Chapter 12 ,13 &14

Motivation, Emotion,

Stress & Health

Motivation

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes

and directs behavior

Instinct

complex behavior that is rigidly

patterned throughout a species

and is unlearned

Motivation

Drive-Reduction Theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an

aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates

an organism to satisfy the need

Drive-reducing

behaviors

(eating, drinking)

Need

(e.g., for

food, water)

Drive

(hunger, thirst)

Motivation

Homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balanced or

constant internal state

regulation of any aspect of body

chemistry around a particular level

Incentive

a positive or negative environmental

stimulus that motivates behavior

Maslow’s Hierarchy of

Needs begins at the

base with

physiological

needs that must

first be satisfied

then higher-level

safety needs

become active

then

psychological

needs become

active

Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s

fullest and unique potential

Esteem needs Need for self-esteem,

achievement, competence, and independence; need for

recognition and respect from others

Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and

predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong

and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Motivation-Hunger

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in

the blood

provides the major source of

energy for body tissues

when its level is low, we feel

hunger

Motivation-Hunger

Set Point

the point at which an individual’s

“weight thermostat” is supposedly set

when the body falls below this weight,

an increase in hunger and a lowered

metabolic rate may act to restore the

lost weight

Basal Metabolic Rate

body’s base rate of energy expenditure

Motivation-Hunger

The

hypothalamus

controls

eating and

other body

maintenance

functions

Motivation-Hunger

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa

when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

usually an adolescent female

Bulimia Nervosa

disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Sexual Motivation

Sex

a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values

Sexual Response Cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson excitement

plateau

orgasm

resolution

Sexual Motivation

Refractory Period

resting period after orgasm, during

which a man cannot achieve another

orgasm

Estrogen

a sex hormone, secreted in greater

amounts by females than by males

Sexual Motivation

Sexual Orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward

members of either one’s own gender

(homosexual orientation) or the other

gender (heterosexual orientation)

Motivation at Work

Flow

a completely, involved, focused state of

consciousness, with diminished awareness of

self and time, resulting from optimal

engagement of one’s skills

Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology

the application of psychological concepts and

methods to optimizing human behavior in

workplaces

Motivation at Work

Personnel Psychology

sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on

employee recruitment, selection, placement,

training, appraisal, and development

Organizational Psychology

Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines

organizational influences on worker

satisfaction and productivity and facilitates

organizational change

Motivation at Work

Structured Interview

process that asks the same job-

relevant questions of all applicants

rated on established scales

Achievement Motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment

for mastery of things, people, or ideas

for attaining a high standard

Motivation

Task Leadership

goal-oriented leadership that sets

standards, organizes work, and focuses

attention on goals

Social Leadership

group-oriented leadership that builds

teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers

support

Motivation

Theory X

assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money

workers should be directed from above

Theory Y

assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

Emotion

Emotion

a response of the whole

organism

physiological arousal

expressive behaviors

conscious experience

James-Lange

Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of

physiological responses to emotion-

arousing stimuli

Fear

(emotion)

Pounding

heart

(arousal)

Sight of

oncoming

car

(perception of

stimulus)

Cannon-Bard

Theory of Emotion

Emotion-arousing

stimuli simultaneously

trigger:

physiological

responses

subjective experience

of emotion

Sight of

oncoming

car

(perception of

stimulus)

Pounding

heart

(arousal)

Fear

(emotion)

Emotion-

Lie Detectors

Polygraph

machine commonly used in attempts to

detect lies

measures several of the physiological

responses accompanying emotion

perspiration

cardiovascular

breathing changes

Emotion--

Lie Detectors

Is 70% accuracy good?

Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually

guilty

test all employees

285 will be wrongly accused

What about 95% accuracy?

Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty

test all employees (including 999 innocents)

50 wrongly declared guilty

1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

Experienced Emotion

Catharsis

emotional release

catharsis hypothesis

“releasing” aggressive energy (through

action or fantasy) relieves aggressive

urges

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people’s tendency to be helpful when

already in a good mood

Experienced Emotion

Subjective Well-Being

self-perceived happiness or

satisfaction with life

used along with measures of

objective well-being

physical and economic indicators

to evaluate people’s quality of life

Experienced Emotion

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

tendency to form judgments relative to a

“neutral” level

brightness of lights

volume of sound

level of income

defined by our prior experience

Relative Deprivation

perception that one is worse off relative to

those with whom one compares oneself

Stress and Health

Behavioral Medicine

interdisciplinary field that integrates

behavioral and medical knowledge and

applies that knowledge to health and disease

Health Psychology

subfield of psychology that provides

psychology’s contribution to behavioral

medicine

Stress and Illness

Leading causes of death in the US in 1900

and 2000

Stress and Illness

Stress

the process by

which we

perceive and

respond to

certain events,

called stressors,

that we appraise

as threatening or

challenging

Pituitary hormone in the

bloodstream stimulates

the outer part of the adrenal

gland to release the stress

hormone cortisol

Sympathetic nervous

system releases the

stress hormones

epinephrine and

norepinephrine

from nerve endings

in the inner part of

the adrenal glands

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Adrenal glands

Cerebral cortex (perceives stressor)

Stress and Illness

General

Adaptation

Syndrome

Selye’s concept

of the body’s

adaptive

response to

stress in three

stages

Stress

resistance

Phase 1 Alarm

reaction (mobilize

resources)

Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor)

Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted)

The body’s resistance to stress can

last only so long before exhaustion sets in

Stressor

occurs

Stressful Life Events

Catastrophic Events

earthquakes, combat stress, floods

Life Changes

death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job,

promotion

Daily Hassles

rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress,

burnout

Stressful Life Events

Chronic Stress by Age

Stress and the Heart

Coronary Heart Disease

clogging of the vessels that

nourish the heart muscle

leading cause of death in many

developed countries

Stress and the Heart

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for

competitive, hard-driving, impatient,

verbally aggressive, and anger-prone

people

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for

easygoing, relaxed people

Stress and Disease

Psychophysiological Illness

“mind-body” illness

any stress-related physical illness

some forms of hypertension

some headaches

distinct from hypochondriasis--

misinterpreting normal physical

sensations as symptoms of a disease

Stress and Disease

Lymphocytes

two types of white blood cells that are

part of the body’s immune system

B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow

and release antibodies that fight bacterial

infections

T lymphocytes form in the thymus and,

among other duties, attack cancer cells,

viruses, and foreign substances

Stress and Disease

Conditioning of

immune

suppression

UCS

(drug)

UCR

(immune

suppression)

UCS

(drug)

UCR

(immune

suppression)

CS

(sweetened

water)

CS

(sweetened

water) CR

(immune

suppression)

Stress and Disease

Negative emotions and health-related

consequences

Unhealthy behaviors

(smoking, drinking,

poor nutrition and sleep)

Persistent stressors

and negative

emotions

Release of stress

hormones

Heart

disease

Immune

suppression

Autonomic nervous system effects

(headaches, hypertension)

Promoting Health

Aerobic

Exercise

sustained

exercise that

increases heart

and lung fitness

Depression

score

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3 Before treatment

evaluation

After treatment

evaluation

No-treatment group

Aerobic exercise

group

Relaxation treatment

group

Promoting Health

Biofeedback

system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state blood pressure

muscle tension

Promoting Health

Complementary and Alternative

Medicine

unproven health care treatments not

taught widely in medical schools, not

used in hospitals, and not usually

reimbursed by insurance companies