Most common empires and famous dudes. Paleolithic Age=Old Stone Age People migrate Nomads who move...
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Transcript of Most common empires and famous dudes. Paleolithic Age=Old Stone Age People migrate Nomads who move...
Most common empires and famous dudes
Paleolithic Age=Old Stone Age
• People migrate• Nomads who move from place to place• Invent stone tools and oral language• Discover fire
Neolithic Age=New Stone Age
• Discover agriculture (farming) and domestication (taming animals)– ALLOWS PEOPLE TO SETTLE INTO VILLAGES
Sumerian Civilization
• 1st civilization• City-states in Mesopotamia• First written code of laws, first organized
religion, first organized governments, first empires
• First writing- called cuneiform
Egyptian Civilization
• Nile River• Pyramids, pharaohs (kings)• Influenced by Kush, a kingdom to the south• Hieroglyphics
Indus Civilization
• Indus River in India• Highly organized, built perfectly planned cities
with sewer and water systems
• Invaded by Indo-Aryan people
Indo-Aryans
• Invaded India • Introduced caste system, a social class system
that prevents people from increasing their class
Chinese Civilization
• First on Yellow, then Yangtze River• Created dynasties- kings whose power is
based on birth
Mauryan Empire
• Indian empire• Most famous emperor was Asoka, who
converted to Buddhism and worked to spread Buddhism
Gupta Empire
• “Golden Age” of India• Advances in math, literature, astronomy
Hebrew civilization
• Abraham father of Judaism– First Monotheistic religion
• Moses & Ten Commandments- set of moral laws
Phoenicians
• Best traders of the ancient world• Trading empire throughout Mediterranean
region• Invented the alphabet
Persian Empire
• Created by Cyrus I– Showed conquered people tolerance
• Built roads, esp the Royal Road to help communicate with empire, good for moving armies too
• Practice Zoroastrianism religion
Greek Civilization
• Small city-states develop because they are separated from each other by water and mountains
• Athens develops direct democracy (people vote directly on laws)– Athens contributions to “Western” civilization
(European) include art, architecture (Parthenon), philosophy, literature (Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey)
• Sparta has a militaristic culture
Alexander the Great’s Empire
• A group of Greek-like people called Macedonians invade Greece under king Philip II
• His son, Alexander takes over when Philip dies and builds a huge empire in Europe, Africa, and Asia
• Greek culture mixes with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian culture to form Hellenistic Culture
Roman Republic
• Rome develops a republic, or indirect democracy (people vote for people to vote on laws)
• Goes to war with Carthage over control of Western Mediterranean during Punic Wars – Rome wins, builds an empire
Roman Empire
• Toward end of republic, a general named Julius Caesar takes over Rome and tries to become king, he’s assassinated
• His adopted son Augustus avenges him and becomes Rome’s first emperor
• This beings 200 years of peace and prosperity called Pax Romana
Fall of Rome
• Eventually Roman Empire gets too big to defend and control
• Germanic people like Attila the Hun invade and eventually conquer the western half of the Roman Empire
• Eastern half of empire continues as Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
• Capital city Constantinople– Protected on 3 sides by water and by massive
walls on the other side
• Justinian I most powerful emperor– Conquers much of Roman Empire– Creates code of laws called Justinian’s Code
(Justice)– Builds Hagia Sophia (big church)
Charlemagne’s Empire
• Western Europe began Middle Ages after fall of Roman Empire, lots of tiny kingdoms always fighting each other
• Charlemagne, a Frankish (French) king, conquers many of these and builds a new empire– He tries to revive (recreate) the Roman Empire
(fail)– Allies with the Catholic church and builds schools
Muslim Empires
• After Muhammad died, Islam expanded rapidly
• Under Umayyad Caliphate, conquers central Asia, northern Africa, and Spain. Almost conquered Europe, but stopped by Charles Martel at Battle of Tours
• Baghdad becomes capital– Important city for learning (they invent algebra,
and preserve Greek/Roman learning)
Ghana, Mali, Songhai
• West African kingdoms• Animist religions and Islam• Timbuktu an important trade and cultural city• Depend on gold-salt trade
Aksum
• Christian kingdom• Depended on trade
Maya, Aztec, Inca
• All polytheistic• All depend on agriculture• Inca build road system to help communicate
with empire
England
• After fall of Roman Empire, England conquered by Anglo-Saxons (Anglo=English)
• Then conquered by William the Conqueror and Normans
France
• After Charlemagne, ruled by Hugh Capet and Capetian Dynasty
• Fights England during the 100 Years War• French peasant girl named Joan of Arc rallies
French troops and defeat the Brits.• French become nationalistic
Spain
• Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand unite Spain by kicking out the Moors (Muslims) and Jews
Mongol Empire
• Ghengis Kahn builds biggest empire ever– Russia, China, Central Asia
Russia
• Ivan the Great kicks out Mongols – Becomes the first czar
• Russia becomes a free country
Hammurabi
• Sumerian dude• Invented first written code of laws– Very harsh punishments, but kept society in order
Abraham
• Founder of Judaism, the world’s first monotheistic religion
Moses
• Jewish dude who led Jews out of slavery in Egypt– God sent him the 10 Commandments, a set of
social and religious laws
Buddha (Prince Siddhartha Guatama)
• Founder of Buddhism• Taught that enlightenment (state of perfect
understanding) is possible– People should follow Eightfold Path and Four
Noble Truths
Confucius
• Chinese founder of Confucianism who taught that society should be more ordered
• Respect for elders, teachers, rulers
Shi Huangdi
• Brutal Chinese emperor who unified China• Built the Great Wall of China
Pericles
• Greek dude from Athens who expanded democracy in Athens
• “Golden Age of Pericles” – a highpoint of Greek cultural achievement (built the Parthenon for example)
Plato, Socrates, Aristotle
• Greek philosophers
Julius Caesar
• Roman general who overthrew the Roman Republic
• Assassinated by Roman Senate
Augustus Caesar
• 1st Roman Emperor • Began period of Pax Romana- 200 years of
peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire
Jesus of Nazarath
• Founder of Christianity• Taught about a personal relationship with God
through prayer and good deeds
Apostles Peter and Paul
• Early Christians• Peter was the founder of the Church• Paul spread Christianity through the Roman
Empire
Constantine
• Roman Emperor toward the end of the Roman Republic
• Legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire• Converted to Christianity on his death bed
Justinian
• Byzantine Emperor during high point• Reconquered Roman Empire, built Hagia
Sophia, created Justinian’s Code of Laws
Cyril and Methodius
• Byzantine missionaries who created alphabet for Slavic people to read bible– Called Cyrillic alphabet after Cyril
Muhammad
• Arabian founder of Islam from Mecca
Charles Martel
• Frankish (French) dude who defeated Muslim invasion at the Battle of Tours – Saved Christian Europe from being conquered by
Muslims
Charlemagne
• Frankish king (grandson of Charles Martel) who conquered much of Western Europe and revived the idea of the Roman Empire– Also opened schools
William the Conqueror
• Norman (French & Viking) guy who conquered England and centralized the king’s power
Joan of Arc
• French girl who rallied the French to defeat the English during the 100 Years War
Isabella and Ferdinand
• Spanish queen and king who kicked the Muslim Moors and Jews out of Spain