Motivation

• Definition• Views• Types• Theories

Case Study• Charlie is a vice-captain and defender on the college team. • The team does not have outstanding talent, but if everyone

gives maximum effort and plays together, the team should have a successful season.

• If the team is losing, Charlie becomes frustrated with some of the teammates who don’t seem to try as hard as Charlie.

• Despite being more talented, these players don’t seek out challenges, are not as motivated, and in the presence of adversity often give up.

• Charlie wonders what can be done to motivate some of his teammates.

Motivation

• The direction and intensity of one’s effort (Sage, 1977)

– What is direction of effort?• Whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted

to certain situations

– What is intensity of effort?• How much effort a person puts forth in a particular situation

– Can you put in too much effort?

Worksheet

• Give an example of how the direction of your effort has varied in sport or exercise.

• Give an example of how the intensity of your effort has varied in sport or exercise.

Views on motivation are similar to the approaches to personality

Motivation

Trait-centred•Personality• Interests•Needs•Goals

Situation-centred•Facility attractiveness

•Leader/coach style•Team performance

Interactional

Worksheet

• What are your own main motivations for partaking in sport/exercise?

• What are the key points of the situation-centred view of motivation? Provide sporting examples.

• What are the key points of the situation-centred view of motivation? Provide sporting examples.

Case Study: the Psychologist’s approach

1. Consider both trait- and situation- centred approach

2. Understand the multiple motives for their participation

3. Change the environment to enhance motivation4. Influence motivation5. Use behaviour modification to change

undesirable Participant Motives

Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation

• Intrinsic– Participation for enjoyment– Three parts• Accomplishment• Stimulation• Knowledge

• Extrinsic– Participation for reward

Worksheet

• Is it intrinsic or extrinsic motivation that is predominant in children? How does this change with age? What are the dangers?

Achievement motivation and competitiveness

• A person’s efforts to master a task, achieve excellence, overcome obstacles, perform better than others, and take pride in exercising talent (Murray, 1938)

• Factors include– Personality– Situation– Tendencies– Emotion– Behaviour

Athlete categories (Atkinson, 1974; McClelland,1961)

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How can coaches change NAF athletes to NACH athletes

• Let them experience success• Raise their confidence• Use positive reinforcement• Set SMARTER goals• Use role models• Control arousal levels

Attribution theory (Weiner, 1985, 1986)

• How people explain their successes and failuresBasic attribution categories

Stability

Stable Unstable

Locus of causality

Internal External

Locus of control

In one’s control

Out of one’s control

Attribution theory (Weiner, 1985, 1986)

• How people explain their successes and failures

Basic attribution categories

Stability

Stable Unstable

Locus of causality

Internal External

Locus of control

In one’s control

Out of one’s control