Mother Nature’s Treatment Methods -...
Transcript of Mother Nature’s Treatment Methods -...
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Mother Nature’s Treatment Methods: Using Passive Treatment for a Variety of
Wastewater StreamsBrian Tornes, PE
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History of Wastewater TreatmentBackground
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The Start of Sanitation
Evidence of Sewers as Far Back as 8000 BC
Cesspits 4000 BC
Lothal, Western India 2500 B.C.
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Rome’s Advances
Combined Sewers at their best
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Regression of the Middle Ages
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Treatment During This Time
Dilution was the solution
Downstream users’ problem
Natural breakdown of wastes
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Population Explosion
Rapid Growth
Concentrated Populations
Home Conveniences
Health Issues
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Understanding the Need for Treatment
Plague of Justinian Black Death Bubonic Plague Yellow Fever Cholera Typhoid FeverHepatitisMalaria
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First Attempt at Sanitation – Bury the Problem
1800 – 1900s Pits
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Advent of Modern Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment Activated Sludge
Tertiary Treatment Filtration
Insert WWTP photo
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Needs of a Treatment Plant
Infrastructure (Tanks, pumps, piping, aerators)
POWER (and lots of it)
Sludge Disposal Mechanism
Maintenance
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Passive TreatmentAn alternative to conventional treatment systems
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Types of Passive Treatment
Constructed Wetlands Surface and subsurface
Phyto-Treatment Use of trees
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Potential Benefits
Low Electrical Energy Requirement
Function Under Both High and Low Loading Rates
Low Operating Cost
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Constructed WetlandsAn alternative to conventional treatment systems
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Constructed Wetlands – How do they work?
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Wetland Case Study: Camp Otterbein
Owned by United Methodist Church in Logan, Ohio
Summer Camp/Weekend Retreats
Capacity for 180 guests
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Wastewater Treatment at Camp Otterbein
1950’s Package Plant for 10,000 gpd
Secondary Level Treatment
Poorly Maintained Operation
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Design Loading
Hydraulic Loading : 10,000 gpd Water meter: 0 – 5,400 gpd (7,600 gpd peak) High storm water inflow and infiltration
BOD : 220 mg/l TSS : 220 mg/l
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Wastewater Handling Alternatives
Pump to Logan (2 miles)
Activated Sludge Process with Sand Filtration/Disinfection
Activated Sludge with (0.3 Acre) Constructed Wetland
Septic Tank(s) with Constructed Wetland
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Remote Treatment Problems(Packaged Treatment Plant)
Poor Maintenance Equipment failures No operation adjustments
Power Failures
Load Fluctuations(Upsets) Ineffective treatment
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Why Pay More for Wetlands
Replaces Dosing Chamber, Sand Filters, Disinfection
Wetland Advantages Excess solids removal Excess nutrient/BOD uptake Handles fluctuating loads Low maintenance Natural setting
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Septic vs. Activated Sludge
Septic Pretreatment Concerns
Odor
Higher solids loading to wetland
Nitrogen Loading Much larger wetland is required (10-12 times)
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System Flow Diagram
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Activated Sludge Process
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Wetland Design Features (Configuration)
Rectangular Avoid short-circuiting Low velocity
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Inlet/Outlet Features
Even Flow Distribution Level Adjustment Capabilities Liner Protection
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Wetland Design Features (Liner)
Cross Section Liner: Clay vs. GCL 12” Topsoil
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Wetland Construction – 1 year to maturity
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Concerns with Constructed Wetlands
Low Dissolved OxygenGetting Plants Established Algae GrowthNatural Decomposition of
Plant Material Stormwater EntryWildlife (Muskrat)
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Phyto-TreatmentAn alternative to conventional treatment systems
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Phyto-Treatment (Phytotechnology Mechanisms)
Phytosequestration Rhizodegradation Phytohydraulics Phytoextraction Phytodegradation Phytovolatilization
*Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance and Decision Trees, Revised (ITRC, February 2009)
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Watson Road Landfill
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Existing Conditions
NPDES Permit Exceedances Landfill Cap Erosion Leachate/Groundwater Interim/Daily Cover/Leachate
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Newark Watson Road Landfill
WesternUnnamedTributary
DegradedCap
AccessRoad
MunicipalSolid Waste
Leachate/Groundwater
Interim / Daily Cover
Landfill Cap
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Precipitation
Leachate/Groundwater Increases
Precipitation
Secondary LeachateAccumulates
Cap ErodesLeachate Seeps Form
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Formation of Wetland-Type Vegetation
Landfill Cap SaturatesUpgradient Leachate Seeps Provide Further
Saturation Erosion Channels FormWetland-Type Vegetation Grows
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Wetland Development
Landfill Cap Becomes Saturated
Wetland-Type Vegetation Grows
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Erosion of Toe of Landfill Slope
Surface Water Has Eroded Toe of SlopeWaste Exposed Leachate Discharge Points Formed
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Landfill Toe Erosion
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Leachate Management Alternatives
Pump and Treat Cap repairs Cut-off wall Pump over 1 mile to
City WWTP Variable leachate
volume Expensive
Phyto-Treatment Cap repairs Tree planting to reduce
leachate volume Treatment buffer to
meet limits Continued NPDES
discharge Lower costs
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Recovery Wells/Horizontal Trench
Install Water Recovery Wells or Horizontal Trench SystemOnsite Leachate Storage Tank(s)Onsite Wetland Treatment Cell(s)/MitigationWastewater Line Formal Leachate Collection System - Additional
Regulatory Requirements
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Alternative Remediation (Recovery Wells)
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Alternative Remediation (Recovery Wells)
Onsite WetlandRemediation Cell
LeachateStorage Tanks
Recovery Wells
Offsite Wastewater Line
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The Solution - Phyto-Cap
Planting Over 3,000 Willows and Poplars Inter-Planting of Another 300 Native Hardwoods
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And E-Buffer
Evapotranspiration Subsurface FiltrationMicrobial Activity at the
Root Zone
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Phytoremediation
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Operational Concerns
Up to 5 Years for Maturity Compliance Sampling Access Deer Insects Voles
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Results
Deer – Required replanting of 80% of trees with deer guards
241 NPDES exceedances between 2003 and 2009 (72 for ammonia)
Since installation in 2012, only 3 minor exceedances, none of which were for ammonia
Estimated capital cost savings of $3.5 Million over traditional collect and pump
Operational savings still growing
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Passive Treatment
Not for all waste streams, but where opportunities exist…
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Landfill Leachate Stormwater RunoffGroundwater Remediation
(Including PCBs) Acid Mine Drainage
(metals treatment) Small Capacity Sanitary
Wastewater
Alternative Treatment Streams
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Questions?Thank you!