youslow or stop. Using both brakes foreven “normal” stops will permityou to develop the proper habit orskill of using both brakes properlyin an emergency. Squeeze the frontbrake and press down on the rear.Grabbing at the front brake orjamming down on the rear cancause the brakes to lock, resultingin control problems.

• If you know the technique, usingboth brakes in a turn is possible,although it should be done verycarefully. When leaning themotorcycle some of the traction isused for cornering. Less traction isavailable for stopping. A skid canoccur if you apply too much brake.

Also, using the front brakeincorrectly on a slippery surfacemay be hazardous. Use cautionand squeeze the brake lever, nevergrab.

• Some motorcycles have integratedbraking systems that activate thefront and rear brakes togetherwhen applying the rear brakepedal. (Consult the owner’smanual for a detailed explanationon the operation and effective useof these systems.)

TURNINGRiders often try to take curves or

turns too fast. When they can’t holdthe turn, they end up crossing intoanother lane of traffic or going off theroad. Or, they overreact and brake toohard, causing a skid and loss ofcontrol. Approach turns and curveswith caution.Use four steps for better control:• SLOW• LOOK• PRESS• ROLL• SLOW— Reduce speed beforethe turn by closing the throttle and,if necessary, applying both brakes.

• LOOK— Look through the turnto where you want to go. Turn justyour head, not your shoulders, andkeep your eyes level with thehorizon.

• PRESS— To turn, the motorcyclemust lean. To lean the motor-cycle, press on the handlegrip inthe direction of the turn. Pressleft — lean left — go left. Pressright — lean right — go right.Higher speeds and/or tighterturns require the motorcycle tolean more.

BRAKING

TURNING

11

NORMAL TURNS

LANEPO

SITIONS

12

SLOW, TIGHT TURNS

3 Test YourselfWhen riding, you should:A. Turn your head and shoulders to

look through turns.B. Keep your arms straight.C. Keep your knees away from the

gas tank.D. Turn just your head and eyes to

look where you are going.Answer - page 40

In slow tight turns, counterbalanceby leaning the motorcycle only andkeeping your body straight.

KEEPING YOURDISTANCE

The best protection you can haveis distance — a “cushion of space” —all around your motorcycle. Ifsomeone else makes a mistake,distance permits you:• Time to react.• Space to maneuver.

LANE POSITIONSIn some ways the size of the

motorcycle can work to youradvantage. Each traffic lane gives amotorcycle three paths of travel, asindicated in the illustration.

Your lane position should:• Increase your ability to see and beseen.

• Avoid others’ blind spots.• Avoid surface hazards.• Protect your lane from otherdrivers.

• Communicate your intentions.• Avoid wind blast from othervehicles.

• Provide an escape route.Select the appropriate path to

maximize your space cushion andmake yourself more easily seen byothers on the road.

• ROLL— Roll on the throttlethrough the turn to stabilize thesuspension. Maintain steady speedor accelerate gradually through theturn. This will help keep themotorcycle stable.In normal turns, the rider and the

motorcycle should lean together atthe same angle.

In general, there is no singlebest position for riders to be seenand to maintain a space cushionaround the motorcycle. No portionof the lane need be avoided —including the center.

Position yourself in the portionof the lane where you are most likelyto be seen and you can maintain aspace cushion around you. Changeposition as traffic situations change.Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles andother potential problems are on yourleft only. Remain in path 1 or 2 ifhazards are on your right only. Ifvehicles are being operated on bothsides of you, the center of the lane,path 2, is usually your best option.

The oily strip in the centerportion that collects drippings fromcars is usually no more than two feetwide. Unless the road is wet, theaverage center strip permits adequatetraction to ride on safely. You canoperate to the left or right of thegrease strip and still be within thecenter portion of the traffic lane.Avoid riding on big buildups of oiland grease usually found at busyintersections or toll booths.

FOLLOWING ANOTHERVEHICLE

“Following too closely” couldbe a factor in crashes involvingmotorcyclists. In traffic, motorcyclesneed as much distance to stop ascars. Normally, a minimum of twoseconds distance should bemaintained behind the vehicle ahead.

To gauge your followingdistance:• Pick out a marker, such as apavement marking or lamppost, onor near the road ahead.

• When the rear bumper of thevehicle ahead passes the marker,count off the seconds: “one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two.”

• If you reach the marker beforeyou reach “two,” you arefollowing too closely.A two-second following distance

leaves a minimum amount of space tostop or swerve if the driver aheadstops suddenly. It also permits abetter view of potholes and otherhazards in the road.

A larger cushion of space isneeded if your motorcycle will takelonger than normal to stop. If the

LANE POSITIONSFOLLOWING

13

pavement is slippery, if you cannotsee through the vehicle ahead, or iftraffic is heavy and someone maysqueeze in front of you, open up athree-second or more followingdistance.

Keep well behind the vehicleahead even when you are stopped.This will make it easier to get outof the way if someone bears down onyou from behind. It will also give youa cushion of space if the vehicleahead starts to back up for somereason.

When behind a car, ride wherethe driver can see you in the rearviewmirror. Riding in the center portionof the lane should put your imagein the middle of the rearview mirror— where a driver is most likely tosee you.

Riding at the far side of a lanemay permit a driver to see you in asideview mirror. But remember thatmost drivers don’t look at theirsideview mirrors nearly as often asthey check the rearview mirror. If thetraffic situation allows, the centerportion of the lane is usually the bestplace for you to be seen by the

drivers ahead and to prevent lanesharing by others.

BEING FOLLOWEDSpeeding up to lose someone

following too closely only ends upwith someone tailgating you at ahigher speed.

A better way to handle tailgatersis to get them in front of you. Whensomeone is following too closely,change lanes and let them pass. Ifyou can’t do this, slow down andopen up extra space ahead of you toallow room for both you and thetailgater to stop. This will alsoencourage them to pass. If they don’tpass, you will have given yourselfand the tailgater more time and spaceto react in case an emergency doesdevelop ahead.

PASSING AND BEING PASSEDPassing and being passed by

another vehicle is not much differentthan with a car. However, visibility ismore critical. Be sure other driverssee you, and that you see potentialhazards.

FOLLOWINGBEINGFO

LLOWED

14

PASSING1. Ride in the left portion of the

lane at a safe following distanceto increase your line of sight andmake you more visible. Signaland check for oncoming traffic.Use your mirrors and turn yourhead to look for traffic behind.

2.When safe, move into the left laneand accelerate. Select a laneposition that doesn’t crowd thecar you are passing and pro-vides space to avoid hazards inyour lane.

3. Ride through the blind spot asquickly as possible.

4. Signal again, and complete mirrorand headchecks before returningto your original lane and thencancel the signal.Remember, passes must be

completed within posted speed limits,and only where permitted. Know yoursigns and road markings!

BEING PASSEDWhen you are being passed from

behind or by an oncoming vehicle,

stay in the center portion of yourlane. Riding any closer to them couldput you in a hazardous situation.

Avoid being hit by:• The other vehicle—A slightmistake by you or the passingdriver could cause a sideswipe.

• Extended mirrors— Somedrivers forget that their mirrorshang out farther than their fenders.

• Objects thrown from windows— Even if the driver knows you’rethere, a passenger may not see youand might toss something on youor the road ahead of you.

• Blasts of wind from largervehicles— They can affect yourcontrol. You have more room forerror if you are in the middleportion when hit by this blastthan if you are on either side ofthe lane.Do not move into the portion

of the lane farthest from thepassing vehicle. It might invite theother driver to cut back into your lanetoo early.

PASSING

PASSIN

GBEINGPASSE

D

15

BEING PASSED

LANESH

ARING

16

4 Test YourselfUsually, a good way to handletailgaters is to:A. Change lanes and let them pass.B. Use your horn and make obscene

gestures.C. Speed up to put distance between

you and the tailgater.D. Ignore them.

Answer - page 40

MERGING

BLIND SPOTS

LANE SHARINGCars and motorcycles need a full

lane to operate safely. Lane sharing isusually prohibited.

Riding between rows of stoppedor moving cars in the same lane canleave you vulnerable to theunexpected. A hand could come outof a window; a door could open; a carcould turn suddenly. Discourage lanesharing by others. Keep a center-portion position whenever driversmight be tempted to squeeze by you.Drivers are most tempted to do this:• In heavy, bumper-to-bumpertraffic.

• When they want to pass you.• When you are preparing to turn atan intersection.

• When you are moving into an exitlane or leaving a highway.

MERGING CARSDrivers on an entrance ramp may

not see you on the highway. Givethem plenty of room. Change to

another lane if one is open. If there isno room for a lane change, adjustspeed to open up space for themerging driver.

CARS ALONGSIDEDo not ride next to cars or trucks

in other lanes if you do not have to.You might be in the blind spot of acar in the next lane, which couldswitch into your lane withoutwarning. Cars in the next lane alsoblock your escape if you come upondanger in your own lane. Speed up ordrop back to find a place clear oftraffic on both sides.

SEEGood experienced riders remain

aware of what is going on aroundthem. They improve their ridingstrategy by using SEE, a three-stepprocess used to make appropriatejudgments, and apply them correctlyin different traffic situations:• Search• Evaluate• ExecuteLet’s examine each of these steps.

SEARCHSearch aggressively ahead, to the

sides and behind to avoid potentialhazards even before they arise. Howassertively you search, and howmuch time and space you have, caneliminate or reduce harm. Focus evenmore on finding potential escaperoutes in or around intersections,shopping areas and school andconstruction zones.

Search for factors such as:• Oncoming traffic that may turnleft in front of you.

• Traffic coming from the left andright.

• Traffic approaching from behind.• Hazardous road conditions.

Be especially alert in areas withlimited visibility. Visually “busy”surroundings could hide you andyour motorcycle from others.

EVALUATEThink about how hazards can

interact to create risks for you.Anticipate potential problems andhave a plan to reduce risks.

• Road and surface characteristics— Potholes, guardrails, bridges,telephone poles and trees won’tmove into your path but mayinfluence your riding strategy.

• Traffic control devices— Lookfor traffic signals, includingregulatory signs, warning signs,and pavement markings, to helpyou evaluate circumstancesahead.

• Vehicles and other traffic—May move into your path andincrease the likelihood of a crash.Think about your time and space

requirements in order to maintain amargin of safety. You must leaveyourself time to react if anemergency arises.

EXECUTECarry out your decision.To create more space and

minimize harm from any hazard:• Communicate your presence withlights and/or horn.

• Adjust your speed byaccelerating, stopping or slowing.

• Adjust your position and/ordirection.Apply the old adage “one step

at a time” to handle two or morehazards. Adjust speed to permit twohazards to separate. Then deal withthem one at a time as single hazards.Decision-making becomes morecomplex with three or more hazards.Weigh the consequences of each andgive equal distance to the hazards.

SEE

17

In potential high-risk areas, suchas intersections, shopping areas andschool and construction zones, coverthe clutch and both brakes to reducethe time you need to react.

INTERSECTIONSThe greatest potential for

conflict between you and other trafficis at intersections. An intersectioncan be in the middle of an urban areaor at a driveway on a residentialstreet — anywhere traffic may crossyour path of travel. Over one-half ofmotorcycle/car crashes are caused bydrivers entering a rider’s right-of-way. Cars that turn left in front ofyou, including cars turning left fromthe lane to your right, and cars onside streets that pull into your lane,are the biggest dangers. Your useof SEE [p. 17] at intersectionsis critical.

There are no guarantees thatothers see you. Never count on “eyecontact” as a sign that a driver willyield. Too often, a driver looks rightat a motorcyclist and still fails to“see” him or her. The only eyes thatyou can count on are your own. If acar can enter your path, assume that itwill. Good riders are always “lookingfor trouble” — not to get into it, butto stay out of it.

Increase your chances of beingseen at intersections. Ride with yourheadlight on in a lane position thatprovides the best view of oncomingtraffic. Provide a space cushionaround the motorcycle that permitsyou to take evasive action.

SMALL INTERSECTIONS

INTERSE

CTIONS

18

5 Test YourselfTo reduce your reaction time, youshould:A. Ride slower than the speed limit.B. Cover the clutch and the brakes.C. Shift into neutral when slowing.D. Pull in the clutch when turning.

Answer - page 40

LARGE INTERSECTIONS

19

BLIND INTERSECTIONS

As you approach the intersec-tion, select a lane position thatincreases your visibility to the driver.Cover the clutch and both brakes toreduce reaction time.

Reduce your speed as youapproach an intersection. Afterentering the intersection, move awayfrom vehicles preparing to turn. Donot change speed or positionradically. The driver might think thatyou are preparing to turn.

BLIND INTERSECTIONSIf you approach a blind

intersection, move to the portion ofthe lane that will bring you intoanother driver’s field of vision at theearliest possible moment. In thispicture, the rider has moved to theleft portion of the lane — away fromthe parked car — so the driver on the

cross street can see him as soon aspossible.

Remember, the key is to see asmuch as possible and remain visibleto others while protecting your space.

If you have a stop sign or stopline, stop there first. Then edgeforward and stop again, just short ofwhere the cross-traffic lane meetsyour lane. From that position, leanyour body forward and look aroundbuildings, parked cars or bushes tosee if anything is coming. Just makesure your front wheel stays out of thecross lane of travel while you’relooking.PASSING PARKED CARS

When passing parked cars, staytoward the left of your lane. You canavoid problems caused by doorsopening, drivers getting out of cars orpeople stepping from between cars. Ifoncoming traffic is present, it isusually best to remain in the center-lane position to maximize your spacecushion.

A bigger problem can occur ifthe driver pulls away from the curbwithout checking for traffic behind.Even if he does look, he may fail tosee you.

In either event, the driver mightcut into your path. Slow down orchange lanes to make room forsomeone cutting in.

Cars making a sudden U-turn arethe most dangerous. They may cutyou off entirely, blocking the wholeroadway and leaving you with noplace to go. Since you can’t tell whata driver will do, slow down and getthe driver’s attention. Sound yourhorn and continue with caution.

PARKING AT THE ROADSIDEPark at a 90˚ angle to the curb with

your rear wheel touching the curb.

STOP SIGNSPA

RKEDCARS

20

6 Test YourselfMaking eye contact with other drivers:A. Is a good sign they see you.B. Is not worth the effort it takes.C. Doesn’t mean that the driver will

yield.D. Guarantees that the other driver will

yield to you.Answer - page 40

PARKED CARS

PARKING AT CURBS

INCREASINGCONSPICUITY

In crashes with motorcyclists,drivers often say that they never sawthe motorcycle. From ahead orbehind, a motorcycle’s outline ismuch smaller than a car’s. Also, it’shard to see something you are notlooking for, and most drivers are notlooking for motorcycles. More likely,they are looking through the skinny,two-wheeled silhouette in search ofcars that may pose a problem tothem.

Even if a driver does see youcoming, you aren’t necessarily safe.Smaller vehicles appear farther awayand seem to be traveling slower thanthey actually are. It is common fordrivers to pull out in front ofmotorcyclists, thinking they haveplenty of time. Too often, theyare wrong.

However, you can do manythings to make it easier for others torecognize you and your motorcycle.

CLOTHINGMost crashes occur in broad

daylight. Wear bright-coloredclothing to increase your chances ofbeing seen. Remember, your body ishalf of the visible surface area of therider/motorcycle unit.

Bright orange, red, yellow orgreen jackets or vests are your bestbets for being seen. Your helmet cando more than protect you in a crash.Brightly colored helmets can alsohelp others see you.

Any bright color is better thandrab or dark colors. Reflective,bright-colored clothing (helmet andjacket or vest) is best.

Reflective material on a vest andon the sides of the helmet will helpdrivers coming from the side to spotyou. Reflective material can also be abig help for drivers coming towardyou or from behind.

HEADLIGHTThe best way to help others see

your motorcycle is to keep theheadlight on — at all times(although new motorcycles sold inthe USA since 1978 automaticallyhave the headlights on when run-ning). Studies show that, during theday, a motorcycle with its light on istwice as likely to be noticed. Use lowbeam at night and in fog.

SIGNALSThe signals on a motorcycle are

similar to those on a car. They tellothers what you plan to do.

SIGNALING

CLOTHING

LIGHTS

SIGNALS

21

However, due to a rider’s addedvulnerability, signals are even moreimportant. Use them anytime youplan to change lanes or turn. Usethem even when you think no oneelse is around. It’s the car you don’tsee that’s going to give you themost trouble. Your signal lights alsomake you easier to spot. That’s whyit’s a good idea to use your turnsignals even when what you plan todo is obvious.

When you enter onto afreeway, drivers approachingfrom behind are more likely to seeyour signal blinking and make roomfor you.

Turning your signal light onbefore each turn reduces confusionand frustration for the traffic aroundyou. Once you turn, make sure yoursignal is off or a driver may pulldirectly into your path, thinking youplan to turn again. Use your signalsat every turn so drivers can reactaccordingly. Don’t make themguess what you intend to do.

BRAKE LIGHTYour motorcycle’s brake light is

usually not as noticeable as the brakelights on a car — particularly whenyour taillight is on. (It goes on withthe headlight.) If the situation willpermit, help others notice you byflashing your brake light before youslow down. It is especially importantto flash your brake light before:• You slow more quickly thanothers might expect (turning off ahigh-speed highway).

• You slow where others may notexpect it (in the middle of ablock or at an alley).If you are being followed

closely, it’s a good idea to flash yourbrake light before you slow. Thetailgater may be watching you andnot see something ahead that willmake you slow down. This willhopefully discourage them fromtailgating and warn them of hazardsahead they may not see.

USING YOUR MIRRORS

While it’s most important tokeep track of what’s happeningahead, you can’t afford to ignoresituations behind. Traffic conditionschange quickly. Knowing what’sgoing on behind is essential for youto make a safe decision about how tohandle trouble ahead.

Frequent mirror checks shouldbe part of your normal searchingroutine. Make a special point of usingyour mirrors:• When you are stopped at anintersection. Watch cars coming upfrom behind. If the drivers aren’tpaying attention, they could be ontop of you before they see you.

• Before you change lanes. Makesure no one is about to pass you.

• Before you slow down. The driverbehind may not expect you toslow, or may be unsure aboutwhere you will slow. For example,you signal a turn and the driverthinks you plan to turn at a distantintersection, rather than at a nearerdriveway.

USINGYOURM

IRRORS

22

Some motorcycles have rounded(convex) mirrors. These provide awider view of the road behind thando flat mirrors. They also make carsseem farther away than they reallyare. If you are not used to convexmirrors, get familiar with them.(While you are stopped, pick out aparked car in your mirror. Form amental image of how far away it is.Then, turn around and look at it tosee how close you came.) Practicewith your mirrors until you become agood judge of distance. Even then,allow extra distance before youchange lanes.

HEAD CHECKSChecking your mirrors is not

enough. Motorcycles have “blindspots” like cars. Before you changelanes, turn your head, and look to theside for other vehicles.

On a road with several lanes,check the far lane and the one nextto you. A driver in the distant lanemay head for the same space youplan to take.

Frequent head checks shouldbe your normal scanning routine,also. Only by knowing what ishappening all around you are youfully prepared to deal with it.

HORN

Be ready to use your horn toget someone’s attention quickly.

It is a good idea to give a quickbeep before passing anyone thatmay move into your lane.

Here are some situations:• A driver in the lane next to you isdriving too closely to the vehicleahead and may want to pass.

• A parked car has someone in thedriver’s seat.

• Someone is in the street, riding abicycle or walking.In an emergency, press the horn

button loud and long. Be ready tostop or swerve away from the danger.

Keep in mind that a motorcycle’shorn isn’t as loud as a car’s —therefore, use it, but don’t rely on it.Other strategies may be appropriatealong with the horn.

USING MIRRORS HEADCHECKS

HORN

23

RIDING AT NIGHTAt night it is harder for you to

see and be seen. Picking yourheadlight or taillight out of the carlights around you is not easy for otherdrivers. To compensate, you should:• Reduce Your Speed— Ride evenslower than you would during theday — particularly on roads youdon’t know well. This will increaseyour chances of avoiding a hazard.

• Increase Distance— Distancesare harder to judge at night thanduring the day. Your eyes relyupon shadows and light contraststo determine how far away anobject is and how fast it is coming.These contrasts are missing or dis-torted under artificial lights atnight. Open up a three-second fol-lowing distance or more. Andallow more distance to pass andbe passed.

• Use the Car Ahead— Theheadlights of the car ahead cangive you a better view of the roadthan even your high beam can.Taillights bouncing up and downcan alert you to bumps or roughpavement.

• Use Your High Beam— Get allthe light you can. Use your highbeam whenever you are notfollowing or meeting a car. Bevisible: Wear reflective materialswhen riding at night.

• Be Flexible About Lane Position.Change to whatever portion of thelane is best able to help you see, beseen and keep an adequate spacecushion.

CRASH AVOIDANCENo matter how careful you are,

there will be times when you findyourself in a tight spot. Your chancesof getting out safely depend on yourability to react quickly and properly.Often, a crash occurs because a rideris not prepared or skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers.

Know when and how to stop orswerve, two skills critical in avoidinga crash. It is not always desirable orpossible to stop quickly to avoid anobstacle. Riders must also be able toswerve around an obstacle. Deter-mining which skill is necessary forthe situation is important as well.

Studies show that most crash-involved riders:• Underbrake the front tire andoverbrake the rear.

• Did not separate braking fromswerving or did not chooseswerving when it was appropriate.The following information offers

some good advice.

QUICK STOPSTo stop quickly, apply both

brakes at the same time. Don’t be shyabout using the front brake, but don’t“grab” it, either. Squeeze the brakelever firmly and progressively. If thefront wheel locks, release the frontbrake immediately then reapply itfirmly. At the same time, press downon the rear brake. If you accidentallylock the rear brake on a good tractionsurface, you can keep it locked untilyou have completely stopped; but,even with a locked rear wheel, youcan control the motorcycle on astraightaway if it is upright and goingin a straight line.

NIGHTRIDING

CRASH

AVOIDANCE

24

QUICKST

OPS

7 Test YourselfReflective clothing should:A. Be worn at night.B. Be worn during the day.C. Not be worn.D. Be worn day and night

Answer - page 40

Always use both brakes at thesame time to stop. The front brakecan provide 70% or more of thepotential stopping power.

If you must stop quickly whileturning or riding a curve, the besttechnique is to straighten the bikeupright first and then brake.However, it may not always bepossible to straighten the motorcycleand then stop. If you must brakewhile leaning, apply light brakes andreduce the throttle. As you slow, youcan reduce your lean angle and applymore brake pressure until themotorcycle is straight and maximumbrake pressure is possible. Youshould “straighten” the handlebars

in the last few feet of stopping. Themotorcycle should then be straight upand in balance.

SWERVING OR TURNINGQUICKLY

Sometimes you may not haveenough room to stop, even if you useboth brakes properly. An objectmight appear suddenly in your path.Or the car ahead might squeal to astop. The only way to avoid a crashmay be to turn quickly, or swervearound it.

A swerve is any sudden changein direction. It can be two quickturns, or a rapid shift to the side.Apply a small amount of handpressure to the handlegrip located onthe side of your intended direction ofescape. This will cause themotorcycle to lean quickly. Thesharper the turn(s), the more themotorcycle must lean.

Keep your body upright andallow the motorcycle to lean in thedirection of the turn while keepingyour knees against the tank and your

STOPPING DISTANCE SWERVING

25

SWERVE, THEN BRAKE BRAKE, THEN SWERVE

feet solidly on the footrests. Let themotorcycle move underneath you.Make your escape route the target ofyour vision. Press on the oppositehandlegrip once you clear theobstacle to return you to your originaldirection of travel. To swerve to theleft, press the left handlegrip, thenpress the right to recover. To swerveto the right, press right, then left.

IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED,SEPARATE IT FROM SWERVING.Brake before or after — never whileswerving.

CORNERINGA primary cause of single-

vehicle crashes is motorcyclistsrunning wide in a curve or turn andcolliding with the roadway or a fixedobject.

Every curve is different. Be alertto whether a curve remains constant,gradually widens, gets tighter orinvolves multiple turns.

Ride within your skill level andposted speed limits.

Your best path may not alwaysfollow the curve of the road.

CORNERING

26

WIDENING CURVES

CONSTANT CURVES MULTIPLE CURVES

DECREASING CURVES (TIGHTER TURNS)

Change lane position depending ontraffic, road conditions and curve ofthe road. If no traffic is present, startat the outside of a curve to increaseyour line of sight and the effectiveradius of the turn. As you turn, movetoward the inside of the curve, and asyou pass the center, move to theoutside to exit.

Another alternative is to move tothe center of your lane beforeentering a curve — and stay thereuntil you exit. This permits you tospot approaching traffic as soon aspossible. You can also adjust fortraffic “crowding” the center line, ordebris blocking part of your lane.

HANDLING DANGEROUSSURFACES

Your chance of falling or beinginvolved in a crash increaseswhenever you ride across:• Uneven surfaces or obstacles.• Slippery surfaces.• Railroad tracks.• Grooves and gratings.

UNEVEN SURFACES ANDOBSTACLES

Watch for uneven surfaces suchas bumps, broken pavement, potholesor small pieces of highway trash.

Try to avoid obstacles byslowing or going around them. If youmust go over the obstacle, firstdetermine if it is possible. Approachit at as close to a 90˚ angle aspossible. Look where you want to goto control your path of travel. If youhave to ride over the obstacle, youshould:• Slow down as much as possiblebefore contact.

• Make sure the motorcycle isstraight.

OBSTACLES

DANGEROUSSURFA

CES

27

8 Test YourselfThe best way to stop quickly is to:A. Use the front brake only.B. Use the rear brake first.C. Throttle down and use the front

brake.D. Use both brakes at the same time.

Answer - page 40

• Rise slightly off the seat with yourweight on the footrests to absorbthe shock with your knees andelbows, and avoid being thrown offthe motorcycle.

• Just before contact, roll on thethrottle slightly to lighten the frontend.If you ride over an object on the

street, pull off the road and checkyour tires and rims for damage beforeriding any farther.

SLIPPERY SURFACESMotorcycles handle better when

ridden on surfaces that permit goodtraction. Surfaces that provide poortraction include:• Wet pavement, particularly justafter it starts to rain and beforesurface oil washes to the side ofthe road.

• Gravel roads, or where sand andgravel collect.

• Mud, snow, and ice.• Lane markings (painted lines),steel plates and manhole covers,especially when wet.To ride safely on slippery

surfaces:• Reduce Speed— Slow downbefore you get to a slipperysurface to lessen your chances ofskidding. Your motorcycle needsmore distance to stop. And it isparticularly important to reducespeed before entering wet curves.

• Avoid Sudden Moves—Anysudden change in speed ordirection can cause a skid. Be assmooth as possible when youspeed up, shift gears, turn or brake.

• Use Both Brakes— The frontbrake is still effective, even on aslippery surface. Squeeze the

brake lever gradually to avoidlocking the front wheel.Remember, gentle pressure on therear brake.

• The center of a lane can behazardous when wet. When itstarts to rain, ride in the tire tracksleft by cars. Often, the left tiretrack will be the best position,depending on traffic and otherroad conditions as well.

• Watch for oil spots when you putyour foot down to stop or park.You may slip and fall.

• Dirt and gravel collect along thesides of the road — especially oncurves and ramps leading to andfrom highways. Be aware of what’son the edge of the road,particularly when making sharpturns and getting on or offfreeways at high speeds.

• Rain dries and snow melts fasteron some sections of a road thanon others. Patches of ice tend todevelop in low or shaded areasand on bridges and overpasses.Wet surfaces or wet leaves are justas slippery. Ride on the leastslippery portion of the lane andreduce speed.Cautious riders steer clear of

roads covered with ice or snow. If youcan’t avoid a slippery surface, keepyour motorcycle straight up andproceed as slowly as possible. If youencounter a large surface so slipperythat you must coast, or travel at awalking pace, consider letting yourfeet skim along the surface. If themotorcycle starts to fall, you cancatch yourself. Be sure to keep off thebrakes. If possible, squeeze the clutchand coast. Attempting this maneuverat anything other than the slowest ofspeeds could prove hazardous.

28

RAILROADTRACKS, TROLLEYTRACKSAND PAVEMENT SEAMS

Usually it is safer to ride straightwithin your lane to cross tracks.Turning to take tracks head-on (at a90˚ angle) can be more dangerous —your path may carry you into anotherlane of traffic.

For track and road seams that runparallel to your course, move far

CROSSTRACKS-RIGHT TRACKINGGRAT

INGS

29

CROSSTRACKS-WRONG

PARALLEL TRACKS-WRONG

PARALLEL TRACKS-RIGHTGRATE CROSSINGS-WRONG

GRATE CROSSINGS-RIGHT

enough away from tracks, ruts, orpavement seams to cross at an angleof at least 45˚. Then, make a quick,sharp turn. Edging across could catchyour tires and throw you off balance.

GROOVES AND GRATINGS

Riding over rain grooves orbridge gratings may cause amotorcycle to weave. The uneasy,wandering feeling is generally nothazardous. Relax, maintain a steadyspeed and ride straight across.Crossing at an angle forces riders tozigzag to stay in the lane. The zigzagis far more hazardous than thewandering feeling.

9 Test YourselfWhen it starts to rain it is usuallybest to:A. Ride in the center of the lane.B. Pull off to the side until the rain

stops.C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars.D. Increase your speed.

Answer - page 40

MECHANICALPROBLEMS

You can find yourself in anemergency the moment somethinggoes wrong with your motorcycle. Indealing with any mechanicalproblem, take into account the roadand traffic conditions you face. Hereare some guidelines that can help youhandle mechanical problems safely.

TIRE FAILUREYou will seldom hear a tire go

flat. If the motorcycle starts handlingdifferently, it may be a tire failure.This can be dangerous. You must beable to tell from the way themotorcycle reacts. If one of your tiressuddenly loses air, react quickly tokeep your balance. Pull off and checkthe tires.

If the front tire goes flat, thesteering will feel “heavy.” Afront-wheel flat is particularlyhazardous because it affects yoursteering. You have to steer well tokeep your balance.

If the rear tire goes flat, the backof the motorcycle may jerk or swayfrom side to side.

If either tire goes flatwhile riding:• Hold handlegrips firmly, ease offthe throttle, and keep a straightcourse.

• If braking is required, however,gradually apply the brake of thetire that isn’t flat, if you are surewhich one it is.

• When the motorcycle slows, edgeto the side of the road, squeeze theclutch and stop.

STUCK THROTTLETwist the throttle back and forth

several times. If the throttle cable isstuck, this may free it. If the throttlestays stuck, immediately operate theengine cut-off switch and pull in theclutch at the same time. This willremove power from the rear wheel,though engine sound may notimmediately decline. Once themotorcycle is “under control,” pulloff and stop.

After you have stopped, checkthe throttle cable carefully to find thesource of the trouble. Make certainthe throttle works freely before youstart to ride again.

WOBBLEA “wobble” occurs when the

front wheel and handlebars suddenlystart to shake from side to side at anyspeed. Most wobbles can be traced toimproper loading, unsuitableaccessories or incorrect tire pressure.If you are carrying a heavy load,lighten it. If you can’t, shift it. Centerthe weight lower and farther forwardon the motorcycle. Make sure tirepressure, spring pre-load, air shocksand dampers are at the settingsrecommended for that much weight.Make sure windshields and fairingsare mounted properly.

Check for poorly adjustedsteering; worn steering parts; a frontwheel that is bent, misaligned, or outof balance; loose wheel bearings orspokes; and worn swingarm bearings.If none of these is determined to bethe cause, have the motorcyclechecked out thoroughly by a qualifiedprofessional.

MECHANICALPR

OBLEMS

30

Trying to “accelerate out of awobble” will only make themotorcycle more unstable. Instead:

• Grip the handlebars firmly, butdon’t fight the wobble.

• Close the throttle gradually toslow down. Do not apply thebrakes; braking could make thewobble worse.

• Move your weight as far forwardand down as possible.

• Pull off the road as soon as youcan to fix the problem.

CHAIN PROBLEMSA chain that slips or breaks while

you’re riding could lock the rearwheel and cause your cycle to skid.Chain slippage or breakage can beavoided by proper maintenance.• Slippage— If the chain slipswhen you try to speed up quicklyor ride uphill, pull off the road.Check the chain and sprockets.Tightening the chain may help. Ifthe problem is a worn or stretchedchain or worn or bent sprockets,replace the chain, the sprockets orboth before riding again.

• Breakage—You’ll notice aninstant loss of power to the rearwheel. Close the throttle and braketo a stop.

ENGINE SEIZUREWhen the engine “locks” or

“freezes” it is usually low on oil. Theengine’s moving parts can’t movesmoothly against each other, and theengine overheats. The first sign maybe a loss of engine power or a changein the engine’s sound. Squeeze theclutch lever to disengage the enginefrom the rear wheel. Pull off the roadand stop. Check the oil. If needed, oilshould be added as soon as possibleor the engine will seize. When thishappens, the effect is the same as alocked rear wheel. Let the enginecool before restarting.

ANIMALSNaturally, you should do

everything you safely can to avoidhitting an animal. If you are in traffic,however, remain in your lane. Hittingsomething small is less dangerous toyou than hitting something big —like a car.

Motorcycles seem to attractdogs. If you are chased, downshiftand approach the animal slowly. Asyou approach it, accelerate away andleave the animal behind. Don’t kickat an animal. Keep control of yourmotorcycle and look to where youwant to go.

For larger animals (deer, elk,cattle) brake and prepare to stop —they are unpredictable.

31

11 Test YourselfIf you are chased by a dog:A. Kick it away.B. Stop until the animal loses interest.C. Swerve around the animal.D. Approach the animal slowly, then

speed up.Answer - page 40

10 Test YourselfIf your motorcycle starts to wobble:A. Accelerate out of the wobble.B. Use the brakes gradually.C. Grip the handlebars firmly and

close the throttle gradually.D. Downshift.

Answer - page 40

FLYING OBJECTSFrom time to time riders are

struck by insects, cigarettes thrownfrom cars or pebbles kicked up by thetires of the vehicle ahead. If you arewearing face protection, it might getsmeared or cracked, making itdifficult to see. Without faceprotection, an object could hit you inthe eye, face or mouth. Whateverhappens, keep your eyes on the roadand your hands on the handlebars.When safe, pull off the road andrepair the damage.

GETTING OFF THE ROADIf you need to leave the road to

check the motorcycle (or just to restfor a while), be sure you:• Check the roadside—Make surethe surface of the roadside is firmenough to ride on. If it is softgrass, loose sand or if you’re justnot sure about it, slow way downbefore you turn onto it.

• Signal— Drivers behind mightnot expect you to slow down. Givea clear signal that you will beslowing down and changingdirection. Check your mirror andmake a head check before you takeany action.

• Pull off the road— Get as far offthe road as you can. It can be veryhard to spot a motorcycle by theside of the road. You don’t wantsomeone else pulling off at thesame place you are.

• Park carefully— Loose andsloped shoulders can make settingthe side or center stand difficult.

CARRYING PASSENGERSAND CARGO

Only experienced riders shouldcarry passengers or large loads. Theextra weight changes the way themotorcycle handles, balances, speedsup and slows down. Before taking apassenger or a heavy load on thestreet, practice away from traffic.

EQUIPMENTTo carry passengers safely:

• Equip and adjust yourmotorcycle to carry passengers.

• Instruct the passenger before youstart.

• Adjust your riding technique forthe added weight.Equipment should include:

• A proper seat — large enoughto hold both of you withoutcrowding. You should not sitany farther forward than youusually do.

• Footrests— for the passenger.Firm footing prevents yourpassenger from falling off andpulling you off, too.

• Protective equipment— thesame protective gearrecommended for operators.Adjust the suspension to handle

the additional weight. You willprobably need to add a few pounds ofpressure to the tires if you carry apassenger. (Check your owner’smanual for appropriate settings.)While your passenger sits on the seatwith you, adjust the mirror andheadlight according to the change inthe motorcycle’s angle.

FLYINGOBJECTS

GETTINGOFFTHEROAD

32

CARRYINGLOADS

INSTRUCTING PASSENGERSEven if your passenger is a

motorcycle rider, provide completeinstructions before you start. Tellyour passenger to:• Get on the motorcycle only afteryou have started the engine.

• Sit as far forward as possiblewithout crowding you.

• Hold firmly to your waist, hips,belt, or to the bike’s passengerhandholds.

• Keep both feet on the footrests,even when stopped.

• Keep legs away from themuffler(s), chains or moving parts.

• Stay directly behind you, leaningas you lean.

• Avoid unnecessary talk ormotion.Also, tell your passenger to

tighten his or her hold when you:• Approach surface problems.• Are about to start from a stop.• Warn that you will make asudden move.

RIDING WITH PASSENGERSYour motorcycle will respond

more slowly with a passenger onboard. The heavier your passenger,the longer it will take to slow downand speed up — especially on a lightmotorcycle.

• Ride a little slower, especiallywhen taking curves, corners orbumps.

• Start slowing earlier as youapproach a stop.

• Open up a larger cushion ofspace ahead and to the sides.

• Wait for larger gaps to cross,enter or merge in traffic.Warn your passenger of special

conditions — when you will pull out,stop quickly, turn sharply or ride overa bump. Turn your head slightly tomake yourself understood, but keepyour eyes on the road ahead.

CARRYING LOADSMost motorcycles are not

designed to carry much cargo. Smallloads can be carried safely ifpositioned and fastened properly.• Keep the Load Low— Fastenloads securely, or put them insaddlebags. Piling loads against asissybar or frame on the back ofthe seat raises the motorcycle’scenter of gravity and disturbs itsbalance.

• Keep the Load Forward— Placethe load over, or in front of, therear axle. Tankbags keep loadsforward, but use caution whenloading hard or sharp objects.Make sure the tankbag does notinterfere with handlebars orcontrols. Mounting loads behindthe rear axle can affect how themotorcycle turns and brakes. It canalso cause a wobble.

• Distribute the Load Evenly—Load saddlebags with about thesame weight. An uneven load cancause the motorcycle to drift toone side.

CARRYINGPASSE

NGERS

33

12 Test YourselfPassengers should:A. Lean as you lean.B. Hold on to the motorcycle seat.C. Sit as far back as possible.D. Never hold onto you.

Answer - page 40

• Secure the Load— Fasten theload securely with elastic cords(bungee cords or nets). Elasticcords with more than oneattachment point per side are moresecure. A tight load won’t catch inthe wheel or chain, causing it tolock up and skid. Rope tends tostretch and knots come loose,permitting the load to shift or fall.

• Check the Load— Stop andcheck the load every so often tomake sure it has not worked looseor moved.

GROUP RIDINGIf you ride with others, do it in a

way that promotes safety and doesn’tinterfere with the flow of traffic.

KEEPTHE GROUP SMALLSmall groups make it easier and

safer for car drivers who need to getaround them. A small number isn’tseparated as easily by traffic or redlights. Riders won’t always behurrying to catch up. If your group islarger than four or five riders, divideit up into two or more smaller groups.

KEEPTHE GROUP TOGETHER• Plan— The leader should lookahead for changes and signal earlyso “the word gets back” in plentyof time. Start lane changes early topermit everyone to complete thechange.

• Put Beginners Up Front— Placeinexperienced riders just behindthe leader. That way the moreexperienced riders can watch themfrom the back.

• Follow Those Behind— Let thetailender set the pace. Use yourmirrors to keep an eye on theperson behind. If a rider fallsbehind, everyone should slow

down a little to stay with thetailender.

• Know the Route—Make sureeveryone knows the route. Then,if someone is separated they won’thave to hurry to keep from gettinglost or taking a wrong turn. Planfrequent stops on long rides.

KEEPYOUR DISTANCEMaintain close ranks but at the

same time keep a safe distance toallow each rider in the group timeand space to react to hazards. A closegroup takes up less space on thehighway, is easier to see and is lesslikely to be separated. However, itmust be done properly.Don’t Pair Up— Never operatedirectly alongside another rider.There is no place to go if you haveto avoid a car or something on theroad. To talk, wait until you are bothstopped.

Staggered Formation— This is thebest way to keep ranks close yetmaintain an adequate space

GROUPRIDING

34

STAGGERED FORMATION

cushion. The leader rides in the leftside of the lane, while the secondrider stays one second behind inthe right side of the lane.

A third rider maintains in the leftposition, two seconds behind the firstrider. The fourth rider would keep atwo-second distance behind thesecond rider. This formation keepsthe group close and permits eachrider a safe distance from othersahead, behind and to the sides.• Passing in Formation— Ridersin a staggered formation shouldpass one at a time.

• First, the lead rider should pullout and pass when it is safe. Afterpassing, the leader should return tothe left position and continueriding at passing speed to openroom for the next rider.

• After the first rider passes safely,the second rider should move up tothe left position and watch for asafe chance to pass. After passing,this rider should return to the rightposition and open up room for

the next rider.Some people suggest that the

leader should move to the right sideafter passing a vehicle. This is not agood idea. It encourages the secondrider to pass and cut back in beforethere is a large enough space cushionin front of the passed vehicle. It’ssimpler and safer to wait until thereis enough room ahead of the passedvehicle to allow each rider to moveinto the same position held beforethe pass.Single-File Formation— It is bestto move into a single-file formationwhen riding curves, turning,entering or leaving a highway.

35

GROUP PASSING (STAGE 1) GROUP PASSING (STAGE 2)

13 Test YourselfWhen riding in a group,inexperienced riders shouldposition themselves:A. Just behind the leader.B. In front of the group.C. At the tail end of the group.D. Beside the leader.

Answer - page 40

BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDERiding a motorcycle is a demanding and complex task. Skilled riders pay

attention to the riding environment and to operating the motorcycle, identifyingpotential hazards, making good judgments and executing decisions quickly andskillfully. Your ability to perform and respond to changing road and trafficconditions is influenced by how fit and alert you are. Alcohol and other drugs,more than any other factor, degrade your ability to think clearly and to ridesafely. As little as one drink can have a significant effect on your performance.

Let’s look at the risks involved in riding after drinking or using drugs.What to do to protect yourself and your fellow riders is also examined.

WHYTHIS INFORMATIONIS IMPORTANT

Alcohol is a major contributor tomotorcycle crashes, particularly fatalcrashes. Studies show that 40% to45% of all riders killed in motorcyclecrashes had been drinking. Only one-third of those riders had a bloodalcohol concentration above legallimits. The rest had only a few drinksin their systems — enough to impairriding skills. In the past, drug levelshave been harder to distinguish orhave not been separated fromdrinking violations for the trafficrecords. But riding “under theinfluence” of either alcohol or drugsposes physical and legal hazards forevery rider.

Drinking and drug use is as big aproblem among motorcyclists as it isamong automobile drivers.Motorcyclists, however, are morelikely to be killed or severely injuredin a crash. Injuries occur in 90% ofmotorcycle crashes and 33% ofautomobile crashes that involve abuseof substances. On a yearly basis,2,100 motorcyclists are killed andabout 50,000 seriously injured in thissame type of crash. These statisticsare too overwhelming to ignore.

By becoming knowledgeableabout the effects of alcohol and otherdrugs you will see that riding and

substance abuse don’t mix. Takepositive steps to protect yourself andprevent others from injuringthemselves.

ALCOHOLAND OTHERDRUGS IN MOTORCYCLEOPERATION

No one is immune to the effectsof alcohol or drugs. Friends may bragabout their ability to hold their liquoror perform better on drugs, butalcohol or drugs make them less ableto think clearly and perform physicaltasks skillfully. Judgment and thedecision-making processes neededfor vehicle operation are affected longbefore legal limitations are reached.

Many over-the-counter,prescription and illegal drugs haveside effects that increase the risk ofriding. It is difficult to accuratelymeasure the involvement ofparticular drugs in motorcyclecrashes. But we do know what effectsvarious drugs have on the processinvolved in riding a motorcycle. Wealso know that the combined effectsof alcohol and other drugs are moredangerous than either is alone.

ALCOHOL IN THE BODYAlcohol enters the bloodstream

quickly. Unlike most foods and

BEINGINSH

APE

TORIDE

ALCOHOLANDDRUGS

36

beverages, it does not need to bedigested. Within minutes after beingconsumed, it reaches the brain andbegins to affect the drinker. Themajor effect alcohol has is to slowdown and impair bodily functions —both mental and physical. Whateveryou do, you do less well afterconsuming alcohol.

BLOOD ALCOHOLCONCENTRATION

Blood Alcohol Concentration orBAC is the amount of alcohol inrelation to blood in the body.Generally, alcohol can be eliminatedin the body at the rate of almost onedrink per hour. But a variety of otherfactors may also influence the level ofalcohol retained. The more alcohol inyour blood, the greater the degree ofimpairment.

Three factors play a major partin determining BAC:• The amount of alcohol youconsume.

• How fast you drink.• Your body weight.

Other factors also contribute tothe way alcohol affects your system.

Your sex, physical condition and foodintake are just a few that may causeyour BAC level to be even higher.But the full effects of these are notcompletely known. Alcohol may stillaccumulate in your body even ifyou are drinking at a rate of onedrink per hour. Abilities andjudgment can be affected by thatone drink.

A 12-ounce can of beer, a mixeddrink with one shot of liquor and a 5-ounce glass of wine all contain thesame amount of alcohol.

The faster you drink, the morealcohol accumulates in your body. Ifyou drink two drinks in an hour, atthe end of that hour, at least one drinkwill remain in your bloodstream.

Without taking into account anyother factors, these examplesillustrates why time is a critical factorwhen a rider decides to drink.

A person drinking:– Seven drinks over the span of threehours would have at least four (7 – 3= 4) drinks remaining in their systemat the end of the three hours. Theywould need at least another fourhours to eliminate the four remainingdrinks before they consider riding.

ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION

BLO

ODALC

OHOLCONCEN

TRATIO

N

37

– Four drinks over the span of twohours would have at least two (4 – 2= 2) drinks remaining in their systemat the end of the two hours. Theywould need at least another two hoursto eliminate the two remaining drinksbefore they consider riding.

There are times when a largerperson may not accumulate as high aconcentration of alcohol for each drinkconsumed. They have more bloodand other bodily fluids. But becauseof individual differences it is betternot to take the chance that abilitiesand judgment have not been affected.Whether or not you are legallyintoxicated is not the real issue.Impairment of judgment and skillsbegins well below the legal limit.

ALCOHOLAND THE LAWIn most states, a person with a

BAC of .08% or above is consideredintoxicated; in others the legal limit is.10%. It doesn’t matter how soberyou may look or act. The breath orurine test is what usually determineswhether you are riding legally orillegally.

Your chances of being stoppedfor riding under the influence ofalcohol are increasing. Lawenforcement is being stepped upacross the country in response to thesenseless deaths and injuries causedby drinking drivers and riders.

CONSEQUENCES OFCONVICTION

Years ago, first offenders had agood chance of getting off with asmall fine and participation inalcohol-abuse classes. Today the lawsof most states impose stiff penaltieson drinking operators. And thosepenalties are mandatory, meaning

that judges must impose them.If you are convicted of riding

under the influence of alcohol ordrugs, you may receive any of thefollowing penalties:• License Suspension—Mandatory suspension forconviction, arrest or refusal tosubmit to a breath test.

• Fines— Severe fines are anotheraspect of a conviction, usuallylevied with a license suspension.

• Community Service— Performingtasks such as picking up litteralong the highway, washing cars inthe motor-vehicle pool or workingat an emergency ward.

• Costs—Additional lawyer’s feesto pay, lost work time spent incourt or alcohol-educationprograms, public transportationcosts (while your license issuspended) and the addedpsychological costs of beingtagged a “drunk driver.”

MINIMIZE THE RISKSYour ability to judge how well

you are riding is affected first.Although you may be performingmore and more poorly, you think youare doing better and better. The resultis that you ride confidently, takinggreater and greater risks. Minimizethe risks of drinking and riding bytaking steps before you drink.Control your drinking or controlyour riding.

DON’T DRINKDon’t Drink— Once you start,

your resistance becomes weaker.Setting a limit or pacing yourself

are poor alternatives at best. Yourability to exercise good judgment is

ALCOHOLANDTHELAW

MINIM

IZERISKS

38

one of the first things affected byalcohol. Even if you have tried todrink in moderation, you may notrealize to what extent your skills havesuffered from alcohol’s fatiguingeffects.

Or Don’t Ride— If you haven’tcontrolled your drinking, you mustcontrol your riding.• Leave the motorcycle—so you won’t be tempted to ride.Arrange another way to get home.

• Wait— If you exceed yourlimit, wait until your systemeliminates the alcohol and itsfatiguing effects.

STEP IN TOPROTECT FRIENDS

People who have had too much todrink are unable to make a responsibledecision. It is up to others to step inand keep them from taking too great arisk. No one wants to do this — it’suncomfortable, embarrassing andthankless. You are rarely thanked foryour efforts at the time. But thealternatives are often worse.

There are several ways to keepfriends from hurting themselves:• Arrange a safe ride— Providealternative ways for them toget home.

• Slow the pace of drinking—Involve them in other activities.

• Keep them there— Use anyexcuse to keep them from gettingon their motorcycle. Serve themfood and coffee to pass the time.Explain your concerns for theirrisks of getting arrested or hurtor hurting someone else. Take theirkey, if you can.

• Get friends involved— Use peerpressure from a group of friendsto intervene.

It helps to enlist support fromothers when you decide to step in.The more people on your side, theeasier it is to be firm and the harderit is for the rider to resist. Whileyou may not be thanked at thetime, you will never have to say,“If only I had ...”

FATIGUERiding a motorcycle is more

tiring than driving a car. On a longtrip, you’ll tire sooner than you wouldin a car. Avoid riding when tired.Fatigue can affect your control of themotorcycle.• Protect yourself from theelements — Wind, cold, and rainmake you tire quickly. Dresswarmly. A windshield is worth itscost if you plan to ride longdistances.

• Limit your distance— Experi-enced riders seldom try to ridemore than about six hours a day.

• Take frequent rest breaks—Stop and get off the motorcycle atleast every two hours.

• Don’t drink or use drugs—Artificial stimulants often result inextreme fatigue or depressionwhen they start to wear off. Ridersare unable to concentrate on thetask at hand.

FAT

IGUE

39

14 Test YourselfIf you wait one hour per drink for thealcohol to be eliminated from yourbody before riding:A. You cannot be arrested for drinking

and riding.B. Your riding skills will not be

affected.C. Side effects from the drinking may

still remain.D. You will be okay as long as you ride

slowly.Answer - page 40

KNOWLEDGE TEST(Sample Questions)1. It is MOST important to flashyour brake light when:A. Someone is following too closely.B. You will be slowing suddenly.C. There is a stop sign ahead.D. Your signals are not working.

2. The FRONT brake supplies howmuch of the potential stoppingpower?A. About one-quarter.B. About one-half.C. About three-quarters.D. All of the stopping power.

3. To swerve correctly:A. Shift your weight quickly.B. Turn the handlebars quickly.C. Press the handlegrip in thedirection of the turn.

D. Press the handlegrip in theopposite direction of the turn.

4. If a tire goes flat while riding andyou must stop, it is usually best to:A. Relax on the handlegrips.B. Shift your weight toward the goodtire.

C. Brake on the good tire and steer tothe side of the road.

D. Use both brakes and stop quickly.

5. The car below is waiting to enterthe intersection. It is best to:A. Make eye contact with the driver.B. Reduce speed and be ready toreact.

C. Maintain speed and position.D. Maintain speed and move right.

EARNING YOUR LICENSESafe riding requires knowledge and skill. Licensing tests are the best

measurement of the skills necessary to operate safely in traffic. Assessing yourown skills is not enough. People often overestimate their own abilities. It’s evenharder for friends and relatives to be totally honest about your skills. Licensingexams are designed to be scored more objectively.

To earn your license, you must pass a knowledge test and an on-cycle skilltest. Knowledge test questions are based on information, practices and ideasfrom this manual. They require that you know and understand road rules andsafe riding practices. An on-cycle skill test will either be conducted in an actualtraffic environment or in a controlled, off-street area.E

ARNINGYOURLICENSE

KNOWLEDGETEST

40

_____________________________________Answers to Test Yourself (previous pages)1-C, 2-D, 3-D, 4-A, 5-B,6-C, 7-D 8-D, 9-C, 10-C,11-D, 12-A, 13-A, 14-C

_____________________________________Answers to above Knowledge Test:1-B, 2-C, 3-C, 4-C, 5-B

ON-MOTORCYCLESKILL TEST

Basic vehicle control andcrash-avoidance skills are included inon-motorcycle tests to determineyour ability to handle normal andhazardous traffic situations.

You may be tested for yourability to:• Know your motorcycle and yourriding limits.

• Accelerate, brake and turnsafely.

• See, be seen and communicatewith others.

• Adjust speed and position to thetraffic situation.

• Stop, turn and swerve quickly.• Make critical decisions and carrythem out.Examiners may score on

factors related to safety such as:• Selecting safe speeds to performmaneuvers.

• Choosing the correct path andstaying within boundaries.

• Completing normal and quickstops.

• Completing normal and quickturns or swerves.

41

Diagrams and drawings used in this manual are for reference onlyand are not to correct scale for size of vehicles and distances.

To receive a motorcycle license with full privileges, moststates require that maneuvers be performed as designed.On-motorcycle skill tests are not designed for sidecars or three-wheeledvehicles. Those vehicles maneuver differently than a two-wheeledmotorcycle. Depending on the state, an examiner may follow you on a cartest-route. Restrictions (sidecar, three-wheeled vehicle) may be addeduntil completion of a two-wheeled motorcycle test.

MOTORCYCLES MAKE SENSE –SO DOES PROFESSIONALTRAINING

Motorcycles are inexpensive to operate, fun to ride and easy to park.Unfortunately, many riders never learn critical skills needed to ride safely.

Professional training for beginning and experienced riders prepares them forreal-world traffic situations. Motorcycle Safety Foundation RiderCoursesSM teachand improve such skills as:

• Effective turning • Braking maneuvers • Protective apparel selection• Obstacle avoidance • Traffic strategies • Maintenance

The MotorcycleSafety Foundation’s(MSF) purpose is toimprove the safety ofmotorcyclists on thenation’s streets and highways. In anattempt to reduce motorcycle crashesand injuries, the Foundation has pro-grams in rider education, licensingimprovement, public information andstatistics. These programs are designedfor both motorcyclists and motorists. Anational not-for-profit organization, theMSF is sponsored by BMW, Ducati,Harley-Davidson, Honda, Kawasaki,KTM, Piaggio/Vespa, Suzuki, Triumph,Victory and Yamaha.

The information contained in thispublication is offered for the benefit ofthose who have an interest in riding

motorcycles. The infor-mation has been com-piled from publications,interviews and observa-tions of individuals and

organizations familiar with the use ofmotorcycles, accessories, and training.Because there are many differences inproduct design, riding styles, federal,state and local laws, there may be orga-nizations and individuals who hold dif-fering opinions. Consult your localregulatory agencies for informationconcerning the operation of motor-cycles in your area. Although the MSFwill continue to research, field test andpublish responsible viewpoints on thesubject, it disclaims any liability forthe views expressed herein.

Printing and distribution courtesy ofMotorcycle Safety Foundation

2 Jenner Street, Suite 150, Irvine, CA 92618-3806www.msf-usa.org

Second Revision....................December 1978 Seventh Revision ..................September 1992Third Revision........................February 1981 Eighth Revision........................January 1999Fourth Revision .......................January 1983 Ninth Revision ............................March 2000Fifth Revision...........................October 1987 Tenth Revision..........................January 2002Sixth Revision ...............................April 1991 Eleventh Revision...........................July 2002....................................................................... Twelfth Revision.............................May 2004

Printed in USA 000254

For the basic or experiencedRiderCourse nearest you,call toll free: 800.446.9227

2 Jenner Street, Suite 150Irvine, CA 92618-3806

www.msf-usa.org

Operating a motorcycle safely intraffic requires special skills andknowledge. The Motorcycle SafetyFoundation (MSF) has made this manualavailable to help novice motorcyclistsreduce their risk of having a crash. Themanual conveys essential safe ridinginformation and has been designed foruse in licensing programs. Whiledesigned for the novice, all motorcyclistscan benefit from the information thismanual contains.

The original Motorcycle OperatorManual was developed by the NationalPublic Services Research Institute(NPSRI) under contract to the NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) and within the terms of acooperative agreement between NHTSAand the MSF. The manual and relatedtests were used in a multi-year study ofimproved motorcycle operator licensingprocedures, conducted by the CaliforniaDepartment of Motor Vehicles undercontract to NHTSA.

The purpose of this manual is toeducate the reader to help avoid crasheswhile safely operating a motorcycle. Forthis edition, the MSF has updated andexpanded the content of the originalmanual.

These revisions reflect:• The latest finding of motorcycle-safety research.

• Comments and guidance providedby the motorcycling, licensing andtraffic safety communities.

• Expanded alcohol and druginformation.In promoting improved licensing

programs, the MSF works closely withstate licensing agencies. The Foundationhas helped more than half the states inthe nation adopt the Motorcycle OperatorManual for use in their licensingsystems.

Improved licensing, along withhigh-quality motorcycle rider educationand increased public awareness, has thepotential to reduce crashes. Staff at theFoundation are available to assist state,private and governmental agencies inefforts to improve motorcycle safety.

Tim BuchePresident,Motorcycle Safety Foundation

PREFACE

PREPARINGTO RIDE

WEAR THE RIGHT GEAR ....................4Helmet Use .........................................4Helmet Selection .................................4Eye and Face Protection .....................5Clothing ..............................................6

KNOW YOUR MOTORCYCLE ...............6The Right Motorcycle for You ...........6Borrowing and Lending ......................7Get Familiar with theMotorcycle Controls ........................7

Check Your Motorcycle ......................8KNOW YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES .........9

RIDE WITHINYOUR ABILITIES

BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL ................10Body Position ...................................10Shifting Gears ...................................10Braking .............................................11Turning ..............................................11

KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE ................12Lane Positions ...................................12Following Another Vehicle ...............13Being Followed .................................14Passing and Being Passed .................14Lane Sharing .....................................16Merging Cars ....................................16Cars Alongside ..................................16

SEE ......................................................17INTERSECTIONS ..................................18Blind Intersections ............................19Passing Parked Cars .........................20Parking at the Roadside ....................20

INCREASING CONSPICUITY ................21Clothing ............................................21Headlight ..........................................21Signals ..............................................21Brake Light ........................................22Using Your Mirrors ...........................22Head Checks .....................................23Horn ..................................................23Riding at Night .................................24

CRASH AVOIDANCE ............................24Quick Stops .......................................24Swerving or Turning Quickly ...........25Cornering ..........................................26

HANDLING DANGEROUS SURFACES ..27Uneven Surfaces and Obstacles .......27Slippery Surfaces ..............................28Railroad Tracks, Trolley Tracksand Pavement Seams ....................29

Grooves and Gratings .......................29MECHANICAL PROBLEMS ..................30Tire Failure .......................................30Stuck Throttle ...................................30Wobble ..............................................30Chain Problems ................................31Engine Seizure ..................................31

ANIMALS .............................................31FLYING OBJECTS ................................32GETTING OFF THE ROAD ..................32CARRYING PASSENGERSAND CARGO .....................................32Equipment .........................................32Instructing Passengers ......................33Riding With Passengers ....................33Carrying Loads .................................33

GROUP RIDING ...................................34Keep the Group Small ......................34Keep the Group Together .................34Keep Your Distance ..........................34

BEING IN SHAPETO RIDE

WHY THIS INFORMATION ISIMPORTANT ......................................36

ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS INMOTORCYCLE OPERATION ...............36ALCOHOL IN THE BODY .....................37Blood AlcoholConcentration .................................37

ALCOHOL AND THE LAW ...................38Consequences ofConviction ......................................38

MINIMIZE THE RISKS .........................38STEP IN TO PROTECT FRIENDS .........39FATIGUE ..............................................39

EARNINGYOUR LICENSE

Knowledge Test ................................40On-Motorcycle Skill Test ..................41

CONTENTS

3

WEAR THE RIGHT GEARWhen you ride, your gear is

“right” if it protects you. In anycrash, you have a far better chance ofavoiding serious injury if you wear:• An approved helmet.• Face or eye protection.• Protective clothing.

HELMET USECrashes can occur —

particularly among untrained,beginning riders. And one out ofevery five motorcycle crashes resultsin head or neck injuries. Headinjuries are just as severe as neckinjuries — and far more common.Crash analyses show that head andneck injuries account for a majorityof serious and fatal injuries tomotorcyclists. Research also showsthat, with few exceptions, head andneck injuries are reduced by properlywearing an approved helmet.

Some riders don’t wear helmetsbecause they think helmets will limittheir view to the sides. Others wearhelmets only on long trips or whenriding at high speeds. Here are somefacts to consider:

• An approved helmet lets you seeas far to the sides as necessary. Astudy of more than 900 motorcyclecrashes, where 40% of the riderswore helmets, did not find evenone case in which a helmet kept arider from spotting danger.

• Most crashes happen on shorttrips (less than five mileslong), just a few minutes afterstarting out.

• Most riders are riding slowerthan 30 mph when a crashoccurs. At these speeds, helmetscan cut both the number and theseverity of head injuries by half.No matter what the speed,

helmeted riders are three times morelikely to survive head injuries thanthose not wearing helmets at the timeof the crash.

HELMET SELECTIONThere are two primary types of

helmets, providing two differentlevels of coverage: three-quarter andfull face.

Whichever style you choose, youcan get the most protection bymaking sure that the helmet:

WEARTHERIGHTGEAR

4

What you do before you start a trip goes a long way towarddetermining whether or not you’ll get where you want to go safely.Before taking off on any trip, a safe rider makes a point to:1. Wear the right gear.2. Become familiar with the motorcycle.3. Check the motorcycle equipment.4. Be a responsible rider.

PREPARING TO RIDE

• Meets U.S. Department ofTransportation (DOT) and statestandards. Helmets with a labelfrom the Snell MemorialFoundation give you an addedassurance of quality.

• Fits snugly, all the way around.• Has no obvious defects suchas cracks, loose padding orfrayed straps.Whatever helmet you decide

on, keep it securely fastened on yourhead when you ride. Otherwise, ifyou are involved in a crash, it’s likelyto fly off your head before it gets achance to protect you.

EYE AND FACE PROTECTIONA plastic shatter-resistant

faceshield can help protect yourwhole face in a crash. It alsoprotects you from wind, dust, dirt,rain, insects and pebbles thrown upfrom cars ahead. These problemsare distracting and can be painful.If you have to deal with them, youcan’t devote your full attention tothe road.

Goggles protect your eyes,though they won’t protect the rest ofyour face like a faceshield does. Awindshield is not a substitute for afaceshield or goggles. Mostwindshields will not protect youreyes from the wind. Neither willeyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasseswon’t keep your eyes from watering,and they might blow off when youturn your head while riding.

To be effective, eye orfaceshield protection must:• Be free of scratches.• Be resistant to penetration.• Give a clear view to either side.• Fasten securely, so it does notblow off.

• Permit air to pass through, toreduce fogging.

• Permit enough room foreyeglasses or sunglasses, ifneeded.Tinted eye protection should

not be worn at night or any othertime when little light is available.

HELMETS HELMETUSE

EYEANDFACEPROTECTION

5

CLOTHINGThe right clothing protects you

in a collision. It also providescomfort, as well as protection fromheat, cold, debris and hot and movingparts of the motorcycle.• Jacket and pants should coverarms and legs completely. Theyshould fit snugly enough to keepfrom flapping in the wind, yetloosely enough to move freely.Leather offers the most protection.Sturdy synthetic material providesa lot of protection as well.Wear a jacket even in warmweather to prevent dehydration.Many are designed to protectwithout getting you overheated,even on summer days.

• Boots or shoes should be high andsturdy enough to cover your anklesand give them support. Solesshould be made of hard, durable,slip-resistant material. Keep heelsshort so they do not catch on roughsurfaces. Tuck in laces so theywon’t catch on your motorcycle.

• Gloves allow a better grip andhelp protect your hands in a crash.Your gloves should be made ofleather or similar durable material.In cold or wet weather, your

clothes should keep you warm anddry, as well as protect you frominjury. You cannot control amotorcycle well if you are numb.Riding for long periods in coldweather can cause severe chill andfatigue. A winter jacket should resistwind and fit snugly at the neck,wrists and waist. Good-qualityrainsuits designed for motorcycleriding resist tearing apart orballooning up at high speeds.

KNOWYOURMOTORCYCLE

There are plenty of things on thehighway that can cause you trouble.Your motorcycle should not be one ofthem. To make sure that yourmotorcycle won’t let you down:• Read the owner’s manual first.• Start with the right motorcycle foryou.

• Be familiar with the motorcyclecontrols.

• Check the motorcycle beforeevery ride.

• Keep it in safe riding conditionbetween rides.

• Avoid add-ons and modificationsthat make your motorcycleharder to handle.

THE RIGHT MOTORCYCLEFOR YOU

First, make sure your motorcycleis right for you. It should “fit” you.Your feet should reach the groundwhile you are seated on themotorcycle.

1 Test Yourself

CLOTHING

THERIGHTM

OTO

RCYCLE

6

A plastic shatter-resistant faceshield:A. Is not necessary if you have a

windshield.B. Only protects your eyes.C. Helps protect your whole face.D. Does not protect your face as well

as goggles.Answer - page 40

At minimum, your street-legalmotorcycle should have:• Headlight, taillight andbrakelight.

• Front and rear brakes.• Turn signals.• Horn.• Two mirrors.

BORROWING AND LENDINGBorrowers and lenders of

motorcycles, beware. Crashes arefairly common among beginningriders — especially in the firstmonths of riding. Riding anunfamiliar motorcycle adds to theproblem. If you borrow a motorcycle,get familiar with it in a controlledarea. And if you lend yourmotorcycle to friends, make sure they

are licensed and know how to ridebefore allowing them out into traffic.

No matter how experienced youmay be, ride extra carefully on anymotorcycle that’s new or unfamiliarto you. More than half of all crashesoccur on motorcycles ridden by theoperator for less than six months.

GET FAMILIAR WITH THEMOTORCYCLE CONTROLS

Make sure you are completelyfamiliar with the motorcycle beforeyou take it out on the street. Be sureto review the owner’s manual. This isparticularly important if you areriding a borrowed motorcycle.

If you are going to use anunfamiliar motorcycle:

MOTORCYCLE CONTROLS

KNOWYOURM

OTO

RCYCLE

7

Light Switch (high/low)

Choke (varies)Turn-SignalSwitch

Ignition Key(varies)

Engine Cut-OffSwitchElectricStartButton

Horn Button

Clutch LeverSpeedometer& Odometer

Fuel Supply Valve(if equipped)

Gear-Change Lever

Throttle

Front Brake Lever

Tachometer(if equipped)

Rear Brake Pedal

Kick Starter(if equipped)

• Make all the checks you wouldon your own motorcycle.

• Find out where everything is,particularly the turn signals, horn,headlight switch, fuel-supplyvalve and engine cut-off switch.Find and operate these itemswithout having to look for them.

• Know the gear pattern. Work thethrottle, clutch and brakes a fewtimes before you start riding. Allcontrols react a little differently.

• Ride very cautiously and beaware of surroundings. Accelerategently, take turns more slowly andleave extra room for stopping.

CHECK YOUR MOTORCYCLEAmotorcycle needs more

frequent attention than a car. A minortechnical failure in a car seldom leadsto anything more than aninconvenience for the driver.

If something’s wrong with themotorcycle, you’ll want to find outabout it before you get in traffic.Make a complete check of yourmotorcycle before every ride.

Before mounting the motorcycle,make the following checks:• Tires— Check the air pressure,general wear and tread.

• Fluids— Oil and fluid levels. At aminimum, check hydraulic fluidsand coolants weekly. Look underthe motorcycle for signs of an oilor gas leak.

• Headlights and Taillight—Check them both. Test your switchto make sure both high and lowbeams are working.

• Turn Signals— Turn on bothright and left turn signals. Makesure all lights are workingproperly.

• Brake Light— Try both brakecontrols, and make sure each oneturns on the brake light.Once you have mounted the

motorcycle, complete the followingchecks before starting out:• Clutch and Throttle—Makesure they work smoothly. Thethrottle should snap back whenyou let go. The clutch should feeltight and smooth.

• Mirrors— Clean and adjust bothmirrors before starting. It’sdifficult to ride with one handwhile you try to adjust a mirror.Adjust each mirror so you can seethe lane behind and as much aspossible of the lane next to you.When properly adjusted, a mirrormay show the edge of your arm orshoulder—but it’s the road behindand to the side that’s mostimportant.

• Brakes— Try the front and rearbrake levers one at a time. Makesure each one feels firm and holdsthe motorcycle when the brake isfully applied.

• Horn— Try the horn. Make sureit works.In addition to the checks you

should make before every trip, checkthe following items at least once aweek: Wheels, cables, fasteners andfluid levels. Follow your owner’smanual to get recommendations.

CHECKYOURM

OTO

RCYCLE

8

2 Test YourselfMore than half of all crashes:A. Occur at speeds greater than

35 mph.B. Happen at night.C. Are caused by worn tires.D. Involve riders who have ridden

their motorcycles less than sixmonths.

Answer - page 40

KNOWYOURRESPONSIBILITIES

“Accident” implies anunforeseen event that occurs withoutanyone’s fault or negligence. Mostoften in traffic, that is not the case. Infact, most people involved in a crashcan usually claim some responsibilityfor what takes place.

Consider a situation wheresomeone decides to try to squeezethrough an intersection on a yellowlight turning red. Your light turnsgreen. You pull into the intersectionwithout checking for possiblelatecomers. That is all it takes for thetwo of you to tangle. It was thedriver’s responsibility to stop. And itwas your responsibility to lookbefore pulling out. Neither of youheld up your end of the deal. Justbecause someone else is the first tostart the chain of events leading to acrash, it doesn’t leave any of us freeof responsibility.

As a rider you can’t be sure thatother operators will see you or yieldthe right of way. To lessen yourchances of a crash occurring:

• Be visible— wear properclothing, use your headlight, ridein the best lane position to see andbe seen.

• Communicate your intentions—use the proper signals, brake lightand lane position.

• Maintain an adequate spacecushion— following, beingfollowed, lane sharing, passingand being passed.

• Scan your path of travel 12seconds ahead.

• Identify and separate multiplehazards.

• Be prepared to act— remainalert and know how to carry outproper crash-avoidance skills.Blame doesn’t matter when

someone is injured in a crash. Thereis rarely a single cause of any crash.The ability to ride aware, makecritical decisions and carry them outseparates responsible riders from allthe rest. Remember, it is up to you tokeep from being the cause of, or anunprepared participant in, any crash.

KNOWYOURRESPO

NSIB

ILITIES

9

BASIC VEHICLECONTROL

BODY POSITIONTo control a motorcycle well:

• Posture— Sit so you can use yourarms to steer the motorcycle ratherthan to hold yourself up.

• Seat— Sit far enough forward sothat arms are slightly bent whenyou hold the handlegrips. Bendingyour arms permits you to press onthe handlebars without having tostretch.

• Hands— Hold the handlegripsfirmly to keep your grip overrough surfaces. Start with yourright wrist flat. This will help youkeep from accidentally using

too much throttle. Also, adjust thehandlebars so your hands are evenwith or below your elbows. Thispermits you to use the proper musclesfor precision steering.• Knees— Keep your knees againstthe gas tank to help you keep yourbalance as the motorcycle turns.

• Feet— Keep your feet firmly onthe footrests to maintain balance.Don’t drag your feet. If your footcatches on something, you couldbe injured and it could affect yourcontrol of the motorcycle. Keepyour feet near the controls so youcan get to them fast if needed.Also, don’t let your toes pointdownward — they may get caughtbetween the road and the footrests.

SHIFTING GEARS

There is more to shifting gearsthan simply getting the motorcycle topick up speed smoothly. Learning touse the gears when downshifting,turning or starting on hills isimportant for safe motorcycleoperation.

Shift down through the gearswith the clutch as you slow or stop.Remain in first gear while you arestopped so that you can move outquickly if you need to.

BODYPO

SITION

10

SHIFTINGGEARS

This manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed or balance.That’s something you can learn only through practice. But control begins withknowing your abilities and riding within them, along with knowing andobeying the rules of the road.

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

HOLDING HANDLEGRIPS

RIGHT

WRONG

Make certain you are ridingslowly enough when you shift into alower gear. If not, the motorcycle willlurch, and the rear wheel may skid.When riding downhill or shifting intofirst gear you may need to use thebrakes to slow enough beforedownshifting safely. Work toward asmooth, even clutch release,especially when downshifting.

It is best to change gears beforeentering a turn. However, sometimesshifting while in the turn is necessary.If so, remember to do so smoothly. Asudden change in power to the rearwheel can cause a skid.

BRAKINGYour motorcycle has two brakes:

one each for the front and rear wheel.Use both of them at the same time.The front brake is more powerful andcan provide at least three-quartersof your total stopping power. Thefront brake is safe to use if you useit properly.

Remember:• Use both brakes every time youslow or stop. Using both brakes foreven “normal” stops will permityou to develop the proper habit orskill of using both brakes properlyin an emergency. Squeeze the frontbrake and press down on the rear.Grabbing at the front brake orjamming down on the rear cancause the brakes to lock, resultingin control problems.

• If you know the technique, usingboth brakes in a turn is possible,although it should be done verycarefully. When leaning themotorcycle some of the traction isused for cornering. Less traction isavailable for stopping. A skid canoccur if you apply too much brake.

Also, using the front brakeincorrectly on a slippery surfacemay be hazardous. Use cautionand squeeze the brake lever, nevergrab.

• Some motorcycles have integratedbraking systems that activate thefront and rear brakes togetherwhen applying the rear brakepedal. (Consult the owner’smanual for a detailed explanationon the operation and effective useof these systems.)

TURNINGRiders often try to take curves or

turns too fast. When they can’t holdthe turn, they end up crossing intoanother lane of traffic or going off theroad. Or, they overreact and brake toohard, causing a skid and loss ofcontrol. Approach turns and curveswith caution.Use four steps for better control:• SLOW• LOOK• PRESS• ROLL• SLOW— Reduce speed beforethe turn by closing the throttle and,if necessary, applying both brakes.

• LOOK— Look through the turnto where you want to go. Turn justyour head, not your shoulders, andkeep your eyes level with thehorizon.

• PRESS— To turn, the motorcyclemust lean. To lean the motor-cycle, press on the handlegrip inthe direction of the turn. Pressleft — lean left — go left. Pressright — lean right — go right.Higher speeds and/or tighterturns require the motorcycle tolean more.

BRAKING

TURNING

11

NORMAL TURNS

LANEPO

SITIONS

12

SLOW, TIGHT TURNS

3 Test YourselfWhen riding, you should:A. Turn your head and shoulders to

look through turns.B. Keep your arms straight.C. Keep your knees away from the

gas tank.D. Turn just your head and eyes to

look where you are going.Answer - page 40

In slow tight turns, counterbalanceby leaning the motorcycle only andkeeping your body straight.

KEEPING YOURDISTANCE

The best protection you can haveis distance — a “cushion of space” —all around your motorcycle. Ifsomeone else makes a mistake,distance permits you:• Time to react.• Space to maneuver.

LANE POSITIONSIn some ways the size of the

motorcycle can work to youradvantage. Each traffic lane gives amotorcycle three paths of travel, asindicated in the illustration.

Your lane position should:• Increase your ability to see and beseen.

• Avoid others’ blind spots.• Avoid surface hazards.• Protect your lane from otherdrivers.

• Communicate your intentions.• Avoid wind blast from othervehicles.

• Provide an escape route.Select the appropriate path to

maximize your space cushion andmake yourself more easily seen byothers on the road.

• ROLL— Roll on the throttlethrough the turn to stabilize thesuspension. Maintain steady speedor accelerate gradually through theturn. This will help keep themotorcycle stable.In normal turns, the rider and the

motorcycle should lean together atthe same angle.

In general, there is no singlebest position for riders to be seenand to maintain a space cushionaround the motorcycle. No portionof the lane need be avoided —including the center.

Position yourself in the portionof the lane where you are most likelyto be seen and you can maintain aspace cushion around you. Changeposition as traffic situations change.Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles andother potential problems are on yourleft only. Remain in path 1 or 2 ifhazards are on your right only. Ifvehicles are being operated on bothsides of you, the center of the lane,path 2, is usually your best option.

The oily strip in the centerportion that collects drippings fromcars is usually no more than two feetwide. Unless the road is wet, theaverage center strip permits adequatetraction to ride on safely. You canoperate to the left or right of thegrease strip and still be within thecenter portion of the traffic lane.Avoid riding on big buildups of oiland grease usually found at busyintersections or toll booths.

FOLLOWING ANOTHERVEHICLE

“Following too closely” couldbe a factor in crashes involvingmotorcyclists. In traffic, motorcyclesneed as much distance to stop ascars. Normally, a minimum of twoseconds distance should bemaintained behind the vehicle ahead.

To gauge your followingdistance:• Pick out a marker, such as apavement marking or lamppost, onor near the road ahead.

• When the rear bumper of thevehicle ahead passes the marker,count off the seconds: “one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two.”

• If you reach the marker beforeyou reach “two,” you arefollowing too closely.A two-second following distance

leaves a minimum amount of space tostop or swerve if the driver aheadstops suddenly. It also permits abetter view of potholes and otherhazards in the road.

A larger cushion of space isneeded if your motorcycle will takelonger than normal to stop. If the

LANE POSITIONSFOLLOWING

13

pavement is slippery, if you cannotsee through the vehicle ahead, or iftraffic is heavy and someone maysqueeze in front of you, open up athree-second or more followingdistance.

Keep well behind the vehicleahead even when you are stopped.This will make it easier to get outof the way if someone bears down onyou from behind. It will also give youa cushion of space if the vehicleahead starts to back up for somereason.

When behind a car, ride wherethe driver can see you in the rearviewmirror. Riding in the center portionof the lane should put your imagein the middle of the rearview mirror— where a driver is most likely tosee you.

Riding at the far side of a lanemay permit a driver to see you in asideview mirror. But remember thatmost drivers don’t look at theirsideview mirrors nearly as often asthey check the rearview mirror. If thetraffic situation allows, the centerportion of the lane is usually the bestplace for you to be seen by the

drivers ahead and to prevent lanesharing by others.

BEING FOLLOWEDSpeeding up to lose someone

following too closely only ends upwith someone tailgating you at ahigher speed.

A better way to handle tailgatersis to get them in front of you. Whensomeone is following too closely,change lanes and let them pass. Ifyou can’t do this, slow down andopen up extra space ahead of you toallow room for both you and thetailgater to stop. This will alsoencourage them to pass. If they don’tpass, you will have given yourselfand the tailgater more time and spaceto react in case an emergency doesdevelop ahead.

PASSING AND BEING PASSEDPassing and being passed by

another vehicle is not much differentthan with a car. However, visibility ismore critical. Be sure other driverssee you, and that you see potentialhazards.

FOLLOWINGBEINGFO

LLOWED

14

PASSING1. Ride in the left portion of the

lane at a safe following distanceto increase your line of sight andmake you more visible. Signaland check for oncoming traffic.Use your mirrors and turn yourhead to look for traffic behind.

2.When safe, move into the left laneand accelerate. Select a laneposition that doesn’t crowd thecar you are passing and pro-vides space to avoid hazards inyour lane.

3. Ride through the blind spot asquickly as possible.

4. Signal again, and complete mirrorand headchecks before returningto your original lane and thencancel the signal.Remember, passes must be

completed within posted speed limits,and only where permitted. Know yoursigns and road markings!

BEING PASSEDWhen you are being passed from

behind or by an oncoming vehicle,

stay in the center portion of yourlane. Riding any closer to them couldput you in a hazardous situation.

Avoid being hit by:• The other vehicle—A slightmistake by you or the passingdriver could cause a sideswipe.

• Extended mirrors— Somedrivers forget that their mirrorshang out farther than their fenders.

• Objects thrown from windows— Even if the driver knows you’rethere, a passenger may not see youand might toss something on youor the road ahead of you.

• Blasts of wind from largervehicles— They can affect yourcontrol. You have more room forerror if you are in the middleportion when hit by this blastthan if you are on either side ofthe lane.Do not move into the portion

of the lane farthest from thepassing vehicle. It might invite theother driver to cut back into your lanetoo early.

PASSING

PASSIN

GBEINGPASSE

D

15

BEING PASSED

LANESH

ARING

16

4 Test YourselfUsually, a good way to handletailgaters is to:A. Change lanes and let them pass.B. Use your horn and make obscene

gestures.C. Speed up to put distance between

you and the tailgater.D. Ignore them.

Answer - page 40

MERGING

BLIND SPOTS

LANE SHARINGCars and motorcycles need a full

lane to operate safely. Lane sharing isusually prohibited.

Riding between rows of stoppedor moving cars in the same lane canleave you vulnerable to theunexpected. A hand could come outof a window; a door could open; a carcould turn suddenly. Discourage lanesharing by others. Keep a center-portion position whenever driversmight be tempted to squeeze by you.Drivers are most tempted to do this:• In heavy, bumper-to-bumpertraffic.

• When they want to pass you.• When you are preparing to turn atan intersection.

• When you are moving into an exitlane or leaving a highway.

MERGING CARSDrivers on an entrance ramp may

not see you on the highway. Givethem plenty of room. Change to

another lane if one is open. If there isno room for a lane change, adjustspeed to open up space for themerging driver.

CARS ALONGSIDEDo not ride next to cars or trucks

in other lanes if you do not have to.You might be in the blind spot of acar in the next lane, which couldswitch into your lane withoutwarning. Cars in the next lane alsoblock your escape if you come upondanger in your own lane. Speed up ordrop back to find a place clear oftraffic on both sides.

SEEGood experienced riders remain

aware of what is going on aroundthem. They improve their ridingstrategy by using SEE, a three-stepprocess used to make appropriatejudgments, and apply them correctlyin different traffic situations:• Search• Evaluate• ExecuteLet’s examine each of these steps.

SEARCHSearch aggressively ahead, to the

sides and behind to avoid potentialhazards even before they arise. Howassertively you search, and howmuch time and space you have, caneliminate or reduce harm. Focus evenmore on finding potential escaperoutes in or around intersections,shopping areas and school andconstruction zones.

Search for factors such as:• Oncoming traffic that may turnleft in front of you.

• Traffic coming from the left andright.

• Traffic approaching from behind.• Hazardous road conditions.

Be especially alert in areas withlimited visibility. Visually “busy”surroundings could hide you andyour motorcycle from others.

EVALUATEThink about how hazards can

interact to create risks for you.Anticipate potential problems andhave a plan to reduce risks.

• Road and surface characteristics— Potholes, guardrails, bridges,telephone poles and trees won’tmove into your path but mayinfluence your riding strategy.

• Traffic control devices— Lookfor traffic signals, includingregulatory signs, warning signs,and pavement markings, to helpyou evaluate circumstancesahead.

• Vehicles and other traffic—May move into your path andincrease the likelihood of a crash.Think about your time and space

requirements in order to maintain amargin of safety. You must leaveyourself time to react if anemergency arises.

EXECUTECarry out your decision.To create more space and

minimize harm from any hazard:• Communicate your presence withlights and/or horn.

• Adjust your speed byaccelerating, stopping or slowing.

• Adjust your position and/ordirection.Apply the old adage “one step

at a time” to handle two or morehazards. Adjust speed to permit twohazards to separate. Then deal withthem one at a time as single hazards.Decision-making becomes morecomplex with three or more hazards.Weigh the consequences of each andgive equal distance to the hazards.

SEE

17

In potential high-risk areas, suchas intersections, shopping areas andschool and construction zones, coverthe clutch and both brakes to reducethe time you need to react.

INTERSECTIONSThe greatest potential for

conflict between you and other trafficis at intersections. An intersectioncan be in the middle of an urban areaor at a driveway on a residentialstreet — anywhere traffic may crossyour path of travel. Over one-half ofmotorcycle/car crashes are caused bydrivers entering a rider’s right-of-way. Cars that turn left in front ofyou, including cars turning left fromthe lane to your right, and cars onside streets that pull into your lane,are the biggest dangers. Your useof SEE [p. 17] at intersectionsis critical.

There are no guarantees thatothers see you. Never count on “eyecontact” as a sign that a driver willyield. Too often, a driver looks rightat a motorcyclist and still fails to“see” him or her. The only eyes thatyou can count on are your own. If acar can enter your path, assume that itwill. Good riders are always “lookingfor trouble” — not to get into it, butto stay out of it.

Increase your chances of beingseen at intersections. Ride with yourheadlight on in a lane position thatprovides the best view of oncomingtraffic. Provide a space cushionaround the motorcycle that permitsyou to take evasive action.

SMALL INTERSECTIONS

INTERSE

CTIONS

18

5 Test YourselfTo reduce your reaction time, youshould:A. Ride slower than the speed limit.B. Cover the clutch and the brakes.C. Shift into neutral when slowing.D. Pull in the clutch when turning.

Answer - page 40

LARGE INTERSECTIONS

19

BLIND INTERSECTIONS

As you approach the intersec-tion, select a lane position thatincreases your visibility to the driver.Cover the clutch and both brakes toreduce reaction time.

Reduce your speed as youapproach an intersection. Afterentering the intersection, move awayfrom vehicles preparing to turn. Donot change speed or positionradically. The driver might think thatyou are preparing to turn.

BLIND INTERSECTIONSIf you approach a blind

intersection, move to the portion ofthe lane that will bring you intoanother driver’s field of vision at theearliest possible moment. In thispicture, the rider has moved to theleft portion of the lane — away fromthe parked car — so the driver on the

cross street can see him as soon aspossible.

Remember, the key is to see asmuch as possible and remain visibleto others while protecting your space.

If you have a stop sign or stopline, stop there first. Then edgeforward and stop again, just short ofwhere the cross-traffic lane meetsyour lane. From that position, leanyour body forward and look aroundbuildings, parked cars or bushes tosee if anything is coming. Just makesure your front wheel stays out of thecross lane of travel while you’relooking.PASSING PARKED CARS

When passing parked cars, staytoward the left of your lane. You canavoid problems caused by doorsopening, drivers getting out of cars orpeople stepping from between cars. Ifoncoming traffic is present, it isusually best to remain in the center-lane position to maximize your spacecushion.

A bigger problem can occur ifthe driver pulls away from the curbwithout checking for traffic behind.Even if he does look, he may fail tosee you.

In either event, the driver mightcut into your path. Slow down orchange lanes to make room forsomeone cutting in.

Cars making a sudden U-turn arethe most dangerous. They may cutyou off entirely, blocking the wholeroadway and leaving you with noplace to go. Since you can’t tell whata driver will do, slow down and getthe driver’s attention. Sound yourhorn and continue with caution.

PARKING AT THE ROADSIDEPark at a 90˚ angle to the curb with

your rear wheel touching the curb.

STOP SIGNSPA

RKEDCARS

20

6 Test YourselfMaking eye contact with other drivers:A. Is a good sign they see you.B. Is not worth the effort it takes.C. Doesn’t mean that the driver will

yield.D. Guarantees that the other driver will

yield to you.Answer - page 40

PARKED CARS

PARKING AT CURBS

INCREASINGCONSPICUITY

In crashes with motorcyclists,drivers often say that they never sawthe motorcycle. From ahead orbehind, a motorcycle’s outline ismuch smaller than a car’s. Also, it’shard to see something you are notlooking for, and most drivers are notlooking for motorcycles. More likely,they are looking through the skinny,two-wheeled silhouette in search ofcars that may pose a problem tothem.

Even if a driver does see youcoming, you aren’t necessarily safe.Smaller vehicles appear farther awayand seem to be traveling slower thanthey actually are. It is common fordrivers to pull out in front ofmotorcyclists, thinking they haveplenty of time. Too often, theyare wrong.

However, you can do manythings to make it easier for others torecognize you and your motorcycle.

CLOTHINGMost crashes occur in broad

daylight. Wear bright-coloredclothing to increase your chances ofbeing seen. Remember, your body ishalf of the visible surface area of therider/motorcycle unit.

Bright orange, red, yellow orgreen jackets or vests are your bestbets for being seen. Your helmet cando more than protect you in a crash.Brightly colored helmets can alsohelp others see you.

Any bright color is better thandrab or dark colors. Reflective,bright-colored clothing (helmet andjacket or vest) is best.

Reflective material on a vest andon the sides of the helmet will helpdrivers coming from the side to spotyou. Reflective material can also be abig help for drivers coming towardyou or from behind.

HEADLIGHTThe best way to help others see

your motorcycle is to keep theheadlight on — at all times(although new motorcycles sold inthe USA since 1978 automaticallyhave the headlights on when run-ning). Studies show that, during theday, a motorcycle with its light on istwice as likely to be noticed. Use lowbeam at night and in fog.

SIGNALSThe signals on a motorcycle are

similar to those on a car. They tellothers what you plan to do.

SIGNALING

CLOTHING

LIGHTS

SIGNALS

21

However, due to a rider’s addedvulnerability, signals are even moreimportant. Use them anytime youplan to change lanes or turn. Usethem even when you think no oneelse is around. It’s the car you don’tsee that’s going to give you themost trouble. Your signal lights alsomake you easier to spot. That’s whyit’s a good idea to use your turnsignals even when what you plan todo is obvious.

When you enter onto afreeway, drivers approachingfrom behind are more likely to seeyour signal blinking and make roomfor you.

Turning your signal light onbefore each turn reduces confusionand frustration for the traffic aroundyou. Once you turn, make sure yoursignal is off or a driver may pulldirectly into your path, thinking youplan to turn again. Use your signalsat every turn so drivers can reactaccordingly. Don’t make themguess what you intend to do.

BRAKE LIGHTYour motorcycle’s brake light is

usually not as noticeable as the brakelights on a car — particularly whenyour taillight is on. (It goes on withthe headlight.) If the situation willpermit, help others notice you byflashing your brake light before youslow down. It is especially importantto flash your brake light before:• You slow more quickly thanothers might expect (turning off ahigh-speed highway).

• You slow where others may notexpect it (in the middle of ablock or at an alley).If you are being followed

closely, it’s a good idea to flash yourbrake light before you slow. Thetailgater may be watching you andnot see something ahead that willmake you slow down. This willhopefully discourage them fromtailgating and warn them of hazardsahead they may not see.

USING YOUR MIRRORS

While it’s most important tokeep track of what’s happeningahead, you can’t afford to ignoresituations behind. Traffic conditionschange quickly. Knowing what’sgoing on behind is essential for youto make a safe decision about how tohandle trouble ahead.

Frequent mirror checks shouldbe part of your normal searchingroutine. Make a special point of usingyour mirrors:• When you are stopped at anintersection. Watch cars coming upfrom behind. If the drivers aren’tpaying attention, they could be ontop of you before they see you.

• Before you change lanes. Makesure no one is about to pass you.

• Before you slow down. The driverbehind may not expect you toslow, or may be unsure aboutwhere you will slow. For example,you signal a turn and the driverthinks you plan to turn at a distantintersection, rather than at a nearerdriveway.

USINGYOURM

IRRORS

22

Some motorcycles have rounded(convex) mirrors. These provide awider view of the road behind thando flat mirrors. They also make carsseem farther away than they reallyare. If you are not used to convexmirrors, get familiar with them.(While you are stopped, pick out aparked car in your mirror. Form amental image of how far away it is.Then, turn around and look at it tosee how close you came.) Practicewith your mirrors until you become agood judge of distance. Even then,allow extra distance before youchange lanes.

HEAD CHECKSChecking your mirrors is not

enough. Motorcycles have “blindspots” like cars. Before you changelanes, turn your head, and look to theside for other vehicles.

On a road with several lanes,check the far lane and the one nextto you. A driver in the distant lanemay head for the same space youplan to take.

Frequent head checks shouldbe your normal scanning routine,also. Only by knowing what ishappening all around you are youfully prepared to deal with it.

HORN

Be ready to use your horn toget someone’s attention quickly.

It is a good idea to give a quickbeep before passing anyone thatmay move into your lane.

Here are some situations:• A driver in the lane next to you isdriving too closely to the vehicleahead and may want to pass.

• A parked car has someone in thedriver’s seat.

• Someone is in the street, riding abicycle or walking.In an emergency, press the horn

button loud and long. Be ready tostop or swerve away from the danger.

Keep in mind that a motorcycle’shorn isn’t as loud as a car’s —therefore, use it, but don’t rely on it.Other strategies may be appropriatealong with the horn.

USING MIRRORS HEADCHECKS

HORN

23

RIDING AT NIGHTAt night it is harder for you to

see and be seen. Picking yourheadlight or taillight out of the carlights around you is not easy for otherdrivers. To compensate, you should:• Reduce Your Speed— Ride evenslower than you would during theday — particularly on roads youdon’t know well. This will increaseyour chances of avoiding a hazard.

• Increase Distance— Distancesare harder to judge at night thanduring the day. Your eyes relyupon shadows and light contraststo determine how far away anobject is and how fast it is coming.These contrasts are missing or dis-torted under artificial lights atnight. Open up a three-second fol-lowing distance or more. Andallow more distance to pass andbe passed.

• Use the Car Ahead— Theheadlights of the car ahead cangive you a better view of the roadthan even your high beam can.Taillights bouncing up and downcan alert you to bumps or roughpavement.

• Use Your High Beam— Get allthe light you can. Use your highbeam whenever you are notfollowing or meeting a car. Bevisible: Wear reflective materialswhen riding at night.

• Be Flexible About Lane Position.Change to whatever portion of thelane is best able to help you see, beseen and keep an adequate spacecushion.

CRASH AVOIDANCENo matter how careful you are,

there will be times when you findyourself in a tight spot. Your chancesof getting out safely depend on yourability to react quickly and properly.Often, a crash occurs because a rideris not prepared or skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers.

Know when and how to stop orswerve, two skills critical in avoidinga crash. It is not always desirable orpossible to stop quickly to avoid anobstacle. Riders must also be able toswerve around an obstacle. Deter-mining which skill is necessary forthe situation is important as well.

Studies show that most crash-involved riders:• Underbrake the front tire andoverbrake the rear.

• Did not separate braking fromswerving or did not chooseswerving when it was appropriate.The following information offers

some good advice.

QUICK STOPSTo stop quickly, apply both

brakes at the same time. Don’t be shyabout using the front brake, but don’t“grab” it, either. Squeeze the brakelever firmly and progressively. If thefront wheel locks, release the frontbrake immediately then reapply itfirmly. At the same time, press downon the rear brake. If you accidentallylock the rear brake on a good tractionsurface, you can keep it locked untilyou have completely stopped; but,even with a locked rear wheel, youcan control the motorcycle on astraightaway if it is upright and goingin a straight line.

NIGHTRIDING

CRASH

AVOIDANCE

24

QUICKST

OPS

7 Test YourselfReflective clothing should:A. Be worn at night.B. Be worn during the day.C. Not be worn.D. Be worn day and night

Answer - page 40

Always use both brakes at thesame time to stop. The front brakecan provide 70% or more of thepotential stopping power.

If you must stop quickly whileturning or riding a curve, the besttechnique is to straighten the bikeupright first and then brake.However, it may not always bepossible to straighten the motorcycleand then stop. If you must brakewhile leaning, apply light brakes andreduce the throttle. As you slow, youcan reduce your lean angle and applymore brake pressure until themotorcycle is straight and maximumbrake pressure is possible. Youshould “straighten” the handlebars

in the last few feet of stopping. Themotorcycle should then be straight upand in balance.

SWERVING OR TURNINGQUICKLY

Sometimes you may not haveenough room to stop, even if you useboth brakes properly. An objectmight appear suddenly in your path.Or the car ahead might squeal to astop. The only way to avoid a crashmay be to turn quickly, or swervearound it.

A swerve is any sudden changein direction. It can be two quickturns, or a rapid shift to the side.Apply a small amount of handpressure to the handlegrip located onthe side of your intended direction ofescape. This will cause themotorcycle to lean quickly. Thesharper the turn(s), the more themotorcycle must lean.

Keep your body upright andallow the motorcycle to lean in thedirection of the turn while keepingyour knees against the tank and your

STOPPING DISTANCE SWERVING

25

SWERVE, THEN BRAKE BRAKE, THEN SWERVE

feet solidly on the footrests. Let themotorcycle move underneath you.Make your escape route the target ofyour vision. Press on the oppositehandlegrip once you clear theobstacle to return you to your originaldirection of travel. To swerve to theleft, press the left handlegrip, thenpress the right to recover. To swerveto the right, press right, then left.

IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED,SEPARATE IT FROM SWERVING.Brake before or after — never whileswerving.

CORNERINGA primary cause of single-

vehicle crashes is motorcyclistsrunning wide in a curve or turn andcolliding with the roadway or a fixedobject.

Every curve is different. Be alertto whether a curve remains constant,gradually widens, gets tighter orinvolves multiple turns.

Ride within your skill level andposted speed limits.

Your best path may not alwaysfollow the curve of the road.

CORNERING

26

WIDENING CURVES

CONSTANT CURVES MULTIPLE CURVES

DECREASING CURVES (TIGHTER TURNS)

Change lane position depending ontraffic, road conditions and curve ofthe road. If no traffic is present, startat the outside of a curve to increaseyour line of sight and the effectiveradius of the turn. As you turn, movetoward the inside of the curve, and asyou pass the center, move to theoutside to exit.

Another alternative is to move tothe center of your lane beforeentering a curve — and stay thereuntil you exit. This permits you tospot approaching traffic as soon aspossible. You can also adjust fortraffic “crowding” the center line, ordebris blocking part of your lane.

HANDLING DANGEROUSSURFACES

Your chance of falling or beinginvolved in a crash increaseswhenever you ride across:• Uneven surfaces or obstacles.• Slippery surfaces.• Railroad tracks.• Grooves and gratings.

UNEVEN SURFACES ANDOBSTACLES

Watch for uneven surfaces suchas bumps, broken pavement, potholesor small pieces of highway trash.

Try to avoid obstacles byslowing or going around them. If youmust go over the obstacle, firstdetermine if it is possible. Approachit at as close to a 90˚ angle aspossible. Look where you want to goto control your path of travel. If youhave to ride over the obstacle, youshould:• Slow down as much as possiblebefore contact.

• Make sure the motorcycle isstraight.

OBSTACLES

DANGEROUSSURFA

CES

27

8 Test YourselfThe best way to stop quickly is to:A. Use the front brake only.B. Use the rear brake first.C. Throttle down and use the front

brake.D. Use both brakes at the same time.

Answer - page 40

• Rise slightly off the seat with yourweight on the footrests to absorbthe shock with your knees andelbows, and avoid being thrown offthe motorcycle.

• Just before contact, roll on thethrottle slightly to lighten the frontend.If you ride over an object on the

street, pull off the road and checkyour tires and rims for damage beforeriding any farther.

SLIPPERY SURFACESMotorcycles handle better when

ridden on surfaces that permit goodtraction. Surfaces that provide poortraction include:• Wet pavement, particularly justafter it starts to rain and beforesurface oil washes to the side ofthe road.

• Gravel roads, or where sand andgravel collect.

• Mud, snow, and ice.• Lane markings (painted lines),steel plates and manhole covers,especially when wet.To ride safely on slippery

surfaces:• Reduce Speed— Slow downbefore you get to a slipperysurface to lessen your chances ofskidding. Your motorcycle needsmore distance to stop. And it isparticularly important to reducespeed before entering wet curves.

• Avoid Sudden Moves—Anysudden change in speed ordirection can cause a skid. Be assmooth as possible when youspeed up, shift gears, turn or brake.

• Use Both Brakes— The frontbrake is still effective, even on aslippery surface. Squeeze the

brake lever gradually to avoidlocking the front wheel.Remember, gentle pressure on therear brake.

• The center of a lane can behazardous when wet. When itstarts to rain, ride in the tire tracksleft by cars. Often, the left tiretrack will be the best position,depending on traffic and otherroad conditions as well.

• Watch for oil spots when you putyour foot down to stop or park.You may slip and fall.

• Dirt and gravel collect along thesides of the road — especially oncurves and ramps leading to andfrom highways. Be aware of what’son the edge of the road,particularly when making sharpturns and getting on or offfreeways at high speeds.

• Rain dries and snow melts fasteron some sections of a road thanon others. Patches of ice tend todevelop in low or shaded areasand on bridges and overpasses.Wet surfaces or wet leaves are justas slippery. Ride on the leastslippery portion of the lane andreduce speed.Cautious riders steer clear of

roads covered with ice or snow. If youcan’t avoid a slippery surface, keepyour motorcycle straight up andproceed as slowly as possible. If youencounter a large surface so slipperythat you must coast, or travel at awalking pace, consider letting yourfeet skim along the surface. If themotorcycle starts to fall, you cancatch yourself. Be sure to keep off thebrakes. If possible, squeeze the clutchand coast. Attempting this maneuverat anything other than the slowest ofspeeds could prove hazardous.

28

RAILROADTRACKS, TROLLEYTRACKSAND PAVEMENT SEAMS

Usually it is safer to ride straightwithin your lane to cross tracks.Turning to take tracks head-on (at a90˚ angle) can be more dangerous —your path may carry you into anotherlane of traffic.

For track and road seams that runparallel to your course, move far

CROSSTRACKS-RIGHT TRACKINGGRAT

INGS

29

CROSSTRACKS-WRONG

PARALLEL TRACKS-WRONG

PARALLEL TRACKS-RIGHTGRATE CROSSINGS-WRONG

GRATE CROSSINGS-RIGHT

enough away from tracks, ruts, orpavement seams to cross at an angleof at least 45˚. Then, make a quick,sharp turn. Edging across could catchyour tires and throw you off balance.

GROOVES AND GRATINGS

Riding over rain grooves orbridge gratings may cause amotorcycle to weave. The uneasy,wandering feeling is generally nothazardous. Relax, maintain a steadyspeed and ride straight across.Crossing at an angle forces riders tozigzag to stay in the lane. The zigzagis far more hazardous than thewandering feeling.

9 Test YourselfWhen it starts to rain it is usuallybest to:A. Ride in the center of the lane.B. Pull off to the side until the rain

stops.C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars.D. Increase your speed.

Answer - page 40

MECHANICALPROBLEMS

You can find yourself in anemergency the moment somethinggoes wrong with your motorcycle. Indealing with any mechanicalproblem, take into account the roadand traffic conditions you face. Hereare some guidelines that can help youhandle mechanical problems safely.

TIRE FAILUREYou will seldom hear a tire go

flat. If the motorcycle starts handlingdifferently, it may be a tire failure.This can be dangerous. You must beable to tell from the way themotorcycle reacts. If one of your tiressuddenly loses air, react quickly tokeep your balance. Pull off and checkthe tires.

If the front tire goes flat, thesteering will feel “heavy.” Afront-wheel flat is particularlyhazardous because it affects yoursteering. You have to steer well tokeep your balance.

If the rear tire goes flat, the backof the motorcycle may jerk or swayfrom side to side.

If either tire goes flatwhile riding:• Hold handlegrips firmly, ease offthe throttle, and keep a straightcourse.

• If braking is required, however,gradually apply the brake of thetire that isn’t flat, if you are surewhich one it is.

• When the motorcycle slows, edgeto the side of the road, squeeze theclutch and stop.

STUCK THROTTLETwist the throttle back and forth

several times. If the throttle cable isstuck, this may free it. If the throttlestays stuck, immediately operate theengine cut-off switch and pull in theclutch at the same time. This willremove power from the rear wheel,though engine sound may notimmediately decline. Once themotorcycle is “under control,” pulloff and stop.

After you have stopped, checkthe throttle cable carefully to find thesource of the trouble. Make certainthe throttle works freely before youstart to ride again.

WOBBLEA “wobble” occurs when the

front wheel and handlebars suddenlystart to shake from side to side at anyspeed. Most wobbles can be traced toimproper loading, unsuitableaccessories or incorrect tire pressure.If you are carrying a heavy load,lighten it. If you can’t, shift it. Centerthe weight lower and farther forwardon the motorcycle. Make sure tirepressure, spring pre-load, air shocksand dampers are at the settingsrecommended for that much weight.Make sure windshields and fairingsare mounted properly.

Check for poorly adjustedsteering; worn steering parts; a frontwheel that is bent, misaligned, or outof balance; loose wheel bearings orspokes; and worn swingarm bearings.If none of these is determined to bethe cause, have the motorcyclechecked out thoroughly by a qualifiedprofessional.

MECHANICALPR

OBLEMS

30

Trying to “accelerate out of awobble” will only make themotorcycle more unstable. Instead:

• Grip the handlebars firmly, butdon’t fight the wobble.

• Close the throttle gradually toslow down. Do not apply thebrakes; braking could make thewobble worse.

• Move your weight as far forwardand down as possible.

• Pull off the road as soon as youcan to fix the problem.

CHAIN PROBLEMSA chain that slips or breaks while

you’re riding could lock the rearwheel and cause your cycle to skid.Chain slippage or breakage can beavoided by proper maintenance.• Slippage— If the chain slipswhen you try to speed up quicklyor ride uphill, pull off the road.Check the chain and sprockets.Tightening the chain may help. Ifthe problem is a worn or stretchedchain or worn or bent sprockets,replace the chain, the sprockets orboth before riding again.

• Breakage—You’ll notice aninstant loss of power to the rearwheel. Close the throttle and braketo a stop.

ENGINE SEIZUREWhen the engine “locks” or

“freezes” it is usually low on oil. Theengine’s moving parts can’t movesmoothly against each other, and theengine overheats. The first sign maybe a loss of engine power or a changein the engine’s sound. Squeeze theclutch lever to disengage the enginefrom the rear wheel. Pull off the roadand stop. Check the oil. If needed, oilshould be added as soon as possibleor the engine will seize. When thishappens, the effect is the same as alocked rear wheel. Let the enginecool before restarting.

ANIMALSNaturally, you should do

everything you safely can to avoidhitting an animal. If you are in traffic,however, remain in your lane. Hittingsomething small is less dangerous toyou than hitting something big —like a car.

Motorcycles seem to attractdogs. If you are chased, downshiftand approach the animal slowly. Asyou approach it, accelerate away andleave the animal behind. Don’t kickat an animal. Keep control of yourmotorcycle and look to where youwant to go.

For larger animals (deer, elk,cattle) brake and prepare to stop —they are unpredictable.

31

11 Test YourselfIf you are chased by a dog:A. Kick it away.B. Stop until the animal loses interest.C. Swerve around the animal.D. Approach the animal slowly, then

speed up.Answer - page 40

10 Test YourselfIf your motorcycle starts to wobble:A. Accelerate out of the wobble.B. Use the brakes gradually.C. Grip the handlebars firmly and

close the throttle gradually.D. Downshift.

Answer - page 40

FLYING OBJECTSFrom time to time riders are

struck by insects, cigarettes thrownfrom cars or pebbles kicked up by thetires of the vehicle ahead. If you arewearing face protection, it might getsmeared or cracked, making itdifficult to see. Without faceprotection, an object could hit you inthe eye, face or mouth. Whateverhappens, keep your eyes on the roadand your hands on the handlebars.When safe, pull off the road andrepair the damage.

GETTING OFF THE ROADIf you need to leave the road to

check the motorcycle (or just to restfor a while), be sure you:• Check the roadside—Make surethe surface of the roadside is firmenough to ride on. If it is softgrass, loose sand or if you’re justnot sure about it, slow way downbefore you turn onto it.

• Signal— Drivers behind mightnot expect you to slow down. Givea clear signal that you will beslowing down and changingdirection. Check your mirror andmake a head check before you takeany action.

• Pull off the road— Get as far offthe road as you can. It can be veryhard to spot a motorcycle by theside of the road. You don’t wantsomeone else pulling off at thesame place you are.

• Park carefully— Loose andsloped shoulders can make settingthe side or center stand difficult.

CARRYING PASSENGERSAND CARGO

Only experienced riders shouldcarry passengers or large loads. Theextra weight changes the way themotorcycle handles, balances, speedsup and slows down. Before taking apassenger or a heavy load on thestreet, practice away from traffic.

EQUIPMENTTo carry passengers safely:

• Equip and adjust yourmotorcycle to carry passengers.

• Instruct the passenger before youstart.

• Adjust your riding technique forthe added weight.Equipment should include:

• A proper seat — large enoughto hold both of you withoutcrowding. You should not sitany farther forward than youusually do.

• Footrests— for the passenger.Firm footing prevents yourpassenger from falling off andpulling you off, too.

• Protective equipment— thesame protective gearrecommended for operators.Adjust the suspension to handle

the additional weight. You willprobably need to add a few pounds ofpressure to the tires if you carry apassenger. (Check your owner’smanual for appropriate settings.)While your passenger sits on the seatwith you, adjust the mirror andheadlight according to the change inthe motorcycle’s angle.

FLYINGOBJECTS

GETTINGOFFTHEROAD

32

CARRYINGLOADS

INSTRUCTING PASSENGERSEven if your passenger is a

motorcycle rider, provide completeinstructions before you start. Tellyour passenger to:• Get on the motorcycle only afteryou have started the engine.

• Sit as far forward as possiblewithout crowding you.

• Hold firmly to your waist, hips,belt, or to the bike’s passengerhandholds.

• Keep both feet on the footrests,even when stopped.

• Keep legs away from themuffler(s), chains or moving parts.

• Stay directly behind you, leaningas you lean.

• Avoid unnecessary talk ormotion.Also, tell your passenger to

tighten his or her hold when you:• Approach surface problems.• Are about to start from a stop.• Warn that you will make asudden move.

RIDING WITH PASSENGERSYour motorcycle will respond

more slowly with a passenger onboard. The heavier your passenger,the longer it will take to slow downand speed up — especially on a lightmotorcycle.

• Ride a little slower, especiallywhen taking curves, corners orbumps.

• Start slowing earlier as youapproach a stop.

• Open up a larger cushion ofspace ahead and to the sides.

• Wait for larger gaps to cross,enter or merge in traffic.Warn your passenger of special

conditions — when you will pull out,stop quickly, turn sharply or ride overa bump. Turn your head slightly tomake yourself understood, but keepyour eyes on the road ahead.

CARRYING LOADSMost motorcycles are not

designed to carry much cargo. Smallloads can be carried safely ifpositioned and fastened properly.• Keep the Load Low— Fastenloads securely, or put them insaddlebags. Piling loads against asissybar or frame on the back ofthe seat raises the motorcycle’scenter of gravity and disturbs itsbalance.

• Keep the Load Forward— Placethe load over, or in front of, therear axle. Tankbags keep loadsforward, but use caution whenloading hard or sharp objects.Make sure the tankbag does notinterfere with handlebars orcontrols. Mounting loads behindthe rear axle can affect how themotorcycle turns and brakes. It canalso cause a wobble.

• Distribute the Load Evenly—Load saddlebags with about thesame weight. An uneven load cancause the motorcycle to drift toone side.

CARRYINGPASSE

NGERS

33

12 Test YourselfPassengers should:A. Lean as you lean.B. Hold on to the motorcycle seat.C. Sit as far back as possible.D. Never hold onto you.

Answer - page 40

• Secure the Load— Fasten theload securely with elastic cords(bungee cords or nets). Elasticcords with more than oneattachment point per side are moresecure. A tight load won’t catch inthe wheel or chain, causing it tolock up and skid. Rope tends tostretch and knots come loose,permitting the load to shift or fall.

• Check the Load— Stop andcheck the load every so often tomake sure it has not worked looseor moved.

GROUP RIDINGIf you ride with others, do it in a

way that promotes safety and doesn’tinterfere with the flow of traffic.

KEEPTHE GROUP SMALLSmall groups make it easier and

safer for car drivers who need to getaround them. A small number isn’tseparated as easily by traffic or redlights. Riders won’t always behurrying to catch up. If your group islarger than four or five riders, divideit up into two or more smaller groups.

KEEPTHE GROUP TOGETHER• Plan— The leader should lookahead for changes and signal earlyso “the word gets back” in plentyof time. Start lane changes early topermit everyone to complete thechange.

• Put Beginners Up Front— Placeinexperienced riders just behindthe leader. That way the moreexperienced riders can watch themfrom the back.

• Follow Those Behind— Let thetailender set the pace. Use yourmirrors to keep an eye on theperson behind. If a rider fallsbehind, everyone should slow

down a little to stay with thetailender.

• Know the Route—Make sureeveryone knows the route. Then,if someone is separated they won’thave to hurry to keep from gettinglost or taking a wrong turn. Planfrequent stops on long rides.

KEEPYOUR DISTANCEMaintain close ranks but at the

same time keep a safe distance toallow each rider in the group timeand space to react to hazards. A closegroup takes up less space on thehighway, is easier to see and is lesslikely to be separated. However, itmust be done properly.Don’t Pair Up— Never operatedirectly alongside another rider.There is no place to go if you haveto avoid a car or something on theroad. To talk, wait until you are bothstopped.

Staggered Formation— This is thebest way to keep ranks close yetmaintain an adequate space

GROUPRIDING

34

STAGGERED FORMATION

cushion. The leader rides in the leftside of the lane, while the secondrider stays one second behind inthe right side of the lane.

A third rider maintains in the leftposition, two seconds behind the firstrider. The fourth rider would keep atwo-second distance behind thesecond rider. This formation keepsthe group close and permits eachrider a safe distance from othersahead, behind and to the sides.• Passing in Formation— Ridersin a staggered formation shouldpass one at a time.

• First, the lead rider should pullout and pass when it is safe. Afterpassing, the leader should return tothe left position and continueriding at passing speed to openroom for the next rider.

• After the first rider passes safely,the second rider should move up tothe left position and watch for asafe chance to pass. After passing,this rider should return to the rightposition and open up room for

the next rider.Some people suggest that the

leader should move to the right sideafter passing a vehicle. This is not agood idea. It encourages the secondrider to pass and cut back in beforethere is a large enough space cushionin front of the passed vehicle. It’ssimpler and safer to wait until thereis enough room ahead of the passedvehicle to allow each rider to moveinto the same position held beforethe pass.Single-File Formation— It is bestto move into a single-file formationwhen riding curves, turning,entering or leaving a highway.

35

GROUP PASSING (STAGE 1) GROUP PASSING (STAGE 2)

13 Test YourselfWhen riding in a group,inexperienced riders shouldposition themselves:A. Just behind the leader.B. In front of the group.C. At the tail end of the group.D. Beside the leader.

Answer - page 40

BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDERiding a motorcycle is a demanding and complex task. Skilled riders pay

attention to the riding environment and to operating the motorcycle, identifyingpotential hazards, making good judgments and executing decisions quickly andskillfully. Your ability to perform and respond to changing road and trafficconditions is influenced by how fit and alert you are. Alcohol and other drugs,more than any other factor, degrade your ability to think clearly and to ridesafely. As little as one drink can have a significant effect on your performance.

Let’s look at the risks involved in riding after drinking or using drugs.What to do to protect yourself and your fellow riders is also examined.

WHYTHIS INFORMATIONIS IMPORTANT

Alcohol is a major contributor tomotorcycle crashes, particularly fatalcrashes. Studies show that 40% to45% of all riders killed in motorcyclecrashes had been drinking. Only one-third of those riders had a bloodalcohol concentration above legallimits. The rest had only a few drinksin their systems — enough to impairriding skills. In the past, drug levelshave been harder to distinguish orhave not been separated fromdrinking violations for the trafficrecords. But riding “under theinfluence” of either alcohol or drugsposes physical and legal hazards forevery rider.

Drinking and drug use is as big aproblem among motorcyclists as it isamong automobile drivers.Motorcyclists, however, are morelikely to be killed or severely injuredin a crash. Injuries occur in 90% ofmotorcycle crashes and 33% ofautomobile crashes that involve abuseof substances. On a yearly basis,2,100 motorcyclists are killed andabout 50,000 seriously injured in thissame type of crash. These statisticsare too overwhelming to ignore.

By becoming knowledgeableabout the effects of alcohol and otherdrugs you will see that riding and

substance abuse don’t mix. Takepositive steps to protect yourself andprevent others from injuringthemselves.

ALCOHOLAND OTHERDRUGS IN MOTORCYCLEOPERATION

No one is immune to the effectsof alcohol or drugs. Friends may bragabout their ability to hold their liquoror perform better on drugs, butalcohol or drugs make them less ableto think clearly and perform physicaltasks skillfully. Judgment and thedecision-making processes neededfor vehicle operation are affected longbefore legal limitations are reached.

Many over-the-counter,prescription and illegal drugs haveside effects that increase the risk ofriding. It is difficult to accuratelymeasure the involvement ofparticular drugs in motorcyclecrashes. But we do know what effectsvarious drugs have on the processinvolved in riding a motorcycle. Wealso know that the combined effectsof alcohol and other drugs are moredangerous than either is alone.

ALCOHOL IN THE BODYAlcohol enters the bloodstream

quickly. Unlike most foods and

BEINGINSH

APE

TORIDE

ALCOHOLANDDRUGS

36

beverages, it does not need to bedigested. Within minutes after beingconsumed, it reaches the brain andbegins to affect the drinker. Themajor effect alcohol has is to slowdown and impair bodily functions —both mental and physical. Whateveryou do, you do less well afterconsuming alcohol.

BLOOD ALCOHOLCONCENTRATION

Blood Alcohol Concentration orBAC is the amount of alcohol inrelation to blood in the body.Generally, alcohol can be eliminatedin the body at the rate of almost onedrink per hour. But a variety of otherfactors may also influence the level ofalcohol retained. The more alcohol inyour blood, the greater the degree ofimpairment.

Three factors play a major partin determining BAC:• The amount of alcohol youconsume.

• How fast you drink.• Your body weight.

Other factors also contribute tothe way alcohol affects your system.

Your sex, physical condition and foodintake are just a few that may causeyour BAC level to be even higher.But the full effects of these are notcompletely known. Alcohol may stillaccumulate in your body even ifyou are drinking at a rate of onedrink per hour. Abilities andjudgment can be affected by thatone drink.

A 12-ounce can of beer, a mixeddrink with one shot of liquor and a 5-ounce glass of wine all contain thesame amount of alcohol.

The faster you drink, the morealcohol accumulates in your body. Ifyou drink two drinks in an hour, atthe end of that hour, at least one drinkwill remain in your bloodstream.

Without taking into account anyother factors, these examplesillustrates why time is a critical factorwhen a rider decides to drink.

A person drinking:– Seven drinks over the span of threehours would have at least four (7 – 3= 4) drinks remaining in their systemat the end of the three hours. Theywould need at least another fourhours to eliminate the four remainingdrinks before they consider riding.

ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION

BLO

ODALC

OHOLCONCEN

TRATIO

N

37

– Four drinks over the span of twohours would have at least two (4 – 2= 2) drinks remaining in their systemat the end of the two hours. Theywould need at least another two hoursto eliminate the two remaining drinksbefore they consider riding.

There are times when a largerperson may not accumulate as high aconcentration of alcohol for each drinkconsumed. They have more bloodand other bodily fluids. But becauseof individual differences it is betternot to take the chance that abilitiesand judgment have not been affected.Whether or not you are legallyintoxicated is not the real issue.Impairment of judgment and skillsbegins well below the legal limit.

ALCOHOLAND THE LAWIn most states, a person with a

BAC of .08% or above is consideredintoxicated; in others the legal limit is.10%. It doesn’t matter how soberyou may look or act. The breath orurine test is what usually determineswhether you are riding legally orillegally.

Your chances of being stoppedfor riding under the influence ofalcohol are increasing. Lawenforcement is being stepped upacross the country in response to thesenseless deaths and injuries causedby drinking drivers and riders.

CONSEQUENCES OFCONVICTION

Years ago, first offenders had agood chance of getting off with asmall fine and participation inalcohol-abuse classes. Today the lawsof most states impose stiff penaltieson drinking operators. And thosepenalties are mandatory, meaning

that judges must impose them.If you are convicted of riding

under the influence of alcohol ordrugs, you may receive any of thefollowing penalties:• License Suspension—Mandatory suspension forconviction, arrest or refusal tosubmit to a breath test.

• Fines— Severe fines are anotheraspect of a conviction, usuallylevied with a license suspension.

• Community Service— Performingtasks such as picking up litteralong the highway, washing cars inthe motor-vehicle pool or workingat an emergency ward.

• Costs—Additional lawyer’s feesto pay, lost work time spent incourt or alcohol-educationprograms, public transportationcosts (while your license issuspended) and the addedpsychological costs of beingtagged a “drunk driver.”

MINIMIZE THE RISKSYour ability to judge how well

you are riding is affected first.Although you may be performingmore and more poorly, you think youare doing better and better. The resultis that you ride confidently, takinggreater and greater risks. Minimizethe risks of drinking and riding bytaking steps before you drink.Control your drinking or controlyour riding.

DON’T DRINKDon’t Drink— Once you start,

your resistance becomes weaker.Setting a limit or pacing yourself

are poor alternatives at best. Yourability to exercise good judgment is

ALCOHOLANDTHELAW

MINIM

IZERISKS

38

one of the first things affected byalcohol. Even if you have tried todrink in moderation, you may notrealize to what extent your skills havesuffered from alcohol’s fatiguingeffects.

Or Don’t Ride— If you haven’tcontrolled your drinking, you mustcontrol your riding.• Leave the motorcycle—so you won’t be tempted to ride.Arrange another way to get home.

• Wait— If you exceed yourlimit, wait until your systemeliminates the alcohol and itsfatiguing effects.

STEP IN TOPROTECT FRIENDS

People who have had too much todrink are unable to make a responsibledecision. It is up to others to step inand keep them from taking too great arisk. No one wants to do this — it’suncomfortable, embarrassing andthankless. You are rarely thanked foryour efforts at the time. But thealternatives are often worse.

There are several ways to keepfriends from hurting themselves:• Arrange a safe ride— Providealternative ways for them toget home.

• Slow the pace of drinking—Involve them in other activities.

• Keep them there— Use anyexcuse to keep them from gettingon their motorcycle. Serve themfood and coffee to pass the time.Explain your concerns for theirrisks of getting arrested or hurtor hurting someone else. Take theirkey, if you can.

• Get friends involved— Use peerpressure from a group of friendsto intervene.

It helps to enlist support fromothers when you decide to step in.The more people on your side, theeasier it is to be firm and the harderit is for the rider to resist. Whileyou may not be thanked at thetime, you will never have to say,“If only I had ...”

FATIGUERiding a motorcycle is more

tiring than driving a car. On a longtrip, you’ll tire sooner than you wouldin a car. Avoid riding when tired.Fatigue can affect your control of themotorcycle.• Protect yourself from theelements — Wind, cold, and rainmake you tire quickly. Dresswarmly. A windshield is worth itscost if you plan to ride longdistances.

• Limit your distance— Experi-enced riders seldom try to ridemore than about six hours a day.

• Take frequent rest breaks—Stop and get off the motorcycle atleast every two hours.

• Don’t drink or use drugs—Artificial stimulants often result inextreme fatigue or depressionwhen they start to wear off. Ridersare unable to concentrate on thetask at hand.

FAT

IGUE

39

14 Test YourselfIf you wait one hour per drink for thealcohol to be eliminated from yourbody before riding:A. You cannot be arrested for drinking

and riding.B. Your riding skills will not be

affected.C. Side effects from the drinking may

still remain.D. You will be okay as long as you ride

slowly.Answer - page 40

KNOWLEDGE TEST(Sample Questions)1. It is MOST important to flashyour brake light when:A. Someone is following too closely.B. You will be slowing suddenly.C. There is a stop sign ahead.D. Your signals are not working.

2. The FRONT brake supplies howmuch of the potential stoppingpower?A. About one-quarter.B. About one-half.C. About three-quarters.D. All of the stopping power.

3. To swerve correctly:A. Shift your weight quickly.B. Turn the handlebars quickly.C. Press the handlegrip in thedirection of the turn.

D. Press the handlegrip in theopposite direction of the turn.

4. If a tire goes flat while riding andyou must stop, it is usually best to:A. Relax on the handlegrips.B. Shift your weight toward the goodtire.

C. Brake on the good tire and steer tothe side of the road.

D. Use both brakes and stop quickly.

5. The car below is waiting to enterthe intersection. It is best to:A. Make eye contact with the driver.B. Reduce speed and be ready toreact.

C. Maintain speed and position.D. Maintain speed and move right.

EARNING YOUR LICENSESafe riding requires knowledge and skill. Licensing tests are the best

measurement of the skills necessary to operate safely in traffic. Assessing yourown skills is not enough. People often overestimate their own abilities. It’s evenharder for friends and relatives to be totally honest about your skills. Licensingexams are designed to be scored more objectively.

To earn your license, you must pass a knowledge test and an on-cycle skilltest. Knowledge test questions are based on information, practices and ideasfrom this manual. They require that you know and understand road rules andsafe riding practices. An on-cycle skill test will either be conducted in an actualtraffic environment or in a controlled, off-street area.E

ARNINGYOURLICENSE

KNOWLEDGETEST

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_____________________________________Answers to Test Yourself (previous pages)1-C, 2-D, 3-D, 4-A, 5-B,6-C, 7-D 8-D, 9-C, 10-C,11-D, 12-A, 13-A, 14-C

_____________________________________Answers to above Knowledge Test:1-B, 2-C, 3-C, 4-C, 5-B

ON-MOTORCYCLESKILL TEST

Basic vehicle control andcrash-avoidance skills are included inon-motorcycle tests to determineyour ability to handle normal andhazardous traffic situations.

You may be tested for yourability to:• Know your motorcycle and yourriding limits.

• Accelerate, brake and turnsafely.

• See, be seen and communicatewith others.

• Adjust speed and position to thetraffic situation.

• Stop, turn and swerve quickly.• Make critical decisions and carrythem out.Examiners may score on

factors related to safety such as:• Selecting safe speeds to performmaneuvers.

• Choosing the correct path andstaying within boundaries.

• Completing normal and quickstops.

• Completing normal and quickturns or swerves.

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Diagrams and drawings used in this manual are for reference onlyand are not to correct scale for size of vehicles and distances.

To receive a motorcycle license with full privileges, moststates require that maneuvers be performed as designed.On-motorcycle skill tests are not designed for sidecars or three-wheeledvehicles. Those vehicles maneuver differently than a two-wheeledmotorcycle. Depending on the state, an examiner may follow you on a cartest-route. Restrictions (sidecar, three-wheeled vehicle) may be addeduntil completion of a two-wheeled motorcycle test.

MOTORCYCLES MAKE SENSE –SO DOES PROFESSIONALTRAINING

Motorcycles are inexpensive to operate, fun to ride and easy to park.Unfortunately, many riders never learn critical skills needed to ride safely.

Professional training for beginning and experienced riders prepares them forreal-world traffic situations. Motorcycle Safety Foundation RiderCoursesSM teachand improve such skills as:

• Effective turning • Braking maneuvers • Protective apparel selection• Obstacle avoidance • Traffic strategies • Maintenance

The MotorcycleSafety Foundation’s(MSF) purpose is toimprove the safety ofmotorcyclists on thenation’s streets and highways. In anattempt to reduce motorcycle crashesand injuries, the Foundation has pro-grams in rider education, licensingimprovement, public information andstatistics. These programs are designedfor both motorcyclists and motorists. Anational not-for-profit organization, theMSF is sponsored by BMW, Ducati,Harley-Davidson, Honda, Kawasaki,KTM, Piaggio/Vespa, Suzuki, Triumph,Victory and Yamaha.

The information contained in thispublication is offered for the benefit ofthose who have an interest in riding

motorcycles. The infor-mation has been com-piled from publications,interviews and observa-tions of individuals and

organizations familiar with the use ofmotorcycles, accessories, and training.Because there are many differences inproduct design, riding styles, federal,state and local laws, there may be orga-nizations and individuals who hold dif-fering opinions. Consult your localregulatory agencies for informationconcerning the operation of motor-cycles in your area. Although the MSFwill continue to research, field test andpublish responsible viewpoints on thesubject, it disclaims any liability forthe views expressed herein.

Printing and distribution courtesy ofMotorcycle Safety Foundation

2 Jenner Street, Suite 150, Irvine, CA 92618-3806www.msf-usa.org

Second Revision....................December 1978 Seventh Revision ..................September 1992Third Revision........................February 1981 Eighth Revision........................January 1999Fourth Revision .......................January 1983 Ninth Revision ............................March 2000Fifth Revision...........................October 1987 Tenth Revision..........................January 2002Sixth Revision ...............................April 1991 Eleventh Revision...........................July 2002....................................................................... Twelfth Revision.............................May 2004

Printed in USA 000254

For the basic or experiencedRiderCourse nearest you,call toll free: 800.446.9227