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Transcript of Motivation
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MotivationMotivation
INTC 5110
Fall 2010
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Paradigms and MotivationParadigms and Motivation
• Behaviorist view• Rewards, reinforcements and punishments
• Cognitive Processing• Internal cognition due to extrinsic rewards
and consequences• Can also be intrinsic – cognition based on
internal drives
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Paradigms and MotivationParadigms and Motivation
• Objectivist view• Find the motivation and provide it to the learner
• Constructivist view• Each person has their own motivations based on
meaning they associate
• Social Learning• Contextual and cultural influences on what is valued
and strength of motivation
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Sources of MotivationSources of Motivation
• Curiosity
• Variance of instruction
• Imagination/Fantasy
• Problems
• Choice
• Relevance
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Goal SettingGoal Setting
• Set by Individual and/or Instructor?• Explicit Better than General• Increase in Difficulty• Proximal (close & quick) over Distal
(distant)• Performance vs. Learning• Motive Matching - aligned with learner
motives
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Self-Efficacy (Bandura)Self-Efficacy (Bandura)• Learner Beliefs about themselves • Difficulty of Task
• Performance accomplishments (past success)• Vicarious experience (successful model)• Verbal persuasion (convinced of capability)• Physiological states (gut feeling)
• Outcome of Task• Personal value of achieving goal/task
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ConsequencesConsequences• Natural consequences (learning more=doing
more)• Positive consequences (rewards)• Intrinsic motivation vs. extrinsic• Attribution Theory
• We have a need to attribute cause to successes and failures
• Search for understanding of success/failure• Internal vs. External• Stable vs. Unstable• Controllable vs. Uncontrollable
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Keller ARCS ModelKeller ARCS Model
• Here is one of the original publications of the model
• A resource is at http://ide.ed.psu.edu/idde/ARCS.htm
• Another resource: http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-1/motivation.htm
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Keller ARCS ModelKeller ARCS Model• Attention
• Arousing and sustaining curiosity and interest
• Relevance• Link to learners' needs, interests, and motives
• Confidence• Positive expectation for successful achievement
• Satisfaction• Provide extrinsic and intrinsic reinforcement for
effort
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ARCS StrategiesARCS Strategies
• Use unexpected and novel approaches
• Use engaging problems
• Vary presentation styles
• Relate to personal goals
• Build on previous positive experiences
• Build expectation via goals/objectives
• Allow for immediate use of learning
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ARCS ARCS Design Design ProcessProcess
Analyze audience and create a profileDefine motivational objectivesDesign motivational strategyTry and revise
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ConclusionConclusion
• Many takes on motivation
• Very difficult to quantify and measure• Changing variables• Internal process
• Important as a first step in almost all learning