MOTIVATING AND SUPPORTING FACULTY - JoSSR
Transcript of MOTIVATING AND SUPPORTING FACULTY - JoSSR
Journal of Student Success and Retention Vol. 3, No. 1, October 2016
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MOTIVATINGANDSUPPORTINGFACULTYINNEWTECHNOLOGY‐BASEDSTUDENTSUCCESSINITIATIVES:ANEXPLORATIONOFCASESTUDIESON
TECHNOLOGYACCEPTANCE
MelissaIrvinTennesseeTechUniversity
Abstract
Highereducationinstitutionsareincreasinglyimplementingtechnologytoolsasakey
componentofstudentsuccessinitiatives.Becausefacultyareanessentialpartofany
studentsuccessprogramming,itisimportanttheyareabletoeffectivelyengagewiththese
studentsuccesstechnologyresources.Byexaminingtwoinstancesoftechnology
implementation,theauthorsidentifypotentialstrategiesandcommonroadblocksduring
programimplementation.Thisarticlereviewstheoriesonfacultymotivation,aswellas
technologyadoptioncycles,tomakerecommendationstoassistinstitutionsand
administratorsinidentifyingstrategiesthatcanresultinincreasedbuy‐inandengagement
withtechnologyresources.
Keywords:facultymotivation,technologyacceptance,innovationadoption,program,
implementation,changemanagement
Inan“InsideHigherEducation”opinionessay(October7,2014),PhilipAltbachand
MartinFinkelstein’sopeningsentenceencapsulatestheopinionsofmanyaboutthe
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pressureandexpectationsplacedonfacultyinhighereducationtoday:“Theacademic
professionissqueezedfromallsides.”Thisincreasingpressureisgeneratedfromexternal
opinionsabouttheefficacyoffacultymembers,highereducationreformoriginatingatthe
stateandfederallevels,anddecliningresourcesinhighereducation(Altbach&Finkelstein,
2014;Blackburn&Lawrence,1995).Facultymembershavealwaysstruggledtoreconcile
theirmultiplecompetingrolesandresponsibilities(Baldwin&Blackburn,1981);however,
thewheelsofchange,particularlyoverthelastfivetotenyears,continuetogrindsteadily
forwardandregularlyintroducingnewtasks.Despitethesechallenges,institutionsexpect
facultyatalllevelstoengageconsistentlyinvariousways,butmanyarereluctant(orfeel
unable)todosoeffectively.
Oneoftheincreasinglydemandingareasoffacultyinvolvementisstudentsuccess.
Institutionsareinvestingintechnologyresources,suchaslearningmanagementsystems
(LMS)andpredictivemodeling,tobetteridentify,track,andengagewithstudentsto
improvesuccess(Buchanan,Sainter,&Saunders,2013).Thisrequiresthoseinvolvedwith
studentsuccesstolearntotrustandusethesetoolseffectively.Thisarticleexplores
effectivestrategiesadministratorscanusetoencouragefacultyengagementwithstudent
successtechnologytoolsthroughthelensoftwocasestudiesontheimplementation
process.Byreflectingonasuccessfulimplementation,aswellasaseparateinitiativethat
struggledtogarnerbuy‐in,thisarticlewillhighlightpotentialobstaclesandutilizeresearch
onfacultymotivationandinnovationadoptioncyclestodiscernsomemethodsthatcan
resultinmorefacultybuy‐inandinterestinengagementopportunities.
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CaseStudy#1:FlightPathAttendanceInitiative
ProgramOverview
In2013,theOfficeofEnrollmentManagementandStudentSuccessatTennessee
TechnologicalUniversitybeganeffortstoimplementtheFlightPathAttendanceInitiative.
Thisinitiativewasdesignedtobeacentralprogrammaticelementfor“Improvingthe
UndergraduateStudentExperience,”oneoftheuniversity’sfourfocusareaswithinthe
institutionalstrategicplan.TheprimaryfocusofFlightPathistoencourageconsistentclass
attendancebyfreshmen.Regularclassattendanceisconsideredamajorfactorin
determiningtheacademicsuccessoffreshmen.Thisinitiativerepresentsacollaborative
effortamongmultipleofficeswithinbothAcademicAffairsandStudentServices,including
departmentalfaculty,ResidentialLife,RetentionServices,andacademicsupportstaff.Itis
designedtoidentifyandsupportfirst‐yearstudentswithdocumentedcourseabsencesby
utilizingearlyinterventioncontactsfromtrainedmembersoftheResidentialLifestaff,as
wellasRetentionServices,toensurestudentsareconnectedwithfaculty,staffandservices
specificallyallocatedtofacilitatetheirsuccess.
FlightPathisnotamandatoryattendancepolicy:itdoesnotrequirefacultytokeep
regularattendancerecordsortoincorporateattendanceintothecourserequirements.
Insteadthisprogramshouldbecharacterizedasatypeofformativeassessment,muchlike
midtermgrades,toshareinformationwithotherstudentservicesprofessionalsearlyinthe
student’sclassroomexperiencetodetermineifstudentsareprogressingwellorareinneed
ofanintervention.TennesseeTechUniversitydoesnotrequirefacultytotakeattendance
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butencouragesandmotivatesfacultytoconsistentlyvolunteerattendanceinformation
abouttheirstudentsthroughtheprogram’sdesignandadministration.
RetentionServicesreceivesallattendancedataandcompilesitintoanExcel
spreadsheetfordistributiontoResidentialLifestafftoinitiateFlightPathcontacts.Again,
forthepurposesoftheFlightPathinitiative,itisnotnecessarytohavedailyattendance
reportsfromfacultyeachtimeacoursemeets.Anyinformationthatisshareddaily,weekly
orintermittentlyisincorporatedintotheprogramandusedtodeterminewhichstudents
requireinterventions.Onceastudenthastwodocumentedabsencesinthesamecourse,
theOfficeofRetentionServiceswillrequestoneoftwodifferentFlightPathcontact
methods:1)abriefvisitfromaResidentAdvisorforon‐campusstudents;or2)abrief
phonecallfromRetentionServicesforcommutingstudents.
ImplementationofFlightPath
Inordertofocusonfirst‐yearstudents,therecruitmenteffortsforfaculty
participationfocusedonfull‐timeandadjunctfacultywhoteach1000‐levelcoursesaswell
asGeneralEducationcourses.TheOfficeoftheProvostandtheOfficeofEnrollment
ManagementandStudentSuccess(EMSS)weretheprimarypointsofcontactthroughout
theinitialcommunicationstagebeforethepilotversionoftheprogramlaunchedinthefall
of2013.Communicationaboutthisinitiative’spilotsemesterstartedwiththeacademic
deansandotherfacultymembersinkeyleadershippositions,suchasFacultySenate;they
wereprovidedinformationaboutFlightPath’sroleintheuniversity’sstrategicplanand
detailsabouttheprogramdesign.Theuniversityalsocollaboratedwithanoutsidevendor
toaddattendancecapabilitiestotheinstitution’smobiletechnologyandtodesignan
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accompanyingweb‐basedplatformtologattendancereports.Additionally,EMSShireda
facultyconsultantwithexperienceimplementingattendanceprogramstoassistin
implementationofthisprogram,particularlywithtrainingeffortsforResidentialLife.
Duringtheinauguralsemester,EMSScontactedparticipatingfaculty(n=293)via
emailduringthefirstweekofthesemesterasareminderforparticipatingintheprogram.
Whiletherewassomelimitedparticipationbyfacultyintheearlyweeks,involvement
droppedsharplyastheprogram’sweaknesswereuncovered.Theprimarychallengewas
theattendancetechnology:theattendancewebmoduleandsupportingmobileapplication
wereunreliableandnotassimpletouseasoriginallyconceived.Inaddition,thepositionof
DirectorofRetentionServiceshadnotyetbeenhired,soitwasdifficulttocoordinateand
communicateconsistentlywithfacultythroughoutthesemester.OncetheDirectorwas
hired,effortsweremadetofollowupwithfacultywhohadattemptedtoparticipatein
FlightPath(17%oftheparticipatingfaculty)tocollectfeedbackpriortothespring
semester.
A10‐questionsurveywassentto52facultymembers.18participants(34%)
submittedthefollowingresponses:
77.7%tookattendanceateveryclassmeeting. 94.4%consistentlytookattendancethroughoutthesemester. 27.7%indicated“limitedtime”wasthelargestobstacleofrecordingattendance,
followedby“concernsaboutstudentdeception”(22%). 72.2%hadattemptedtousetheAttendanceWebpagetologattendanceandover
half(55.6%)useditthemajorityofthetime. 50%foundtheWebAttendancesite“VeryorSomewhatEasy”touse.
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Veryfewoftheprofessorsusedmobiletechnologytorecordattendance:50%usedadesktoporlaptop,followedby39%whousedapen&paper.
50%remainopentotheideaofattendancebutfelttheprogram’simplementationhadbeendifficultand/oradjustmentsshouldbemadetoimprovementeffectiveness.
ThemostcommonresponsesabouthowFlightPathcouldbeimprovedwere:o 33.3%wantedimprovedaccuracy&efficiencyofthedata;o 27.8%wantedmoreinformationaboutthepurposeandexpectedoutcomes
ofFlightPath;ando 27.8%wantedadditionaltrainingonusingtechnologytorecordattendance.
Movingintothespringsemester,theDirectorofRetentionServicesscaledbackthe
programtoonlyincludeafractionoftheprofessors(n=63)fromthefallpilotgroupto
addressmanyofthecommentsfromthefeedbacksurvey.Theuseofthemobileapp’s
attendancefeaturewassuspendedandmorefocuswasplacedonimprovingthereliability
andeaseofuseofthewebplatform.TheDirectormadebriefpresentationsatseveral
Januaryfacultymeetings,aswellasatthenewfacultyorientation,toimprovethelevelof
understandingaboutthepurposeanddesignoftheFlightPath.Anewcommunicationplan
wasdevelopedtoincludeanintroductoryemailandfourfollow‐upremindersalignedwith
keydatesontheacademiccalendar(e.g.,lastdaytoaddaclass)toencourageparticipation.
Finally,theFlightPathandAttendancewebsiteswereredesignedbothtobecomemore
explanatory(e.g.,attendanceresearch)andtoprovideresourcerepositories(e.g.,FAQsand
directionswithscreenshots)forfacultytoreferencewhenloggingattendanceinformation.
Unfortunately,therewerecontinuingtechnicalproblemswiththeattendancewebportal
thatpreventedconsistentreporting;however,anecdotallyfacultyseemedmore
comfortablewiththeprogramanditsgoalsbasedonthefeedbackviaemailsandphone
calls.
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Itbecameapparentthattechnologyissuespresentedamajorroadblocktothe
successfulimplementationofFlightPath.Overthenextfewmonths,upgradesweremade
andmoreextensivetestingwasconductedtobetterensurethewebplatform’sreliability.
WhenFlightPathlaunchedagaininthefallof2014,itwaswiththeoriginal,largernumber
offacultymembers(n=277)usingtheexpandedcommunicationsplanfromthespringand
bettertechnologysupport.Facultyparticipationincreasedfrom52participantsinfall2013
to118participantsinfall2014:thisnumberconstituted42.6%ofthefacultymembers
whowerecontactedtoparticipateinthisinitiative.Equallyasimportant,almostonethird
oftheparticipantssubmittedanattendancereportatleastthreetimesduringthesemester.
Thisincreaseinfacultyinvolvementcontributedtoimprovementsintheprogram’sability
tocontactmorestudentsthroughoutthesemester:theOfficeofRetentionServices
contacted462studentsinthefallof2014,comparedtocontactingfewerthan100during
thefallof2013.Anecdotalreportsfromfacultyalsoindicatedhigherincidentsofstudents
reengagingwithclassafterabsences.
CaseStudy#2:StudentSuccessCollaborative
ProgramOverview
Inthespringof2014,TennesseeTechnologicalUniversityalsobegantheprocessof
implementingEducationAdvisoryBoard’s(EAB)StudentSuccessCollaborative.EAB
providesacombinationofpredictiveanalyticssoftware,researchandconsultingtosupport
successinitiativesattwo‐yearandfour‐yearuniversities.Thedecisiontoutilizethe
StudentSuccessCollaborative(“Collaborative”)alsosupportstheuniversity’sstrategic
plantoimproveundergraduatestudentsuccessbyprovidingqualityandconsistent
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academicadvising.TheCollaborativeisadynamictechnologytoolthatutilizespredictive
analyticstoassessastudent’saptitudeinaparticularmajorandtheirlikelihoodtopersist
tograduationinthatmajor.TheCollaborativeallowsadvisorstoproactivelyassess
student’sfitinamajor,identifyat‐riskstudentsinatimeliermanner,andofferappropriate
interventionstoassiststudentswithmakingprogresstowardgraduation.
TheCollaborativeusesnineyearsofTennesseeTechUniversity’shistoricalstudent
datatoformthebasisofitspredictiveanalytics.Themodelusespre‐enrollmentdata(such
ashighschoolGPA,testscores,homezipcode,gender,transferinstitutionandcredit,etc.)
aswellascurrentstudentcourseinformation(suchascoursegradesandcredit
accumulation).Theplatformoffersadvisorstheopportunitytoseehowcurrentlyenrolled
studentscomparetopaststudentswhosuccessfullygraduatedfromthesamemajor.The
Collaborativeassignseachstudentarisklevel(low,moderate,orhigh)basedonthe
previouslymentionedfactorsandassesseswhetherstudentsareatriskforbeingunableto
successfullycompletetheirchosenmajor.Theplatformassignsrisklevelstoother
TennesseeTechmajorsincaseastudentneedstorequestachangeofmajor.The
Collaborativealsooffersinstitutionalreportsexaminingstudentsuccessdata,suchasfirst‐
termGPA,whichcanassistacademicadministratorswithmakingcurricularchangesthat
couldbenefitandenhanceprogresstowardsgraduation.
ImplementationoftheCollaborative
TheStudentSuccessCollaborativewasstartedasapilotprojectinsummer2014
withfouracademicprogramsfromfourcollegesusingprofessionaladvisorsandasmall
numberoffacultyadvisors.TheEABconsultantcametocampusandconductedtraining
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withtheadvisors,heldopenforumsessionsforfacultyandadministrativestaffwhowere
notinthepilotgroup,andheldin‐depthsessionswithdeans,assistantdeans,andkey
facultyandadministrativestaffwithinthepilotcolleges.Thesein‐depthsessionswere
usedtocreatecustomizedcurricularmilestonescourses(i.e.,successmarkers)andto
explaintheinformationthatcanbegleanedfromthistool.Theywerealsousedtogenerate
interestamongthedeansforaccessingkeystudent‐andprogram‐leveldatathatwerenot
easilyaccessibleelsewhere.
Infall2014,thedirectorsofRetentionServicesandAdvisementServiceswere
chargedwithexpandingtheuseoftheCollaborativeacrosscampus.Tocompletethe
expansion,over100majorsandconcentrationsneededsuccessmarkers,professional
advisingstaffandfacultyadvisorsrequiredtraining,andtheproject’sleadsstillneeded
increasedengagementfromdeansanddepartmentchairs.Thefirstchallengewasto
garnerbuy‐infromthedeans,departmentchairs,andfacultyadvisors.Thisstartedby
attendingaDeans’Councilmeetingtodiscusstheprojectandexplainwhatwasneeded
fromtheirunits.ThedirectorsofRetentionServicesandAdvisementServicessentfollow‐
upemailsandscheduledindividualmeetingswitheachacademicunit.Meetingswithall
sevenacademicdeanswereconducted,andafterwardemailsweredistributedthat
explicitlystatedwhatwasrequiredtomoveforwardwiththeCollaborative.Additional
meetingswithsomedepartmentchairswerealsoscheduledwithcorrespondingemails
sentaftertheirconclusion.Twomonthslater,theEABconsultantreturnedtocampusto
conducttrainingforacademicadministratorsandfaculty.Unfortunately,sincethe
individualdepartmentmeetingsinthefall,veryfewofthedepartmentshadshownany
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interestinactivelyutilizingtheCollaborative.Despitethefactthedataworkshopwas
scheduledinresponsetotheseadministrators’requestsforadditionalinformation,only
oneDeanfromthesevenacademicunitsattended;thiswasafrustratingdevelopmentand
aclearindicationofthelackofprogress.
Duetothelackoffeedback,itwasalsoexceedinglydifficulttoascertainhowand
wheretoproceed.Forexample,immediatelyaftertheworkshop,adepartmentchair
communicatedthathewasunsurewhathisresponsibilitieswereregardingimplementing
theCollaborative,despitestaffeffortstocommunicateearlierintheterm.Althoughinitial
outreachexplainedwhatthegoalsofthisinitiativewere,directorsallowedeach
departmenttodeterminethebestwayandtimingtoproceed;thiswasanattemptto
reassureeachdepartmentthattheystillhadinputandcontrolduringthisprocess.
Unbeknownsttotheprojectleads,thelackofdetailswasperceivedasambiguity,which
translatedintouncertaintyaboutwhatneededtobedone.Thisinteractionrevealedthat
whilefacultymemberswantautonomy,thereisalsoaneedandadesireforstructurewhen
itcomestoadministrativetasks.Asaresultofthesechallenges,themajorityofacademic
departmentsandfacultyadvisorshaveyettoviewtheCollaborativeasanimportant
studentsuccessresource.Thistechnologywillcontinuetobeanongoingprojectacross
campus;earlysuccessesinutilizationbytheprofessionaladvisorsintheacademicStudent
SuccessCentersareencouraging.In2014,Collaborativeusersloggedapproximately3,000
loginsandover9,500studentstatusupdates.(Studentstatusupdatesallowadvisorsand
administratorstotrackmodesofstudentcontactincludingone‐on‐oneappointments,
groupadvising,emailsandphonecalls.)Thefollowingyear,utilizationincreasedto7,800
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loginsand12,000statusupdates.Thedirectors,aswellasotherswithinEnrollment
Management,believecontinueduseoftheCollaborativewillcreatemorecoordinated
studentsupporteffortsacrosscampusoffices.Theserevelationshavespurredthe
considerationanddesignofanew,morefocuseddirectivecampaignwithinacademicareas
withspecifieddeliverablesanddeadlinesforcompletion.
WhatMakesItWork:Motivation&Buy‐In
ResearchonFacultyMotivation:ExpectancyTheory
Afterconsideringthedifferentlevelsofsuccessinfacilitatingfacultyengagement
withinthesetwoinitiatives,itisclearthatitisessentialtobetterunderstandthe
conditionsandfactorsthatinfluencefacultyengagement—especiallyfacultymotivation:
Aricherunderstandingoffacultyperspectivesisessentialtosystemicchangebecausesuchchangemustultimatelybeenactedatthepersonallevelasindividualfacultyenterclassrooms,interactwithstudents,andmakechoicesaboutwhattostudyandhowtodesignresearchprograms.(Matusovich,Paretti,McNair,&Hixson,2014,p.304)
Studiesonfacultymotivationinhighereducationhaveexaminedavarietyofissues,
includinginterestinteaching,commitmenttoresearch,androletheories(Matusovichet
al.,2014;Chenetal.,2006;Mowday&Nam,1997;Blackburn&Lawrence,1995).While
individualfacultymembershavetheabilityandauthoritytodeterminetheirownbehavior,
thesocialnormswithintheacademicprofessionandtheinstitution’scampusculturealso
influencewhatbehaviorsareconsideredworthwhileandwhichareundesirable
(Blackburn&Lawrence,1995;Faia,1980).
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Aparticularlycompellingareaofresearchisexpectancytheory,whichpositsthatan
individualdecideshowtobehavebaseduponabehavior’smostlikelyoutcomeandthe
valueofthatexpectedoutcome(Chenetal.,2006;Blackburn&Lawrence,1995).
Expectancytheorysuggeststhatindividualsareonlymotivatedtoactiftheyperceivetheir
actionswillleadtoadesirableandbeneficialoutcome.Thistheoryissalientinthiscontext
becauseitrecognizesboththeindividual’sautonomyandtheimpactofthesocial
environment,inthiscasehighereducationandfacultyroleswithinhighereducation
(Matusovichetal.,2014;Mowday&Nam,1997;Blackburn&Lawrence,1995).Applying
expectancytheorytofacultymotivationinvolvestheconsiderationofthreekey
components;Hancock(1996)definestheseasexpectancy,instrumentality,andvalence.
Expectancyisdefinedasthefacultymember’sbeliefintheirabilitytoeffectivelyperform
thegiventask,instrumentalityistheassumptionthatthetaskwillresultincertain
outcomes,andvalenceistheperceptionthattheexpectedoutcomeisbothdesirableand
valued(Hancock,1996).
Thesethreefactorsareimportantinunderstandinganddevelopingfaculty
engagementinnewinitiativesoncampus.First,iftheinitialfactorinfluencingmotivationis
theexpectationofsuccess,facultymembersaremorelikelytoengageinactivitiesthatthey
feelcompetenttocompletesuccessfully(Matusovichetal.,2014;Mowday&Nam,1997;
Hancock,1996;Blackburn&Lawrence,1995).Itisnotunexpected,then,thatfacultywould
bereluctanttousetechnologyorstrategiesrequiringneworunfamiliarskills.Next,the
goalsoftheinitiativesandtheexpectedoutcomesmustbeclearlycommunicated,sothat
facultymembersarenotforcedtomakeassumptionsaboutwhattheinstitution’sexpected
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outcomesareinanygivencontext(Matusovichetal.,2014;Hancock,1996).Finally,itis
imperativetheoutcomesthefacultyexpecttoreceivefromtheirinvolvementarepositive
andpersonallybeneficial,aswellasdirectlyrelatedtotheirperceivedroleasafaculty
member(Matusovichetal.,2014;Mowday&Nam,1997;Hancock,1996).Thisfinalfactor
isespeciallyimportanttoconsiderbecausefacultydeemopportunitiesforprofessional
growthandadvancementassomeofthemostpivotalmomentsduringtheircareer
(Baldwin&Blackburn,1981).
Inaddition,thevalenceofoutcomesassociatedwithprofessionalactivitiesis
complextounderstandbecauseitisareflectionofboththeindividual’svaluesand
environment(Mowday&Nam,1997;Blackburn&Lawrence,1995).Blackburnand
Lawrence(1995)notedthatitwastheinterrelatednatureoftheintrinsicfactorofself‐
knowledge,suchasperceivedlevelofcompetence,andtheextrinsicfactorofsocial
knowledge,suchastheperceptionofenvironmentalexpectations,thatcanbestdetermine
facultybehavior.Whilefacultyhighlyvaluetheirautonomy(Matusovichetal.,2014;
Blackburn&Lawrence,1995),thenormsandbehaviorsappreciatedandvaluedbythe
campusculturecaninfluencehowfacultymembersdeterminethelikelihoodofreceiving
desiredrewardsfromdifferenttypesofworkorengagement(Mowday&Nam,1997).For
example,evenifanEnglishprofessorconsidersteachingasherprimaryroleather
institution,iftheadministrationexpandsandpromotesrecognitionandrewardsrelatedto
researchactivities,theprofessormayadaptherworkprioritiestoincludeincreased
researchactivitiesmorelikelytogarnerprofessionaladvancement.
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Lastly,facultyexperienceincreasedrolestrain(pressurecausedbythedemandsto
performmultiplerolesortocompletecompetingtaskswithinasinglerole)whentheyare
presentedwithnewresponsibilities.Thiscannegativelyaffecttheirfeelingsofefficacyand
performance(Faia,1980).Thismeansthatfacultymustconsidernotonlythepositive
benefitstheycouldearnbyincreasingengagementwithanewactivityorskill,butalsothe
potentiallynegativeimpactofspendinglesstimeonotherpursuitsthathaveprovided
valuedoutcomesinthepast,suchasteaching,research,orgrant‐writing(Matusovichetal.,
2014;Hancock,1996).Blackburn&Lawrence(1995)summarizethischallengebest:
“Whatbothersthem[faculty]mostisthattheydonothaveenoughtimetoaccomplishall
thatisontheiragenda”(p.295).Thisinvolvedandnuancedcost/benefitevaluationmay
explainwhyfacultycitethepressurefromtheirworkloadasthegreatestsourceofstress
withintheirworkplace(Baldwin&Blackburn,1981).
ResearchonTechnologyAdoption
Withtheever‐increasingnumberofresponsibilitiesinhighereducationcomesthe
growinguseoftechnology;computers,softwareprogramsandotherapplicationsareoften
viewedasapanaceatohelpalleviatethepressuresofanindividual’sworkload.However,
researchshowsthattechnologyisnotalwayswelcomedorappreciatedbyeveryone
expectedtomakeuseofit(Buchananetal.,2013).Itisessentialtounderstandwhether
thatreluctanceisbasedoninternalfactorsthataredifficulttoinfluence,suchasattitude,or
externalfactorsthataninstitutioncanmorereadilychange,suchasavailableresources.
Specifically,Buchanan,Sainter&Saunders(2013)foundthatfeelingsofself‐efficacy–
especiallyrelatedtotechnology,theperceivedusefulnessofthetechnology,andreliability
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oftheinstitution’stechnologyinfrastructure–couldallimpactfacultyuseoftechnology
resources.Thesefactorsilluminatecentralcontextualvariablesthatmustbeconsidered
whenintroducingnewtechnologyataninstitution.
InCrossingtheChasm,Moore(2002)proposedaRevisedTechnologyAdoptionLife
Cyclemodelthatexplainshowandwhenvariouspopulationsutilizenewtechnology.The
modelhasfivephasesofadoptersandhastwosmallbreaksinuptakeofnewtechnology,as
wellasonelargebreakorchasm.Themodelseekstoexplainhoweachsegmentofthe
populationutilizesnewtechnologyandhowtocaptureeachsegment’sinterestinorderto
marketnewtoolstothem.Mooreassertedinthefirstiterationsofthemodelthatthe
phasesflowedcontinuouslybetweeneachofthestages;however,practicalapplicationof
thetheorydemonstrateditwasnotacontinuousflowfromeachphasetothenext.Instead
smallbreaksexistedbetweeneachphase,includingonetransitionwithalargechasmto
overcome.Thevariousphasesandtheircharacteristicswillbeexplained,aswellaswhere
toexpectgapsinuptake.
ThefirstphaseistheInnovators,ortheTechies.Techieslovelearningaboutand
usingnewproductsjustforthesakeofnewtechnology.Theyaretheoneswhoarethefirst
torecognizethepotentialoftheproduct,aswellasappreciatethedesignofitandits
competitiveedgeoverotherproducts(Moore,2002).TheInnovatorswillspendmany
hoursinvestigatingandusingtheproductandwillbemorewillingthanotherstoforgive
theproduct’sshortcomings.Theywillgivetheirhonestandcandidfeedbackonthe
technologybecausetheygenuinelycareiftheproductissuccessful.Unfortunately,this
segmentofthepopulationisverysmallandisnotabletogreatlyaffectthemarket.
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ThesecondphaseistheEarlyAdopters,ortheVisionaries.Theearlyadopterstend
tobeveryvocalabouttheproductbecausetheyseethebenefitstotheirorganizationof
adoptingthenewproduct.Thevisionariesdonotvaluethetechnologyitself,buttheydo
valuethestrategicadvantagetheirorganizationcangainfromusingthetechnology.This
populationlovestobeinvolvedinthepilotphase.Theycanbeeasytosellto,buthardto
please(Moore,2002).Visionariescommunicatehorizontallywithintheirorganizations
andworktopromotetheproductwithintheorganization.
ThethirdphaseistheEarlyMajority,orthePragmatists.Theearlymajoritymakes
uponethirdofthepopulation,buttheyaredifficulttocharacterizebecausetheytendnot
todrawattentiontothemselves(Moore,2002).Inordertosuccessfullymarkettothis
population,itisimportanttounderstandtheirvaluesandusethatknowledgetothebest
advantage.Thepragmatistsarehardtowinover,butoncecommittedareloyal.Theywant
strongreferencesfromotherswhohaveutilizedtheproduct.Whentheyinvestinanew
technology,theywanttoknowaboutthecompany,itsquality,itsinfrastructure,and
availablesupportbecausetheyareinvestingforthelonghaul.Theywantanestablished
productthatisreadyandeasytouse.
ThefourthphaseistheLateMajority,ortheConservatives.Thispopulationisalso
onethirdofthetotalpopulation.However,theyareagainstdiscontinuousinnovation,
meaningthissubpopulationisresistanttoproductsthatcausethemtochangetheiractions
(Moore,2002).Thisgroupisaveryhardgrouptowinoverbecauseoftheirlowcomfort
levelwithtechnology,stubbornresistancetochange,andslowembraceofnewtechnology.
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Theywantpre‐assembledpackageswitheverythingbundledtogether,aswellasastrong
supportsystem.
ThefifthphaseofthemodelistheLaggards,ortheSkeptics.Thispopulationtotals
aboutonesixthofthetotalpopulation.Unfortunately,thissegmentofthemarketworksto
blocktheemergenceoftechnologyinthemarketorworkplace.Marketingprofessionals
typicallyignorethissubsetofthepopulation;however,Moore(2002)suggeststakingthe
opportunitytoheartheirconcernsandcomplaintsaboutthetechnologyastheycangive
insightsintothenegativesoftheproduct.
Moore(2002)foundthattechnologyadoptionisnotonecontinuousmovement
througheachoftheabove‐mentionedphases,butadisruptedandcrackedcontinuum;and
thereforethemodelwasadaptedtoshowthesechasms.Whentransitioningfromone
groupofadopterstothenext,thereisadissociationbetweenthetwogroupsnotedas“the
difficultyanygroupwillhaveinacceptinganewproductifitispresentedinthesameway
itwastothegrouptoitsimmediateleft”(Moore,2002,p.16).Thedissonancebetween
groupscausesaslightormoremoderateshiftinmomentumintheadoptionofthe
technologyand,ifnothandledappropriately,cancauseafailedtransitionbetweengroups.
Thefirstcrackinadoptionofanynewtechnologyhappensbetweentheinnovators
andtheearlyadopters.Innovatorsaresotechsavvyandappreciatingofnewtechnology
thatitissometimesdifficultfortheearlyadopterstoseethetruevalueoftheproductasit
relatestotheirday‐to‐daypractice.Theearlyadoptersneedassistanceinunderstanding
thetechnology’suseasitrelatestotheirbusiness.Becausetheearlyadoptersare
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visionarieswithintheirorganizations,thisisnottypicallyhardtoachieve,andthusonly
presentsaminorcrackinthetechnology’sadoptioncycle.
Asthetechnologyadoptioncyclemovesfromearlyadopterstoearlymajority,the
modelintroducesthelargechasminthecycleandthegreatestopportunitytodisruptthe
adoptioncycle.Moore(2002)assertsthatisthe“mostformidableandunforgivingchasm,”
andyetitoftengoesunrecognized(p.19).Toovercomethischasm,thetechnologyaswell
asthepromotersofthetechnologymustprovethatwhatwaspromisedbythevisionaries
andthetechnologypromotershasbeendelivered.Inthisstageofadoption,thepromoters
transitionfromworkingwithvisionariestopragmatists,andthepragmatistswanttobe
soldonthevision.Thepragmatistsarereference‐orientedandalsowanttobesupported
duringtheiruseofthetechnology.Thechasmwidensifthepromotersareunwillingor
unabletoshowthepragmatists,ortheearlymajority,thepurportedvalueandimmediate
usesofthetechnology.Thesecond,andfinal,crackoccursbetweentheearlymajorityand
latemajority.Atthispointinthetechnology’sadoptionitismainstream;however,thelate
majorityneedaproductthathasbeenmadeeasiertouse.Ifthisadaptationandeaseofuse
isnotheavilypromotedandexplained,thetechnology’sadoptionmaybestalled.
Moore(2002)cautionedthatinorderforthetechnologyadoptioncycletofunction
optimally,themarkets,orgroupsofadopters,mustbewillingandabletoreferenceeach
other.Inapplyingthistothehighereducationsetting,facultymembersmustbewilling
andabletorefertotheknowledgeandexpertiseofprofessionaladministratorswhomay
bethevisionaries,earlyadopters,orpromotersofthetechnology,andviceversa.Ifthe
groupmembersareunwillingtovaluetheothergroups’opinions,thetechnologyadoption
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cyclecanbe,andoftentimeswillbe,disrupted.Ifthisself‐referencingdoesoccurwithin
theorganizationandbetweenthemarkets,wordofthetechnologyspreadsandassiststhe
promotersinsellingittotheothergroups.Mooreemphasizedthat“themoreself‐
referencingthemarketandthemoretightlyboundedtoitscommunicationchannels,the
greateropportunityforsucheffects”(p.30).Understandingthepowerofself‐referencingis
vitaltohowthepromotingadministratorscanleveragefacultymembers’interestinthe
newtechnologyandutilizeittospreadthewordtotheircolleagues.Understandingcampus
cultureandhowthefacultyandadministratorsinteractisessentialwhenidentifying
specificmarkets,ortechnologyadoptiongroups,inordertohavewelldefinedaudiences
andaudience‐specificstrategiesduringtheimplementationprocess.
LessonsLearned:StrategiesforEngagingFacultywithStudentSuccessTechnologies
Howcanthisresearchonmotivationandtechnologyadoptionhelpuncover
effectivestrategiesforincreasingfacultyengagementinstudentsuccess?Matusovichetal.
(2014)noted“researchfocusingonfacultybeliefsandmotivationcancomplementexisting
researchondiffusionofinnovationsbyofferingaframeworkstructuredonwhyindividuals
maketheadoptionornon‐adoptionchoicesthattheydo”(p.308).Sowhatarethecentral
questionstohighlightaspectsfrombothcasestudiestorevealwhyfacultywerewilling(or
reluctant)toengagewitheitherinitiative?
1. Arethereclearfactorsfacultyusedtodecidewhattheirlevelofinvolvementwould
be?
2. Didfacultycompetenciesandskillsimpactthedesiretobeinvolved?Whyorwhy
not?
3. Howwellweretheexpectedoutcomesdefinedandcommunicatedtofaculty?
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4. Isitclearhowvaluedtheseinitiativeswerebyfaculty,aswellasthecampusasa
whole?
ThesteadyimprovementinfacultyinvolvementintheFlightPathinitiative
constitutesa“success‐in‐progress”whenevaluatingfacultyengagement,whichdoubledin
oneyear’stime.Overthisprogram’sinauguralyear,threekeyactionareaswerepivotalin
helpingtopromoteFlightPath’scontinuedimprovement:thetransparencyofthe
initiative’sintent,communicatingthevalueoftheinitiativewithinthecontextofthe
faculty’srole,andthecreationofaclosedfeedbackloopforfacultyinput.Taking
attendancewasinitiallymetwithconcernthattheprogramwouldinfringeontheacademic
domainandthefaculty’sautonomywithinacademicareas.Inaddition,theadministration
prefersnottoenactanymandatorypolicy,likerequiringattendancereporting,becauseofa
campusculturethatoftenperceivestop‐downchangemanagementasheavy‐handedand
outoftouchwithfacultyrolesandresponsibilities.However,beingtransparentaboutthe
initiative’sprioritiesandrespondingtofacultyconcernsquicklyreducedmuchoftheinitial
uneasiness.Itwasalsoessentialtoensurethatthecommunicatedgoalswerenotjustfrom
theperspectiveoftheadministration,butthattherehadbeenconsiderationabouthowthe
programcouldpositivelyaffectthefaculty’sworkexperience.Itwasequallyimportantto
continuetocommunicatewithfacultysotheywereawarethattheireffortswere
appreciatedandtheworkcontributedwasbeingused.Closingthefeedbackloop
demonstratesthatthefaculty’sinvolvementisvaluedandappreciatedbytheinstitution.
AfterreflectingontheCollaborativecasestudy,itisapparentEnrollment
Managementmustbetteridentifymarkets,orgroupsofusers,forthistechnologyacross
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campus.Sometimes,asevidencedinthecracksofthetechnologyadoptionlifecycle,two
marketshavetroublecommunicatingandvaluingeachother,whichcausesalaginuptake.
Whileitisimportantthatthedeansareawareofwhatishappening,theyarenotthesole
catalystsneededtoimplementanewinitiativeatthedepartmentallevel.Insteadthis
initiativeneeded(andstillneeds)keyfacultymembersanddepartmentchairswillingtobe
earlyadoptersoftheprogramandtoseethevalueintheplatform.Theprofessional
advisorswerethepilotleadsonthistechnologyimplementationproject.Difficultiesgetting
facultyadvisorsinvolvedhavecontinuedbecausefacultywerenotinvolvedinthepilot
stage.Oncefacultyadvisorshavebeentrainedandbroughtonlinewiththetechnology,
thoseearlyadopterscanbeutilizedtopromotethetoolamongsttheirpeerstoencourage
otherstoutilizethetechnology.Thentheprocesscanharnessthepowerofself‐
referencing,mentionedbyMoore(2002),byearlyadopterstalkingwiththeirpeersabout
thebenefitsofthenewtechnology.Thiscommunicationstrategywillbehelpfulwhen
expandingtoadditionalfacultymembersbecausetheywillbeabletosharetheir
experiencestobettercontextualizethetool’svalue.Engagingandencouragingfacultyis
challenging;however,thebuy‐infromfacultyisabsolutelycrucialtostudentsuccess
initiativesoncampus.
Inconclusion,thepracticallessonslearnedineachofthesecases,combinedwith
researchonmotivationandinnovationadoption,revealsstrategiesinstitutionscanutilize
togetfacultytoengageinnewrolesandresponsibilities.Administratorsshould:1)find
waystoassessandsupplementfacultymembers’perceptionoftheircompetencylevelin
theanticipatedactivity;and2)clearlycommunicatethevalueoftheinitiativeinacontext
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thatisrelevanttofacultygoals.Helpingfacultydevelopfeelingsofcompetencycanbe
accomplishedbyprovidingearlyopportunitiesfortrainingandcontinuingdevelopmentas
wellascreatingintentionalinteractionstoboostfacultyself‐efficacy,sofacultywillfeel
theyareskilledenoughtobesuccessfulatthisnewtask.Additionally,theremustbe
investmentsmadetoensurethetechnologicalinfrastructureisreadytosupportthese
innovations.Lackingsuchinvestment,effortstoengagefacultywillbeoverlydifficult
(muchliketheinitialroll‐outoftheFlightPathAttendanceprogram)andunsustainable
(Buchananetal.,2013).
Asanadministrator,thereareavarietyofwaystocreateintentionalinteractionsto
improvethecommunicationaboutaprogram’simplementation:
Donotbeafraidtorespondtocritics:usethenegativefeedbackaswaysto
encourageinterestandinteractionduringtheinitiative.
Communicateearlywins:allowearlyadopterstosharetheirexperiencesandwhat
theywereabletoachieveasaresult.
Createdevelopmentopportunitiesthatallowinteractionwithearlyadopterswho
canespousethebenefitsoftheprogramtothepeoplewhoareslowtoengage.
Whenpromotingnewtechnology,ensurethetoolcanbepreviewed,andbesureto
demonstrateandemphasizeitseaseofuse.
Workcarefullywiththeearlyadopterstocreateusageguides/FAQsthatwillmake
adoptionofthetechnologyorinvolvementinthenewinitiativeeasierforthelate
majority.
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Thesestrategiesformakingthemostofthecommunicationandcontactbetweenkey
stakeholdersarealsoanimportantelementinhighlightingvalue.Researchonexpectancy
theoryindicatestheimportanceofacknowledgingatask’soutcomesandtheperceived
valueofthoseoutcomes.Byprovidingearlyadopterswithapublicforumtosharepersonal
successstories,itbecomesmucheasierforotherfacultymemberstoalsoclassifythe
activityasworthwhile.Asnotedintheresearchontechnologyadoption,therecanbesome
difficultywhengroupsindifferentstagestrytorelatetheirexperiencestooneanother.As
aresult,communicationsshouldremainfluidandadaptableasthegroupsofkey
stakeholderschange.Additionally,providingthoseforumsforcriticscangive
administratorsinsightintothefaculty’spriorities,sotheconversationaboutnewprograms
canremainrelevantandtimely.Althoughthesestrategiesmayappearbasic,allrequire
vigilanceandcommitmentbythoseselectedtoleadanyfaculty‐basedprogramming.
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