Most Important Features In your notebooks – write down three

things that are the most important features of the Middle Ages in Europe

The Height of Medieval Civilization

Early Medieval Economy

Based on MANORIALISM

Economic system of the Middle Ages in which land was divided into farming communities owned by nobles and worked by freemen and peasants called SERFS

Manors were self sufficient

isolated from each other own court of law church, mill, a bread

oven, and a wine press produced their own food,

clothing, tools raised sheep, cows, fruit,

vegetables built their own houses

Advances - Iron plow and horse harness

New Farming Technique –

3 crop rotation (one fallow)

Practice Regents – 1/2013

1. Which economic system is most closely

associated with the activities shown in this art

work?

(1) manorialism (3) communism

(2) capitalism (4) socialism

2. With which historical setting is this art work

Most closely associated?

(1) Japan—Tokugawa shogunate

(2) Middle East—Abbasid dynasty

(3) Western Europe—Middle Ages

(4) India – Mughal Empire

Practice Question3. The term “subsistence farmers” as used in the Middle Ages refers to people who grow

(1) enough food to feed an entire nation(2) food to export to other villages(3) just enough food to meet the needs of the immediate family(4) a single cash crop like wheat

Growth of Towns Warfare declined in western Europe during the

11th and 12th century (Barbarians like Vikings settle down)

Manor economy became more productive Population increased Trade revived and towns increased in size Peasants and nobles became aware of a larger

world

Revival of trade Decline of feudal warfare Easier to trade using old Roman roads and

rivers During the Crusades trade expanded into

the east. Wool was the main trade item. Towns

became the collecting and distributing point for these items

English/Flemish…. sheep Antwerp and Bruges….weavers Milan and Florence…. trade cloth

Italian fleets gain control of the Mediterranean from the Muslims because of strategic location.

Travel was expensive Barter system was gradually replaced by a

money economy.

Trade Fairs and the Hanseatic League Champagne Trade

Fair, France) Nobles provided

protection, rented booths, and hired money changers

Fairs became a magnet for goods and ideas

Trade fairs become elaborate events

Mixing place of customs, languages, and goods.

Gradual decline due to competition from the Hanseatic League, but also the rents were too high

Hanseatic League

Group of over 80 towns/cites fronting the Baltic Sea - protective trade alliance (fur, timber, fish), immense power – coin own money, treaties, warships

Hanseatic Towns:

Became quite powerful and wealthy.

Bruges, Belgium

“Venice of the North”

Medieval Guilds Merchants and

artisans given the right to form associations

Governed prices, wages, standards, disputes and imports/exports

Only guild members could practice their trade.

Guild Practices Protected members ‘Just Price’ for goods Set work week,

hours, pay Social welfare

programs – workmen compensation

Entertainment and religious feasts

Training ; apprentice, journeyman and master craftsman.

Could take 7 to 20 years

Guilds prevented competition

Passed down through the family

Practice Regents Question – 8/13

4. Which statement best characterizes Europe during the early Middle Ages?(1) A centralized government provided law and order.(2) Manorialism developed to meet the people’s economic needs.(3) People adopted humanism and questioned the Church.(4) A standardized currency promoted international trade.

Practice Regents5. During the European Middle Ages, guilds were created to

(1) obtain better working conditions in factories (2) standardize goods and prices(3) regulate the money supply(4) increase competition

Medieval Church

Powerful institution: had its own

•Government•Laws•Courts•Taxation System

Church and Feudalism –

Church owned large tracts of land (papal state) led by pope

High Church Officials were Feudal Lords

Gave blessings for knighthood

“Peace/Truce of God” to curb feudal warfare

Church’s Control of Daily Life –

Sacraments –1. Baptism2. Holy Eucharist3. Confirmation4. Penance5. Ordination6. Matrimony7. Anointing of the Sick

Excommunication – can not receive sacraments and treated like outcasts (lose property)

Tithe – giving alms

Practice Regents Question6. During the early Middle Ages, western European societies were most influenced by

(1) national monarchies (2) the Roman Catholic Church(3) elected parliaments(4) the Byzantine emperors

Monasteries –

Seat of Education

Copy Greek & Latin Texts/illuminated manuscripts – ex. Book of Kells

Charities: sick, orphans, and homeless.

How did the Church’s involvement in political affairs open the door to corruption?

•Contact with wealth and power often tempted church officials to ignore vows of poverty and obedience.

•Simony (buying and selling of religious orders)

•Lay Investiture (when secular or non-religious - rulers gave the symbols of office to the bishop they appointed)

Late Medieval - Monarchs begin to actively oppose Church’s power – especially in areas of:

- priests following church laws not country’s

- priests not paying tax on property

•Babylonian Captivity (1294, King Philip IV of France kidnaps Pope who refused to pay taxes. Philip elects new pope who rule from Avignon, France) lasted from 1309-1378

•Great Schism (pope in Rome and pope in Avignon – results in France no longer papal fief, pope stays in Rome, popular discontent)

Spanish Inquisition

Isabella and Ferdinand strengthen ties with church in Late Medieval to fight off Muslims and expel Jews. (1492) used the special Church court to try people of heresy (holding beliefs other than those of Catholic Church)

Practice Regents Questions7. Which statement below best describes the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe during the Middle Ages?

1 The Church encouraged individuals to question authority.2 Church leaders were only involved in spiritual activities.3 The Church gained influence as people became more interested in secular affairs.4 The Church provided a sense of stability, unity, and order.

Medieval Europe – Art/Literature

Development of Scholasticism Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Summa

Theologica (teachings of Christ can be compatible with human reason and logic)

Vernacular literature (written in the language of the people – not Latin) – Boccacio’s Decameron and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (regarding plague); Dante’s Divine Comedy

Romanesque Romanesque

Architectural StyleArchitectural Style

Romanesque Romanesque

Architectural StyleArchitectural Style

Rounded Arches.

Barrel vaults.

Thick walls.

Darker, simplistic interiors.

Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Gothic Gothic Architectural Architectural StyleStyle

Gothic Gothic Architectural Architectural StyleStyle

Pointed arches.

High, narrow vaults.

Thinner walls.

Flying buttresses.

Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.

Stained-glass windows.

“Flying” Buttresses

Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

Medieval England After collapse of Roman Empire, pagan Germanic

tribes of Angles and Saxons invaded (late 5th-6th centuries) – legends of King Arthur to battle them, converted to Christianity

1066 – William the Conqueror (Normandy, France) conquers England, destroyed Anglo-Saxon monarchy, grants fiefs to Norman knights

English & French politics now have close political and cultural ties – but also conflict

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

How can a country limit the power of a king?

King John I at King John I at Runnymeade

monarchs were not above the law.

kings had to consult a council of advisors.

kings could not tax arbitrarily.

Limited the power of the Monarchy !!!

MAGNA CARTA

Creation of Parliament (1295)

Two knights from every county Two residents Two knights from every county Two residents from each town meeting Law made in from each town meeting Law made in consultation with representativesconsultation with representatives

by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

True Power rests in the fact that they control taxes –

king can not go to war without getting money from

Parliament.

Practice Question Regents8. Which institution became stronger and limited the monarchy in order to end absolutism in England?

(1) banks (3) guilds(2) Parliament (4) Anglican Church

Hundred Years’ War 1337-1452

Causes:

•William the Conqueror (from Normandy, France) in 1066 took over England (Battle of Hastings)

•Elite were French speaking, peasants spoke German dialect

English control of French Land (Eleanor of Aquitaine’s was divorced by King Louis of France, she then marries Henry II of England)

Economic Trade Rivals

Edward III of England claims throne of France when French king dies without heir.

Battles:•Early victories for England due to invention of English Longbow.

•They also had cannons powered by gunpowder

Joan of Arc

At 12yrs, she began hearing voices of saints who told her to free France from the English.

She cut her hair and dressed as a man. English tried her as a witch.

She was burned at the stake in 1431 at 19yrs of age. She was canonized in 1920.

Result of the 100 Years War: Decline of Feudalism

France:•Growing sense of national pride and loyalty to king•King had power to raise taxes for standing army•Power of feudal lords limited under Louis XI•King could rule without consulting Estate General•Controlled most of modern-day France

England:•Lost French lands•Growing power of King over nobles •Parliament bargained for more rights as King needed money. •Civil War (War of the Roses) arose in which most of feudal lords killed off

Black Death

•1300s – Economic and Social Problems

•1348 – Bubonic Plague (“Black Death”) arrives in Europe via fleas on rats from Asia, following trade routes.

•By 1350 - European population declines by 17.5 million (about 1/3 of the total population)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grbSQ6O6kbs&safe=active

Practice Regents – 1/201410. In general, in which direction did the BlackDeath spread during the 14th century?(1) from Europe to the Americas(2) from Africa to Southeast Asia(3) from Asia to Europe(4) from the Americas to Asia

Symptoms of the Bubonic Plague:

Some of the things that can happen to you are:•Shivering •Vomiting •Headaches •Giddiness •Intolerance to light •Pain in the back and limbs •White coating on the tongue

Probably the most tell tale sign is when the lymph nodes swell with puss, causing hard lumps to appear called BUBOES. Blood vessels break under the skin causing internal bleeding, and the blood begins to dry and turns the skin black, therefore the name THE BLACK DEATH.

“Ring-Around-the Rosie”Original Lyrics, 14th century

Ring-a-ring o’rosesA pocket full of Posies

Atish-oo! Atish-oo

We all fall down.

Some of the CRAZY ways they had to cure the disease are as follows:

•Bathing in human urine.

•Wearing of human excrement.

•Placing dead animals in the home.

•Drinking molten gold and powdered emeralds.

•Eat figs before six in the morning.

•Chop a snake up everyday.

•Try to fall asleep on the left side of the bed.

•Do not exercise.

•Do not eat any desserts.

Population Loss – (in Europe) about 1/3

• After exposure 75% chance of dying.•Florence, Italy – 75% of population wiped out•Higher Rate certain professions – doctors, clergy•Speed High – consecrated river to sink corpses, no time to bury (500-600 a day in Venice)

Economic

•Farms abandoned (rent could not be collected)•Trade declined

Cultural Effects

•Whole communities of scholars (16 of 40 professors at Cambridge died. People fled towns to avoid. Left school.•Churches collapsed•Moral collapse•Art – becomes morbid, chivalrous scenes replaced by dancing macabre (death) intermingling in daily scenes

Practice Regents Questions11. What was a direct result of the Black Death in Europe?(1) The rate of urbanization increased.(2) A shortage of workers developed.(3) Food crops had to be imported from the Americas.(4) German states dominated trade in the eastern Mediterranean. 

Decline of Feudalism:

•Strong Monarchs and nation-states replace nobles

•Standing professional army raised through taxes replace need for warrior class

•Growth of towns and money economy hurt manorial economic basis of feudalism

•Nature of Warfare changed – longbow made heavy armored knight useless, cannons meant castles were useless

Practice Regents Questions

12. Which factor contributed to the decline in the power of the European nobles in the late Middle Ages?

(1) decreasing importance of towns and cities(2) collapse of international trade(3) rise of nation-states(4) increase in the influence of serfs