Most People Will Say Charles Babbage11

7/31/2019 Most People Will Say Charles Babbage11

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Most people will say Charles

Babbage, but the real pioneer in practical computing as we know today was Konrad Zuse

Zuse is largely unknown in North America but is a celebrated computer pioneer in his native

Germany. Zuse developed functioning program-controlled computing machinery as early as 1936

and went on to form a successful European computer business in the 1950s.

Today, throughout the world, Konrad Zuse is almost unanimously accepted as the inventor andcreator of the first freely-programmable computer with a binary floating point and

switching/circuit system, which really worked. This machine - called the Z3 - was completed in his

small workshop in Berlin-Kreuzberg in 1941.

Konrad Zuse first started to consider the logical and technical principles of computers as far back

as 1934 when he still was a student. He also created the world's first programming language (1942-

1945/46), which he called the Plankalkl.

In the past, scientists and engineers had many discussions about the components of a computer andwho can be accepted as the true inventor of the computer. At the International Conference onHistory of Computing (August 14-18, 1998), there was a panel session in which scientists

discussed the question: Who is the inventor of the computer? After a discussion lasting one and a

half hours, the great majority denoted Konrad Zuse as the most admired computer pioneer.

Source(s):


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I work with computers

Konrad ZuseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

"Zuse" redirects here. For Konrad Zuse's son, see Horst Zuse. For the institute, see

Zuse Institute Berlin.

Konrad Zuse
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Zusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuse_Institute_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Zusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuse_Institute_Berlin


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Konrad Zuse in 1992

Born22 June 1910

Berlin, German Empire

Died18 December 1995 (aged 85)

Hnfeld, Germany

Residence Germany

Fields Computer science

Institutions Aerodynamic Research Institute

Alma mater Technical University of Berlin

Known for

Z3, Z4

Plankalkl

Calculating Space (cf. digital

physics)

Notable

awards

Werner von Siemens Ring in

1964,

Harry H. Goode Memorial Award

in 1965 (together with George

Stibitz),

Great Cross of Meritin 1972

Computer History Museum Fellow
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCnfeldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_materhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z4_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BClhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculating_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens_Ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_H._Goode_Memorial_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stibitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stibitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverdienstkreuzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konrad_Zuse_(1992).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCnfeldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_materhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z4_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BClhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculating_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens_Ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_H._Goode_Memorial_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stibitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stibitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverdienstkreuzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum


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Award in 1999 - weblink

Konrad Zuse (German pronunciation:[ k nat tsu z] ; 19101995) was a Germancivil

engineerandcomputerpioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first functional program-

controlled Turing-complete computer, the Z3, which became operational in May 1941.

Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process-controlledcomputer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which

became the world's first commercial computer. In 1946, he designed the first high-level

programming language, Plankalkl.[1] In 1969, Zuse suggested the concept of acomputation-baseduniverse in his bookRechnender Raum (Calculating Space).

Much of his early work was financed by his family and commerce, but after 1939 he was given

resources by theNazi German government.[2] Due to World War II, Zuse's work went largely

unnoticed in the United Kingdom and theUnited States. Possibly his first documented influence on

a US company wasIBM's option on his patents in 1946.

There is a replica of the Z3, as well as the original Z4, in the Deutsches Museum inMunich. The

Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin has an exhibition devoted to Zuse, displaying twelve of his

machines, including a replica of the Z1 and several of Zuse's paintings

What is an Operating System?

Not all computers have operating systems. The computer that controls the microwave oven in your

kitchen, for example, doesn't need an operating system. It has one set of tasks to perform, verystraightforward input to expect (a numbered keypad and a few pre-set buttons) and simple, never-

changing hardware to control. For a computer like this, an operating system would be unnecessary

baggage, driving up the development and manufacturing costs significantly and adding complexity
http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Konrad,Zuse/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z4_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BClhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse#cite_note-HZ2010-11-18-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse#cite_note-HZ2010-11-18-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculating_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse#cite_note-books.google.com-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse#cite_note-books.google.com-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Technikmuseum_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z1_(computer)http://home.howstuffworks.com/microwave.htmhttp://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Konrad,Zuse/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z4_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BClhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse#cite_note-HZ2010-11-18-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculating_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse#cite_note-books.google.com-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Technikmuseum_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z1_(computer)http://home.howstuffworks.com/microwave.htm


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where none is required. Instead, the computer in a microwave oven simply runs a single hard-wired

program all the time.

What is an Operating System?

Watch the video (2:13).Need help?

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the

computer's memory, processes, and all of its software and hardware. It also allows you tocommunicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's "language."

Without an operating system, a computer is useless
http://www.gcflearnfree.org/PopUps/VideoTips.aspxhttp://www.youtube.com/v/pTdSs8kQqSA?autoplay=1&fs=1http://www.gcflearnfree.org/PopUps/VideoTips.aspx


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Operating systems

Quick links

Operating System ABCs

Operating System types

Operating System overviews

TroubleshootingOperating System Q&A

Operating System definitions

Apple news

Linux and Unix newsMicrosoft news

Operating system ABCs

An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer hardware tocommunicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a

computer would be useless.

Operating system types

As computers have progressed and developed so have the operating systems. Below is a basic listof the different operating systems and a few examples of operating systems that fall into each ofthe categories. Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below

categories.

GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons

and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. See the GUI definition for a completedefinition. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems.

System 7.x

Windows 98

Windows CE

Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at

the same time and different times.See the multi-userdefinition for a complete definition for a

complete definition. Below are some examples of multi-user operating systems.
http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#01http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#02http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#03http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#04http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#05http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/os.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/news/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/news/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/news/microsoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gui.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/win98.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/wince.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/multsyst.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#01http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#02http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#03http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#04http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#05http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/os.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/news/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/news/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/news/microsoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gui.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/win98.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/wince.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/multsyst.htm


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Operating system listing

Below is a listing of many of the different operating systems available today, the dates they were

released, theplatforms they have been developed for and who developed them.

Operatingsystem

Date first released Platform Developer

AIX and AIXL Unix and Linux history. Various IBM

AmigaOS Currently no AmigaOS history. Amiga Commodore

BSD Unix and Linux history. Various BSD

Caldera Linux Unix and Linux history. Various SCO

Corel Linux Unix and Linux history. Various Corel

Debian Linux Unix and Linux history. Various GNU

DUnix Unix and Linux history. Various Digital

DYNIX/ptx Unix and Linux history. Various IBM

HP-UX Unix and Linux history. VariousHewlett

Packard

IRIX Unix and Linux history. Various SGI

Kondara Linux Unix and Linux history. Various Kondara

Linux Unix and Linux history. Various Linus Torvalds

MAC OS 8Apple operating system

history.Apple Macintosh Apple





MAC OS X Apple operating system Apple Macintosh Apple
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/platform.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/aix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/ibm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/amiga.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/commodor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/bsd.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/sco.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/corel.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gnu.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/dunix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/digital.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/dynix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/ibm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/hpux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/hp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/hp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/irix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/sgi.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/people/l.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/platform.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/aix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/ibm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/amiga.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/commodor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/bsd.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/sco.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/corel.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gnu.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/dunix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/digital.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/dynix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/ibm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/hpux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/hp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/hp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/irix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/sgi.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/people/l.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htm


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history.

Mandrake Linux Unix and Linux history. Various Mandrake

MINIX Unix and Linux history. Various MINIX

MS-DOS 1.x MS-DOS history. IBM Microsoft






NEXTSTEPApple operating system

history.Various Apple

OSF/1 Unix and Linux history. Various OSF

QNX Unix and Linux history. Various QNX

Red Hat Linux Unix and Linux history. Various Red Hat

SCO Unix and Linux history. Various SCO

Slackware Linux Unix and Linux history. Various Slackware

Sun Solaris Unix and Linux history. Various Sun

SuSE Linux Unix and Linux history. Various SuSE

System 1 Apple operating systemhistory.

Apple Macintosh Apple

System 2Apple operating system


System 3 Apple operating system Apple Macintosh Apple
http://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/minix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/nextstep.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/dunix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/redhat.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/redhat.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/sco.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/sco.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/solaris.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/sun.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/minix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/nextstep.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/dunix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/redhat.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/redhat.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/sco.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/sco.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/solaris.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/sun.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/linux.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/macos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/apple.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/apple.htm


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history.







System V Unix and Linux history. Various System V

Tru64 Unix Unix and Linux history. Various Digital

Turbolinux Unix and Linux history. Various Turbolinux

Ultrix Unix and Linux history. Various Ultrix

Unisys Unix and Linux history. Various Unisys

Unix Unix and Linux history. Various Bell labs

UnixWare Unix and Linux history. Various UnixWare

VectorLinux Unix and Linux history. Various VectorLinux

Windows 2000 Microsoft Windows history. IBM Microsoft


Windows 3.X Microsoft Windows history. IBM Microsoft




Windows CE Microsoft Windows history. PDA Microsoft

Windows ME Microsoft Windows history. IBM Microsoft
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Windows NT Microsoft Windows history. IBM Microsoft

Windows Vista Microsoft Windows history. IBM Microsoft

Windows XP Microsoft Windows history. IBM Microsoft

Xenix Unix and Linux history. Various Microsoft

An operating system (OS) is a set ofprograms that manage computer hardwareresources andprovide common services forapplication software. The operating system is a vital component of

the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating systemwhich are usually separate programs, but can be combined in simple systems.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also includeaccounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts

as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the

application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently make a systemcall to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device

that contains a computerfrom cellular phones andvideo game consoles tosupercomputers and

web servers.

Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, Mac OS X,Microsoft Windows,[3]Windows Phone, andIBM z/OS. All these, except Windows and z/OS,
http://www.computerhope.com/winnt.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/windows.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/longhorn.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/windows.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/winxp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/windows.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/xenix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_servershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-netapplications-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-netapplications-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z/OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z/OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z/OShttp://www.computerhope.com/winnt.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/windows.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/longhorn.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/windows.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/winxp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/windows.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unix/xenix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/msoft.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_servershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-netapplications-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z/OS


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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

By Tim Fisher, About.com Guide

See More About:

the central processing unit

the parts of the pc installing a cpu intel amd

Intel Xeon E3-1200 CPU (Front and Back)

Intel

What is a CPU?:

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for interpreting and executing most of the

commands from the computer's hardware and software.

The CPU could be considered the "brains" of the computer.

The CPU is Also Known As:

processor, computer processor, microprocessor, central processor, "the brains of the computer"

Important CPU Facts:
http://pcsupport.about.com/bio/Tim-Fisher-21913.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/lr/the_central_processing_unit/116555/1/http://pcsupport.about.com/lr/the_parts_of_the_pc/116555/2/http://pcsupport.about.com/lr/installing_a_cpu/116555/3/http://pcsupport.about.com/lr/intel/116555/4/http://pcsupport.about.com/lr/intel/116555/4/http://pcsupport.about.com/lr/amd/116555/5/http://pcsupport.about.com/od/termshm/g/hardware.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/bio/Tim-Fisher-21913.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/lr/the_central_processing_unit/116555/1/http://pcsupport.about.com/lr/the_parts_of_the_pc/116555/2/http://pcsupport.about.com/lr/installing_a_cpu/116555/3/http://pcsupport.about.com/lr/intel/116555/4/http://pcsupport.about.com/lr/amd/116555/5/http://pcsupport.about.com/od/termshm/g/hardware.htm


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Not all central processing units have pins on their bottom sides, but in the ones that do, the pins are

easily bent. Take great care when handling, especially when installing onto themotherboard.

Each motherboard supports only a certain range of CPU types so always check with yourmotherboard manufacturer before making a purchase.

Popular CPU Manufacturers:

Intel,AMD

CPU Description:

A modern CPU is usually small and square with many short, rounded, metallic connectors on itsunderside. Some older CPUs have pins instead metallic connectors.

The CPU attaches directly to a CPU "socket" (or sometimes a "slot") on the motherboard. The

CPU is inserted into the socket pin-side-down and a small lever helps to secure the processor.

After running even a short while, modern CPUs can get very hot. To help dissipate this heat, it is

necessary to attach a heat sink and a fan directly on top of the CPU. Typically, these come bundledwith a CPU purchase.

Other more advanced cooling options are also available including water cooling kits and phase

change units.
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The CPU's in most PC's and servers are general purpose integrated chips composed of several

smaller dedicated-purpose components which together create the processing capabilities of the

modern computer.

For example, Intel makes a Pentium, while AMD makes the Athlon, and Duron (no memory

cache).

Generations

CPU manufacturers engineer new ways to do processing that requires some significant re-

engineering of the current chip design. When they create this new design that changes the number

of bits the chip can handle, or some other major way in which the chip performs its job, they arecreating a newgeneration of processors. As of the time this tutorial was last updated (2008), there

were seven generations of chips, with an eighth on the drawing board.

CPU Components

A lot of components go into building a moderncomputerprocessor and just what goes in changes

with every generation as engineers and scientists find new, more efficient ways to do old tasks.

Execution Core(s) Data Bus Address Bus Math Co-processor Instruction sets / Microcode Multimedia extensions Registers

Flags Pipelining Memory Controller Cache Memory (L1, L2 and L3)

Measuring Speed: Bits, Cycles and Execution Cores

Bit Width

The first way of describing a processor is to say how many bits it processes in a single instruction

or transports across the processor's internal bus in a single cycle (not exactly correct, but close

enough). The number of bits used in the CPU's instructions and registers and how many bits thebuses can transfer simultaneously is usually expressed in multiples of 8 bits. It is possible for the

registers and the bus to have different sizes. Current chip designs are 64 bit chips (as of 2008).

More bits usually means more processing capability and more speed.

Clock Cycles
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Of course, what measurement is most important and most helpful to you depends on what you use

a computerfor. If you primarily do intensive math calculations, measuring the number of

calculations per second is most important. If you are measuring how fast the computerruns anapplication, then instructions per second are most important.

Processor Manufacturers

American Micro Devices (AMD) Intel IBM Motorola Cyrix Texas Instruments

AMD and Intel have pretty much dominated the market. AMD and Intel are for IBM compatible

machines. Motorola chips are made for MacIntoshes. Cyrix (another IBM compatible chip maker)runs a distant fourth place in terms of number of chips sold.

Today all chip manufacturers produce chips whose input and output are identical, though the

internal architecture may be different. This means that though they may not be built the same way,

they DO all run the same software.

The CPU is built using logic gates, and contains a small number of programs called 'microcode'built into the chip to perform certain basic processes (like reading data from the bus and writing to

a device). Current chips use a 'reduced instruction set' or RISC architectures. Chips can also be

measured in terms of instructions processed per second (MIPS).
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What is a CPU?In: Computer Hardware

Answer:

CPU (central processing unit) the central unit in a computer containing the logic

circuitry that performs the instructions of a computer's programs. The CPU performs

arithmetical, logical operations on data held in the computer memory - the RAM. The

RAM is seen as a vector that contains instructions and data provided by the computer

programmer.

The CPU relies on an "Operating system" such as Windows or MacOS for input and

output of data, interaction with the user or storing information on the disk.

Most of the CPUs made today are produced by Intel or AMD, and all of these use thesame "instruction set" - or how the instructions are coded to the CPU. There are

controversy about these CPU's first of all in the way that they "see" and address the

memory, that is highly inefficient.

CPU stands for the Central Processing Unit of a computer system. The CPU can deal

with many millions of calculations per second. Bytes of data travel about the

computer on electronic pathways, known as buses.

Data from the CPU travels along these buses to other parts of the computer, tellingthem what to do. How quickly the CPU can deal with calculations is decided by the

number of bytes that it can process at once (its bandwidth), and the number of

instructions it can deal with during one second. The "clock speed" is like a metronome

that determines the beat, and the instruction type will determine how many "clock

cycles" are needed per instruction. Like incrementing a number held in a register to

the CPU is much faster than incrementing a variable held in memory.
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legal issues, the engine was never built. The design of the machine was very modern; it anticipated

the first completed general-purpose computers by about 100 years.

When Ada translated the article, she added a set of notes which specified in complete detail amethod for calculating certain numbers with the Analytical Engine, which have since been

recognized by historians as the world's first computer program. She also saw possibilities in it thatBabbage hadn't: she realised that the machine could compose pieces of music. The computer

programming language 'Ada', used in some aviation and military programs, is named after her.

Who is the first computer programmer?

Posted by Rean on Aug 5, 2011 inCool,Useful

The first computer programmer is Ada Lovelace, born in the year 1815, daughter of the poet LordByron. At a young age she took interest on Charles Babbages Analytical Engine, who is

considered the father of computer. But unlike todays programming languages that can create

websites, desktop applications, and your favorite PlayStation games, the first software was inform of notes. Only over a hundred years after the writing was the algorithm used to compute the

Bernoulli numbers.

Too complex? Lets try again.

Over one hundred years after Lady Ada Lovelaces passing, the notes she left about Babbages

Analytical Engine were republished, which perfectly fit what we describe now as a computer

(Babbages engine) and a software (Lovelaces notes).

These people are really centuries ahead of their time!
http://knowledgesalad.com/author/admin/http://knowledgesalad.com/category/cool/http://knowledgesalad.com/category/cool/http://knowledgesalad.com/category/cool/http://knowledgesalad.com/category/useful/http://knowledgesalad.com/author/admin/http://knowledgesalad.com/category/cool/http://knowledgesalad.com/category/useful/


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Ada Lovelace

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Ada Lovelace

Born10 December 1815

London

Died27 November 1852 (aged 36)

Marylebone, London

Nationality British
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Here, in no particular order, are some of the specific advantages generally associatedwith networking:

o Connectivity and Communication: Networks connect computers and the users

of those computers. Individuals within a building or work group can be connected

into local area networks (LANs); LANs in distant locations can be interconnectedinto largerwide area networks (WANs). Once connected, it is possible fornetwork users to communicate with each other using technologies such aselectronic mail. This makes the transmission of business (or non-business)information easier, more efficient and less expensive than it would be without thenetwork.

o Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the

sharing of data. Before networking was common, an accounting employee whowanted to prepare a report for her manager would have to produce it on his PC,put it on a floppy disk, and then walk it over to the manager, who would transfer

the data to her PC's hard disk. (This sort of shoe-based network wassometimes sarcastically called a sneakernet.)

True networking allows thousands of employees to share data much more easilyand quickly than this. More so, it makes possible applications that rely on theability of many people to access and share the same data, such as databases,group software development, and much more. Intranets and extranets can beused to distribute corporate information between sites and to business partners.

o Hardware Sharing: Networks facilitate the sharing of hardware devices. For

example, instead of giving each of 10 employees in a department an expensivecolor printer (or resorting to the sneakernet again), one printer can be placed onthe network for everyone to share.

o Internet Access: The Internet is itself an enormous network, so whenever you

access the Internet, you are using a network. The significance of the Internet onmodern society is hard to exaggerate, especially for those of us in technicalfields.

o Internet Access Sharing: Small computer networks allow multiple users to

share a single Internet connection. Special hardware devices allow thebandwidth of the connection to be easily allocated to various individuals as theyneed it, and permit an organization to purchase one high-speed connection

instead of many slower ones.

o Data Security and Management: In a business environment, a network allows

the administrators to much better manage the company's critical data. Instead ofhaving this data spread over dozens or even hundreds of small computers in ahaphazard fashion as their users create it, data can be centralized on sharedservers. This makes it easy for everyone to find the data, makes it possible forthe administrators to ensure that the data is regularly backed up, and also allows
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for the implementation of security measures to control who can read or changevarious pieces of critical information.

o Performance Enhancement and Balancing: Under some circumstances, anetwork can be used to enhance the overall performance of some applications by

distributing the computation tasks to various computers on the network.

o Entertainment: Networks facilitate many types of games and entertainment. The

Internet itself offers many sources of entertainment, of course. In addition, manymulti-player games exist that operate over a local area network. Many homenetworks are set up for this reason, and gaming across wide area networks(including the Internet) has also become quite popular. Of course, if you arerunning a business and have easily-amused employees, you might insist that thisis really a disadvantage of networking and not an advantage!

Advantages

- quick retrieval of information- able to communicate easily through the use of internet

- able to store large amounts of data in different forms

- useful applications such as word doc, excel and powerpoint reduces time- reduces the cost and use of paper (such as emails being used rather then sending letters or

memos)

- good form of entertainment

Disadvantages

- having to keep up to date with changing technology

- having to learn the different functions of the applications and the computer Anonymous


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A bit (a contraction ofbinary digit) is the basic unit ofinformation incomputing and

telecommunications; it is the amount of information stored by a digital device or other physicalsystem that exists in one of two possible distinctstates. These may be the two stable states of a

flip-flop, two positions of an electrical switch, two distinct voltageorcurrentlevels allowed by a

circuit, two distinct levels oflight intensity, two directions ofmagnetization orpolarization, theorientation of reversible double stranded DNA, etc.

In computing, a bit can also be defined as a variable or computed quantity that can have only two

possible values. These two values are often interpreted asbinary digitsand are usually denoted by

the numerical digits 0 and 1. The two values can also be interpreted aslogical values (true/false,yes/no), algebraic signs (+/), activation states (on/off), or any other two-valued attribute. The

correspondence between these values and the physical states of the underlyingstorageordevice is

a matter of convention, and different assignments may be used even within the same device orprogram. The length of a binary number may be referred to as its "bit-length."

In information theory, one bit is typically defined as the uncertainty of a binary random variable

that is 0 or 1 with equal probability,[1] or the information that is gained when the value of such a

variable becomes known.[2]

In quantum computing, a quantum bitorqubitis aquantum systemthat can exist insuperpositionof two bit values, "true" and "false".

The symbol for bit, as a unit of information, is either simply "bit" (recommended by the ISO/IEC

standard 80000-13 (2008)) or lowercase "b" (recommended by theIEEE 1541 Standard (2002)).

What is the meaning of URL?

3 years ago Report Abuse

x-dude

Best Answer - Chosen by AskerIn computing, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a type of Uniform Resource

Identifier (URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the

mechanism for retrieving it. In popular usage and in many technical documents and

verbal discussions it is often incorrectly used as a synonym for URI.[1] In popular
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_polarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_polarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_digithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superpositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superpositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002http://answers.yahoo.com/question/report;_ylt=AtHtr0s2fsMp9vd1Vj0o5vpy7hR.;_ylv=3?qid=20090815023026AAJ0TvL&kid=OaRyHkroF0jaD4cu3xcv&date=2009-08-15+02%3A30%3A26&.crumb=JKUVcA.MbEq&s=qhttp://answers.yahoo.com/my/profile;_ylt=AtYeQQDpVSKyeBkbVrSadOxy7hR.;_ylv=3?show=aQGiHQTkaahttp://answers.yahoo.com/my/profile;_ylt=AuzDRzALkFbKF6U4XiWrq31y7hR.;_ylv=3?show=aQGiHQTkaahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_polarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_digithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superpositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002http://answers.yahoo.com/question/report;_ylt=AtHtr0s2fsMp9vd1Vj0o5vpy7hR.;_ylv=3?qid=20090815023026AAJ0TvL&kid=OaRyHkroF0jaD4cu3xcv&date=2009-08-15+02%3A30%3A26&.crumb=JKUVcA.MbEq&s=qhttp://answers.yahoo.com/my/profile;_ylt=AtYeQQDpVSKyeBkbVrSadOxy7hR.;_ylv=3?show=aQGiHQTkaa


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language, a URL is also referred to as a Web address.

The Uniform Resource Locator was created in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee as part of the

URI.[2] He regrets the format of the URL. Instead of being divided into the route to the

server, separated by dots, and the file path, separated by slashes, he would have

liked it to be one coherent hierarchical path. For example,

http://www.serverroute.com/path/to/file.would look likehttp://com/serverroute/www/path/to/file.

[edit] Syntax

Main article: URI scheme#Generic syntax

Every URL is made up of some combination of the following: the scheme name

(commonly called protocol), followed by a colon, then, depending on scheme, a

hostname (alternatively, IP address), a port number, the pathname of the file to be

fetched or the program to be run, then (for programs such as CGI scripts) a query

string[3][4], and with HTML files, an anchor (optional) for where the page should start

to be displayed.[5]

The combined syntax looks like:

resource_type://domain:port/filepathna

The scheme name, or resource type, defines its namespace, purpose, and the syntax

of the remaining part of the URL. Most Web-enabled programs will try to dereference

a URL according to the semantics of its scheme and a context. For example, a Web

browser will usually dereference the URL http://example.org:80 by performing an

HTTP request to the host example.org, at the port number 80. Dereferencing the URN

mailto:[email protected] will usually start an e-mail composer with the [email protected] in the To field.

Other examples of scheme names include https: gopher:, wais:, ftp:. URLs that

specify https as a scheme (such as https://example.com/) denote a secure website.

The registered domain name or IP address gives the destination location for the URL.

The domain google.com, or its IP address 72.14.207.99, is the address of Google's

website.

The hostname and domain name portion of a URL are case-insensitive since the DNS

is specified to ignore case. http://en.wikipedia.org/ and HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/

both open the same page.

The port number is optional; if omitted, the default for the scheme is used. Forexample, ifhttp://myvncserver.no-ip.org:5800is typed into the address bar of a

browser it will connect to port 5800 of myvncserver.no-ip.org; this port is used by the

VNC remote control program and would set up a remote control session. If the port

number is omitted a browser will connect to port 80, the default HTTP port.

The file path name is the location on the server of the file or program specified. In

principle it is case-sensitive, but may be treated as case-insensitive by some servers,

especially those based on Microsoft Windows. If the server is case sensitive and
http://www.serverroute.com/path/to/file.htmlhttp://com/serverroute/www/path/to/file.html.http://example.org/https://example.com/)http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://myvncserver.no-ip.org:5800/http://www.serverroute.com/path/to/file.htmlhttp://com/serverroute/www/path/to/file.html.http://example.org/https://example.com/)http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://myvncserver.no-ip.org:5800/


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL

is correct, i hope i helped

What is the full meaning of www?In: Computer Terminology, History of the Web, Search Engines [Edit categories]

Answer:

Improve

World Wide Web

Read more:

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_full_meaning_of_www#ixzz1sZAxvbcZ

World Wide WebFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


"WWW" redirects here. For other uses, see WWW (disambiguation).

"The Web" redirects here. For other uses, see Web (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with the Internet.

World Wide Web

The Web's historic logo designed byRobert

Cailliau

InventorTim Berners-Lee[1]

Robert Cailliau
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URLhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/1770-18http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2841-1http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2853-4http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_full_meaning_of_wwwhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_full_meaning_of_www&action=edithttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_full_meaning_of_www#ixzz1sZAxvbcZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWW_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-AHT-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-AHT-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URLhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/1770-18http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2841-1http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2853-4http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_full_meaning_of_wwwhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_full_meaning_of_www&action=edithttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_full_meaning_of_www#ixzz1sZAxvbcZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWW_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-AHT-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau


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Launch year 1990/1991

Company CERN

Availability Worldwide

The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW orW3,[2] and commonly known as the Web) is asystem of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can

view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and othermultimedia, and navigate between

them via hyperlinks.

Using concepts from his earlier hypertext systems like ENQUIRE,BritishengineerandcomputerscientistSir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the World Wide Web Consortium(W3C), wrote a

proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web.[1] At CERN, a

European research organization nearGeneva situated on Swiss and French soil,[3] Berners-Lee andBelgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext "... to link and access

information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will",[4]

and theypublicly introduced the project in December.[5]

Conten

ts[hide]

LAN - Local Area Network

By Bradley Mitchell, About.com Guide

See More About:

local area networks types of area networks ethernet

Definition: A local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group

of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school,

or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or otherapplications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the Internet or other

WAN.

Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive hardware such asEthernet cables,

network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN hardware options also

exist.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertexthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENQUIREhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENQUIREhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-AHT-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-W90-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://compnetworking.about.com/bio/Bradley-Mitchell-5853.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/lr/local_area_networks/137172/1/http://compnetworking.about.com/lr/types_of_area_networks/137172/2/http://compnetworking.about.com/lr/ethernet/137172/3/http://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-wan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ethernet.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ethernet.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertexthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENQUIREhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-AHT-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-W90-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://compnetworking.about.com/bio/Bradley-Mitchell-5853.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/lr/local_area_networks/137172/1/http://compnetworking.about.com/lr/types_of_area_networks/137172/2/http://compnetworking.about.com/lr/ethernet/137172/3/http://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-wan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ethernet.htm


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Specialized operating system software may be used to configure a local area network. For

example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows provide a software package called Internet

Connection Sharing (ICS) that supports controlled access to LAN resources.

The term LAN party refers to a multiplayer gaming event where participants bring their own

computers and build a temporary LAN.

Also Known As: local area network

Examples:

The most common type of local area network is an Ethernet LAN. The smallest home

LAN can have exactly two computers; a large LAN can accommodate many thousands

of computers. Many LANs are divided into logical groups called subnets. An Internet

Protocol (IP) "Class A" LAN can in theory accommodate more than 16 million devices

organized into subnets.

e-mail (electronic mail or email)

E-mail Print A AA AAA LinkedIn Facebook Twitter Share This RSS Reprints

E-mail (electronic mail) is the exchange of computer-stored messages by telecommunication.

(Some publications spell it email; we prefer the currently more established spelling ofe-mail.) E-

mail messages are usually encoded inASCIItext. However, you can also send non-text files, suchas graphic images and sound files, as attachments sent inbinary streams. E-mail was one of the

first uses of the Internet and is still the most popular use. A large percentage of the total traffic over

the Internet is e-mail. E-mail can also be exchanged between online service providerusers and innetworks other than the Internet, both public and private.

E-mail can be distributed to lists of people as well as to individuals. A shared distribution list can

be managed by using ane-mail reflector. Some mailing lists allow you to subscribe by sending a

request to the mailing list administrator. A mailing list that is administered automatically is called alist server.
http://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ics.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ics.htmhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mail?vgnextfmt=printhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/rss/ContentSyndication.xmlhttp://reprints.ygsgroup.com/m/techtargethttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/ASCIIhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/ASCIIhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/ASCIIhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/binaryhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/online-service-provider-OSPhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/e-mail-reflectorhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/e-mail-reflectorhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/list-serverhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ics.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ics.htmhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mail?vgnextfmt=printhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/rss/ContentSyndication.xmlhttp://reprints.ygsgroup.com/m/techtargethttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/ASCIIhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/binaryhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/online-service-provider-OSPhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/e-mail-reflectorhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/list-server


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E-mail is one of the protocols included with the Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP) suite of protocols. A popular protocol for sending e-mail is Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol and a popular protocol for receiving it isPOP3. Both Netscape andMicrosoft include ane-mail utility with theirWeb browsers.

Related glossary terms:Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), push voice,disappearing e-mail, ETRN (Extended Turn), text-to-speech (TTS), zipping, BREW

(Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless), unzipping

EmailFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


This article is about the communications medium. For the former manufacturing

conglomerate, see Email Limited.

The at sign, a part of every SMTP email address[1]

Electronic mail, commonly known as email ore-mail, is a method of exchanging digital

messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internetorothercomputer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both

be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on

a store-and-forward model. Emailservers accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither theusers nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly,

typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.

An email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and

the message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, anoriginator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is

also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp.
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP-IPhttp://searchexchange.techtarget.com/definition/SMTPhttp://searchexchange.techtarget.com/definition/SMTPhttp://searchexchange.techtarget.com/definition/POP3http://searchexchange.techtarget.com/definition/POP3http://searchwinit.techtarget.com/definition/Microsofthttp://searchwinit.techtarget.com/definition/Microsofthttp://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/browserhttp://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/browserhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Multimedia-Messaging-Servicehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/push-voicehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/disappearing-e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/ETRNhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/text-to-speechhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/zippinghttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/BREWhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/BREWhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/unzippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_and_offlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store-and-forwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(at).svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(at).svghttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP-IPhttp://searchexchange.techtarget.com/definition/SMTPhttp://searchexchange.techtarget.com/definition/SMTPhttp://searchexchange.techtarget.com/definition/POP3http://searchwinit.techtarget.com/definition/Microsofthttp://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/browserhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Multimedia-Messaging-Servicehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/push-voicehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/disappearing-e-mailhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/ETRNhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/text-to-speechhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/zippinghttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/BREWhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/BREWhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/unzippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_and_offlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store-and-forwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address


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Originally a text-only (7-bit ASCII and others) communications medium, email was extended to

carry multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in RFC2045 through 2049.

Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME).

Electronic mail predates the inception of theInternet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it,[2]

but the history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the earlyARPANET.Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). Conversion

from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. Anemail sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today.

Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File Transfer

Protocol (FTP), but is now carried by theSimple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), first publishedas Internet standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email messages between

systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message envelope separate from the

message (header and body) itself.
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Logic gateFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, that is, itperforms alogical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output.

Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has for instance zero

rise time and unlimited fan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device.[1] (see Ideal and realop-amps for comparison)

Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes ortransistors acting as electronic switches, but

can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays (relay logic),fluidic logic,pneumatic logic,

optics, molecules, or evenmechanical elements. With amplification, logic gates can be cascaded inthe same way that Boolean functions can be composed, allowing the construction of a physical

model of all ofBoolean logic, and therefore, all of the algorithms and mathematics that can be

described with Boolean logic.

Contents[hide]

1 Gate functions 2 Complex functions 3 Electronic gates 4 Symbols 5 Universal logic gates 6 De Morgan equivalent

symbols 7 Data storage 8 Three-state logic gates 9 History and development 10 Implementations 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading

14 External links

[edit] Gate functions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-outhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_and_real_op-ampshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_and_real_op-ampshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#Electronic_switcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidic_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidic_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics#Pneumatic_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics#Pneumatic_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Gate_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Complex_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Electronic_gateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Universal_logic_gateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#De_Morgan_equivalent_symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#De_Morgan_equivalent_symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Three-state_logic_gateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#History_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Implementationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logic_gate&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constructing_NOR_gate_from_NAND_gates.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constructing_NOR_gate_from_NAND_gates.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-outhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_and_real_op-ampshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_and_real_op-ampshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#Electronic_switcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidic_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics#Pneumatic_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Gate_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Complex_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Electronic_gateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Universal_logic_gateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#De_Morgan_equivalent_symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#De_Morgan_equivalent_symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Three-state_logic_gateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#History_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Implementationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logic_gate&action=edit&section=1


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All other types of Boolean logic gates (i.e.,AND, OR,NOT,XOR, XNOR) can be created from a

suitable network ofNAND gates. Similarly all gates can be created from a network ofNORgates.

For an input of 2 boolean variables, there are 16 possible boolean algebraic functions. These 16

functions are enumerated below, together with their outputs for each combination of input

variables.

Venn Diagrams for Logic Gates

INPUT

A 0 0 1 1

Meaning

B 0 1 0 1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOT_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOT_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XNOR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_Gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_Gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_Diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LogicGates.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LogicGates.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constructing_NAND_gate_from_NOR_gates.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constructing_NAND_gate_from_NOR_gates.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOT_gatehttp://en.wikipedi

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