Motivation & Emotion · Motivation & Emotion Psychology – Ms. Montagnon * A psychological process...
Transcript of Motivation & Emotion · Motivation & Emotion Psychology – Ms. Montagnon * A psychological process...
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Motivation & Emotion
Psychology – Ms. Montagnon
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* A psychological process that directs and maintains your behavior toward a goal. * Fueled by motives. * Needs or desires that energize your
behavior.
What is Motivation?
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* Primary, biological motives: * Hunger, thirst, sex, pain reduction,
optimal arousal and aggression * Secondary, social motives: * Achievement, affiliation, autonomy,
curiosity and play
Types of Motives
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* All thought and necessary action comes from our instincts such as curiosity, aggression and sociability. * Instincts are complex, inherited
behavior patterns.
Instinct Theory of Motivation
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* Behavior is motivated by the need to reduce drives. * Need = a motivated state caused by a physiological
deficit * Drive = a state of psychological tension induced by a
need * Hunger * Thirst
* The greater the need, the stronger the drive. * Our body seeks to maintain homeostasis. * An internal steady state to remain balanced
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
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* Primary motives push us to satisfy our biological needs. * Environmental factors pull us to
satisfy social needs. * An incentive is a positive or negative
stimulus that pulls us towards a goal.
Incentive Theory of Motivation
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* Arousal is the level of alertness, wakefulness and activation caused by activity in the CNS. * Yerkes-Dodson Law states that a person will
usually perform most activities best when moderately aroused. * Difficult or new tasks at a lower level of arousal. * Easy or well-known tasks at a higher level of
arousal.
Arousal Theory of Motivation
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* Prioritized needs in order from physiological needs (hunger, thirst) to transcendence (fulfilling spiritual potential in life). * One cannot meet higher needs until
lower needs are met.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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* Hunger * Thirst * Pain Reduction * Sex
Physiological Motives
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* Why do we eat? * Contracting stomach * Low blood sugar * Hypothalamus sends message * Set point * Taste of food * Social eating * Emotional eating
Hunger
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* Why do we drink? * Hypothalamus sends message * Mouth dryness * Habit
Thirst
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* We are motivated to avoid pain by acting in ways to avoid or escape it. * We attempt to eliminate causes of
discomfort.
Pain Reduction
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* Sex drive is controlled by the hypothalamus and the endocrine system. * Hormones increase the sex drive.
Sex
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* Achievement * The need to be successful at something * Affiliation * The need to belong * Approval * The need to be recognized * Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Motivation * Internal motivation * External motivation
Social Motivation
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* Curiosity Motive * Humans are naturally curious – we want to
know * Manipulation Motive * Humans naturally have the desire to
manipulate/touch/explore their environment * Contact Comfort * Harry Harlow – claimed that without being held
for comfort, babies will not develop properly * Babies cry to be held
Inherited Motivation
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* A conscious feeling of pleasantness or unpleasantness accompanied by biological activation and expressive behavior. * Cognitive * Physiological * Behavioral
Emotion
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* Experience the emotion by encountering a physiological feeling first and then the emotion. * You see a snake * Your heart starts pounding * You feel scared
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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* Experience the emotion by feeling the physiological feeling and the emotion simultaneously. * You see a snake * Your heart starts pounding and you
feel scared at the same time
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
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* Experience the emotion by encountering a physiological feeling, cognitively labeling it and then feel the emotion. * You see a snake * Your heart begins pounding * You cognitively label the incident as being
scared by appraising the situation. * You are scared
Schacter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion
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* When we experience an emotion, an opposing emotion will counter the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion.
Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion
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* Anger * Sadness * Contempt * Fear * Disgust * Joy * Surprise
7 Basic Emotions