Mosses and Ferns ndash Student Guided Notes

Diversity of Algae

General Characteristics of Algae

Most algae are traditionally considered as _________________________________ within the 5-kingdom classification The diagnostic characters of the algal group as a whole were ill-defined but nevertheless vastly different from the well-defined traits of the other two plant subkingdoms namely the bryophytes and vascular land plants Other biologists who were convinced that _______________________ ___________________________________________ revised the classification _____________________________________________________________________ with only some multicellular phyla particularly the ________________________ _____________________________________ remaining as plants ______________ _____________________________________________________________________ The result was and still is confusion All algae are ___________________________________________ The various types contain ______________________________________________________________ Most algae are ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ This is where the names ________________________________________________________ The only algae that does not fall into these three classifications are those that are unicellular in all life stages and can move on their own _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ While these algae reproduce by mitosis (__________________________) the green brown and red algae reproduce ________________________ similar to higher plants The generalized life cycle of these sexual algae is termed _______________________ ______________________________ To have an ____________________________________________________ an organism ____________________________________________________ that are ______________________________________________ An organism can spend equal time as each generation or it can spend most of its life as either the haploid or diploid form

Pyhlum Chlorophyta - Green Algae

Green algae possess the pigments ___________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ Green algae are considered closely related to plants All members of this phylum have a cell wall

made of cellulose and store food in vacuoles which are characteristics of plants __________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Green algae can be unicellular colonial filamentous or multicellular giving them a wide diversity of structure _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Unicellular Green Algae

Chlamydomonas is a ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________ It usually reproduces asexually by binary fission but when faced with unfavorable conditions it will reproduce sexually in a haplontic life cycle This method of reproduction is used in unfavorable conditions because the zygospore has a heavy protective wall When faced with unfavorable conditions the Chlamydomonas ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ It is important to note that since all gametes are the same (no male or female) they are said to have isogametes

Colonial filamentous and Multicellular Green Algae

A colonial organism is ________________________________ ___________________________________________________ They are not independent but have all the capabilities of being independent For example ______________________ is a colonial organism composed of thousands of cells that very closely resemble Chlamydomonas Each cell would be capable of independent life but they are arranged to work in a coordinated fashion The Volvox resembles a sphere with a watery inside The wall of the sphere is made up of Chlamydomonas-like cells

made of cellulose and store food in vacuoles which are characteristics of plants __________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Green algae can be unicellular colonial filamentous or multicellular giving them a wide diversity of structure _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Unicellular Green Algae

Chlamydomonas is a ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________ It usually reproduces asexually by binary fission but when faced with unfavorable conditions it will reproduce sexually in a haplontic life cycle This method of reproduction is used in unfavorable conditions because the zygospore has a heavy protective wall When faced with unfavorable conditions the Chlamydomonas ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ It is important to note that since all gametes are the same (no male or female) they are said to have isogametes

Colonial filamentous and Multicellular Green Algae

A colonial organism is ________________________________ ___________________________________________________ They are not independent but have all the capabilities of being independent For example ______________________ is a colonial organism composed of thousands of cells that very closely resemble Chlamydomonas Each cell would be capable of independent life but they are arranged to work in a coordinated fashion The Volvox resembles a sphere with a watery inside The wall of the sphere is made up of Chlamydomonas-like cells

_____________________________________________________ making this one of the simplest organisms to produce heterogametes (sperm and egg)

A filamentous organism is _____________________ The difference is that all cells are aligned in a one cell thick strand of filaments An example of a filamentous algae is ____________________ which gets its name from the shape of the chloroplasts in the cell Spirogyra ___________________________________________ If the strand breaks then both strands will grow as new algae In sexual reproduction the contents of one strand will empty into another so there are no gametes involved As with Chlamydomonas sexual

reproduction produces a diploid zygote that may be more resistant to unfavourable conditions Spirogyra will often spend the winter as a diploid zygote and undergo meiosis in the spring when the weather warms again producing the haploid filament

These Green algae look like plants to the untrained eye However there is no cellular differentiation and there is no protection of the zygote or embryo _____________________________________ ____________________________________________ The green algae ______________so closely resembles a plant that its common name is sea lettuce Ulva _____________________________________________ _____________________________________ It spends equal time as a haploid and diploid organism Isogametes produced by the gametophyte combine (fertilization) to

form a zygote (2n) which grows to a sporophyte (2n) The sporophyte will undergo meiosis to produce spores (n) which will grow to a gametophyte and the cycle repeats The adult stages sporophyte and gametophyte are the stages that resemble lettuce The leafy structure is called a thallus

Red and Brown Algae - Phylum Rhodophyta

__________________________________________ but some species are filamentous Most red algae are complex branched multicellular algae which look like a bunch of ribbons Red algae has an economic importance as the main constituent in agar Check if it is in your favourite ice cream

Phylum Phaeophyta

The ______________________________ _________________________________ It is the pigment fucoxanthin that gives this phylum its golden brown colour Like red algae ____________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________ There are some filamentous representatives as well ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ They often have specialized structures At one end you will find ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Most brown algae undergo an alternation of generations life cycle but species such as Fucus reproduce via a diplontic life cycle meaning that the adult is the sporophyte and diploid

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates

Phylum Chrysophyta Often called brown algae __________________________ ______________________________________ They have a very unique unicellular structure that reproduces asexually They are of economic importance as well since their _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Their empty shells are also mined for use in gardening (diatomaceous earth) filters and polishes Phylum Pyrrophyta Dinoflagellates are unique in that they ______________________________________ ____________________________________________ They have _______________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Dinoflagellates are an ________________________________

_________________________________________ This is of concern to humans because when consumed in large amounts they can make the shellfish toxic enough to paralyze whoever eats them ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

Euglenoids

Phylum Euglenophyta

Euglena are __________________ ____________________________ for taxonomists because only a third of euglena are photosynthetic The rest are more like a protozoan as they are heterotrophs and ingest their food The typical euglena is depicted _____________________ ____________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________ Photosynthetic euglena can be easily found in bright aquatic locations and are often observed live under a microscope

Introduction to Plants - Interesting Facts about Plants

Bamboo is the fastest growing plant and has been observed to grow over 1 meter in a 24 hr period

The largest bloom (flower) is the stinking lily of Southeast Asia which measures 90 cm across

The Welwitschia (well-WITCH-ee-a) plant grows in desert areas of Namibia and Angola It has only two leaves that shred into many long leathery pieces as they grow This plant provides shelter for small desert animals and are an important part of the web of life in the desert

Cinnamon is from the bark of the Cinnamomum zeylandicum tree The bark is peeled from the sprouts of these trees then set out to dry and rolled up into quills

The Largest living organism is the California Redwood at 1116 m high with a 24 m circumference

A single coffee tree yields only one pound of roasted ground coffee annually

The squirting cucumber (Ecballium elaterium) when brushed by a passerby emits its seeds along with stream of poisonous juice that stings the skin

The oldest plant is the bristlecone pine which is 4900 years old

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Every plant in Tomorrowland at Disneyland in Anaheim CA is ____________________ Trees in the arctic grow very slowly _____________________________________________________________________

The _______________________________________________________ Fires that occur in a redwood forest take place inside the trees

Kingdom Plantae

Why are plants so important If plants hadnrsquot evolved to photosynthesize life on this planet would be very different ____________________________________________ ______________________________ and the most important waste product of this process is ___________________ - something that most of the animal life on this planet canrsquot live without As the first plants began photosynthesizing_______________ _______________________________________________ Some of the oxygen in the outer layer of the atmosphere was converted to ozone Eventually there was enough ozone in the upper atmosphere to effectively filter out the harmful ultraviolet rays that are highly destructive to living organisms This allowed organisms to survive in the surface layers of water and on land _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ This yields much more energy than can be obtained in an atmosphere without oxygen Plants are also critical to other life on this planet because _______________________ ______________________________________ Most plants are _________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Some of the earliest fossils found have been aged at 38 billion years These fossil deposits show evidence of photosynthesis so plants or the plant-like ancestors of plants have lived on this planet longer than most other groups of organisms The fossil record for plants is spottier than animals as they lack hard parts that produce fossils but there is enough to show an evolutionary trend ________________________ were the first to appear __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The fossil records DNA and other molecular evidence has traced the origin of plants to fresh water algae however ______________________________________________________________ Here is a proposed evolutionary tree for plant

General Characteristics of Plants

1 Plants make food by photosynthesis 2 Plants have cell walls made of cellulose 3 Plants stay put - Sessile 4 Plants show an Alternation of Generations in their life cycles (sporophyte and

gametophyte)

Plants like green algae _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ so it is said that they share a common ancestor However plants possess many differences in comparison to green algae because they have to be able to survive in a much drier environment on land One of the main ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ The cuticle is a waxy substance covering the leaves With this waxy cuticle present ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ in and out of the leaves ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ___________________________ Those plants that dont must live in a moist environment _________________________ ____________________________________ and will be discussed in more detail later Plants like algae ______________________ ____________________________________ There are differences to accommodate the lack of water For example plants must protect the embryo from drying out during reproduction

Classifying Plants

The 12 Phyla of plants can be ________________________________________ based on the presence of vascular tissue 1 __________________________ 2 __________________________ Nonvascular Plants such as Bryophyta (mosses) Hepatophyta (liver warts) and Anthocerophyta (hornwarts) _______________________________________________ ________________________________________ (more on plant anatomy laterhellip)

The _______________________________________________________ Fires that occur in a redwood forest take place inside the trees

Kingdom Plantae

Why are plants so important If plants hadnrsquot evolved to photosynthesize life on this planet would be very different ____________________________________________ ______________________________ and the most important waste product of this process is ___________________ - something that most of the animal life on this planet canrsquot live without As the first plants began photosynthesizing_______________ _______________________________________________ Some of the oxygen in the outer layer of the atmosphere was converted to ozone Eventually there was enough ozone in the upper atmosphere to effectively filter out the harmful ultraviolet rays that are highly destructive to living organisms This allowed organisms to survive in the surface layers of water and on land _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ This yields much more energy than can be obtained in an atmosphere without oxygen Plants are also critical to other life on this planet because _______________________ ______________________________________ Most plants are _________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Some of the earliest fossils found have been aged at 38 billion years These fossil deposits show evidence of photosynthesis so plants or the plant-like ancestors of plants have lived on this planet longer than most other groups of organisms The fossil record for plants is spottier than animals as they lack hard parts that produce fossils but there is enough to show an evolutionary trend ________________________ were the first to appear __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The fossil records DNA and other molecular evidence has traced the origin of plants to fresh water algae however ______________________________________________________________ Here is a proposed evolutionary tree for plant

General Characteristics of Plants

1 Plants make food by photosynthesis 2 Plants have cell walls made of cellulose 3 Plants stay put - Sessile 4 Plants show an Alternation of Generations in their life cycles (sporophyte and

gametophyte)

Plants like green algae _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ so it is said that they share a common ancestor However plants possess many differences in comparison to green algae because they have to be able to survive in a much drier environment on land One of the main ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ The cuticle is a waxy substance covering the leaves With this waxy cuticle present ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ in and out of the leaves ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ___________________________ Those plants that dont must live in a moist environment _________________________ ____________________________________ and will be discussed in more detail later Plants like algae ______________________ ____________________________________ There are differences to accommodate the lack of water For example plants must protect the embryo from drying out during reproduction

Classifying Plants

The 12 Phyla of plants can be ________________________________________ based on the presence of vascular tissue 1 __________________________ 2 __________________________ Nonvascular Plants such as Bryophyta (mosses) Hepatophyta (liver warts) and Anthocerophyta (hornwarts) _______________________________________________ ________________________________________ (more on plant anatomy laterhellip)

General Characteristics of Plants

1 Plants make food by photosynthesis 2 Plants have cell walls made of cellulose 3 Plants stay put - Sessile 4 Plants show an Alternation of Generations in their life cycles (sporophyte and

gametophyte)

Plants like green algae _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ so it is said that they share a common ancestor However plants possess many differences in comparison to green algae because they have to be able to survive in a much drier environment on land One of the main ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ The cuticle is a waxy substance covering the leaves With this waxy cuticle present ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ in and out of the leaves ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ___________________________ Those plants that dont must live in a moist environment _________________________ ____________________________________ and will be discussed in more detail later Plants like algae ______________________ ____________________________________ There are differences to accommodate the lack of water For example plants must protect the embryo from drying out during reproduction

Classifying Plants

The 12 Phyla of plants can be ________________________________________ based on the presence of vascular tissue 1 __________________________ 2 __________________________ Nonvascular Plants such as Bryophyta (mosses) Hepatophyta (liver warts) and Anthocerophyta (hornwarts) _______________________________________________ ________________________________________ (more on plant anatomy laterhellip)

Vascular Plants _______________________________________________________ Vascular plants can be further divided into 2 groups

1) Seedless Plants 2) Seed Plants

______________________________________________________ and three other phyla closely associated with ferns

1 Psilotophyta (whisk Ferns) 2 Lycophyta (club Mosses) 3 Sphenophyta (Horsetails) 4 Pterophyta (Ferns)

Vascular- Seed Plants that produce seeds for reproduction include _______________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (ie pine tree) Gymnosperms

1 Cycadophyta (ie Cycads) 2 Ginkgophyta (ie Ginkgoes) 3 Coniferophyta (ie Conifers) 4 Gnetophyta (ie Gnetophytes)

___________________________________________________________ (ie apple amp orange trees) Angiosperms are __________________________________________

1 Anthophyta (ie flowering plants) Class Monocotyledones (monocots) Class Dicotyledones (dicots)

We will study each of these groups as we move through the plant module

Review of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ In plants this process ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________ Photosynthesis is the process that provides all of the energy made by producers that is the base of the energy pyramid

Without plants and autotrophs we would have no food to eat or oxygen to breath

Plants absorb a common gas called carbon dioxide pull water up through their roots and use light to make sugar Plants use the sugar to grow and give off oxygen as a by-product The chemical reaction that takes place in chloroplasts (say inside a tree leaf) uses the ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

Review of Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ that can do work inside cells This process ___________________________________ ___________________________________________ Both plants and animals use the products of photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel

The chemical reaction that takes place in mitochondria (say inside a muscle cell) _____ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ currency of cells

Comparing Photosynthesis to Cellular Respiration

It is important to note that ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ The reactants and products are reversed They are the same reaction running in two directions

Life Cycle of Plants

Plants use an ___________________________________________________ In the plants cycle the _____________________________________________________

_________________________________ and the _____________________________ ___________________________________________ The life cycles of each type of plant are dominant in one stage or the other _________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Within the cycle the _____________________(2n) undergoes meiosis to __________ ________________ ( n) which will typically disperse It will then divide and grow into a ______________________________ _________________________( n) Two gametes will combine (fertilization) to form a zygote(2n) which will develop into a sporophyte(2n) to complete the cycle

Although the main difference between the life cycles of different plants is the structure that disperses the species other differences between the cycles will be discussed in further lessons

Non-Vascular Plants

Types of Non-vascular Plants

_________________________________ plants belong to the division __________________ which includes ______________________________________ ________________ These plants have __________________________ so the plants ___________________________________________________________________ The bryophytes ______________________________________________________ although the plant body is differentiated into leaflike and stemlike parts In some species ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ With no vascular tissue the bryophytes cannot retain water for long periods of time Consequently _____________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ ____________ This explains the presence of mosses in moist areas such as swamps and bogs and on the shaded sides of trees

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ generation Therefore they are primarily haploid Their only diploid stage is the zygote which grows to the sporophyte Both the zygote and sporophyte are parasitic on the gametophyte since they do not have any photosynthetic tissue The function of the sporophyte is simply to disperse the spores so it grows above the plant to reach the wind

Hornworts - Division Anthocerotaceae

Hornworts are described as a slimy looking photosynthetic substance in the gametophyte generation It is the sporophyte which gives this division its name It grows up like a spike from the gametophyte and continues to grow for the life of the plant

Liverworts - Division Hepatophyta

Liverworts are a ______________________ ____________________ in the gametophyte generation __________________________ ____________________________ The thallus has __________________________ ___________________________________ growing down into the soil Liverworts undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction During asexual reproduction a gemmae will break out of the gemmae cup to form a new plant Sexual reproduction occurs similarly to mosses in that they have ____________________________________ ___________________________________

which fertilize to form a sporophyte The sporophyte releases spores that will grow to form a new liverwort

Mosses _________________________________________________________________ and _____________________________________________________________ Mosses do have ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Food molecules produced by photosynthesis within the leaf-like structures can not be distributed very far As a result the mosses are generally limited in size Mosses will typically grow as a mat of ________________________________________

To Summarize

1 _________________________ _________________________

2 _________________________ _________________________

3 _________________________ _________________________

4 Mosses are small due to their lack of vascular tissue

5 They depend on diffusion and osmosis for movement of materials throughout the plan

Life Cycle of the Mosses

The life cycle of the moss is typical of the bryophytes Flask-shaped _______________ located among the top leaves of the _________________________________________ _______________________________________ located similarly on the ___________ _______________________ _______________________ that swim in drops of rainwater or dew into the neck of the archegonium to fertilize the egg cell The zygote that results from the fertilization develops into a young sporophyte within the archegonium The sporophyte grows out of the archegonium taking its nourishment from the gametophyte and differentiates into a slender stalk with a spore capsule near the tip Haploid spores are produced by meiosis in this capsule and when the tip of the capsule opens the spores are freed _________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ which represent the next stage in the alternation of generations

Plants absorb a common gas called carbon dioxide pull water up through their roots and use light to make sugar Plants use the sugar to grow and give off oxygen as a by-product The chemical reaction that takes place in chloroplasts (say inside a tree leaf) uses the ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

Review of Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ that can do work inside cells This process ___________________________________ ___________________________________________ Both plants and animals use the products of photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel

The chemical reaction that takes place in mitochondria (say inside a muscle cell) _____ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ currency of cells

Comparing Photosynthesis to Cellular Respiration

It is important to note that ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ The reactants and products are reversed They are the same reaction running in two directions

Life Cycle of Plants

Plants use an ___________________________________________________ In the plants cycle the _____________________________________________________

_________________________________ and the _____________________________ ___________________________________________ The life cycles of each type of plant are dominant in one stage or the other _________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Within the cycle the _____________________(2n) undergoes meiosis to __________ ________________ ( n) which will typically disperse It will then divide and grow into a ______________________________ _________________________( n) Two gametes will combine (fertilization) to form a zygote(2n) which will develop into a sporophyte(2n) to complete the cycle

Although the main difference between the life cycles of different plants is the structure that disperses the species other differences between the cycles will be discussed in further lessons

Non-Vascular Plants

Types of Non-vascular Plants

_________________________________ plants belong to the division __________________ which includes ______________________________________ ________________ These plants have __________________________ so the plants ___________________________________________________________________ The bryophytes ______________________________________________________ although the plant body is differentiated into leaflike and stemlike parts In some species ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ With no vascular tissue the bryophytes cannot retain water for long periods of time Consequently _____________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ ____________ This explains the presence of mosses in moist areas such as swamps and bogs and on the shaded sides of trees

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ generation Therefore they are primarily haploid Their only diploid stage is the zygote which grows to the sporophyte Both the zygote and sporophyte are parasitic on the gametophyte since they do not have any photosynthetic tissue The function of the sporophyte is simply to disperse the spores so it grows above the plant to reach the wind

Hornworts - Division Anthocerotaceae

Hornworts are described as a slimy looking photosynthetic substance in the gametophyte generation It is the sporophyte which gives this division its name It grows up like a spike from the gametophyte and continues to grow for the life of the plant

Liverworts - Division Hepatophyta

Liverworts are a ______________________ ____________________ in the gametophyte generation __________________________ ____________________________ The thallus has __________________________ ___________________________________ growing down into the soil Liverworts undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction During asexual reproduction a gemmae will break out of the gemmae cup to form a new plant Sexual reproduction occurs similarly to mosses in that they have ____________________________________ ___________________________________

which fertilize to form a sporophyte The sporophyte releases spores that will grow to form a new liverwort

Mosses _________________________________________________________________ and _____________________________________________________________ Mosses do have ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Food molecules produced by photosynthesis within the leaf-like structures can not be distributed very far As a result the mosses are generally limited in size Mosses will typically grow as a mat of ________________________________________

To Summarize

1 _________________________ _________________________

2 _________________________ _________________________

3 _________________________ _________________________

4 Mosses are small due to their lack of vascular tissue

5 They depend on diffusion and osmosis for movement of materials throughout the plan

Life Cycle of the Mosses

The life cycle of the moss is typical of the bryophytes Flask-shaped _______________ located among the top leaves of the _________________________________________ _______________________________________ located similarly on the ___________ _______________________ _______________________ that swim in drops of rainwater or dew into the neck of the archegonium to fertilize the egg cell The zygote that results from the fertilization develops into a young sporophyte within the archegonium The sporophyte grows out of the archegonium taking its nourishment from the gametophyte and differentiates into a slender stalk with a spore capsule near the tip Haploid spores are produced by meiosis in this capsule and when the tip of the capsule opens the spores are freed _________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ which represent the next stage in the alternation of generations

The chemical reaction that takes place in mitochondria (say inside a muscle cell) _____ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ currency of cells

Comparing Photosynthesis to Cellular Respiration

It is important to note that ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ The reactants and products are reversed They are the same reaction running in two directions

Life Cycle of Plants

Plants use an ___________________________________________________ In the plants cycle the _____________________________________________________

_________________________________ and the _____________________________ ___________________________________________ The life cycles of each type of plant are dominant in one stage or the other _________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Within the cycle the _____________________(2n) undergoes meiosis to __________ ________________ ( n) which will typically disperse It will then divide and grow into a ______________________________ _________________________( n) Two gametes will combine (fertilization) to form a zygote(2n) which will develop into a sporophyte(2n) to complete the cycle

Although the main difference between the life cycles of different plants is the structure that disperses the species other differences between the cycles will be discussed in further lessons

Non-Vascular Plants

Types of Non-vascular Plants

_________________________________ plants belong to the division __________________ which includes ______________________________________ ________________ These plants have __________________________ so the plants ___________________________________________________________________ The bryophytes ______________________________________________________ although the plant body is differentiated into leaflike and stemlike parts In some species ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ With no vascular tissue the bryophytes cannot retain water for long periods of time Consequently _____________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ ____________ This explains the presence of mosses in moist areas such as swamps and bogs and on the shaded sides of trees

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ generation Therefore they are primarily haploid Their only diploid stage is the zygote which grows to the sporophyte Both the zygote and sporophyte are parasitic on the gametophyte since they do not have any photosynthetic tissue The function of the sporophyte is simply to disperse the spores so it grows above the plant to reach the wind

Hornworts - Division Anthocerotaceae

Hornworts are described as a slimy looking photosynthetic substance in the gametophyte generation It is the sporophyte which gives this division its name It grows up like a spike from the gametophyte and continues to grow for the life of the plant

Liverworts - Division Hepatophyta

Liverworts are a ______________________ ____________________ in the gametophyte generation __________________________ ____________________________ The thallus has __________________________ ___________________________________ growing down into the soil Liverworts undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction During asexual reproduction a gemmae will break out of the gemmae cup to form a new plant Sexual reproduction occurs similarly to mosses in that they have ____________________________________ ___________________________________

which fertilize to form a sporophyte The sporophyte releases spores that will grow to form a new liverwort

Mosses _________________________________________________________________ and _____________________________________________________________ Mosses do have ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Food molecules produced by photosynthesis within the leaf-like structures can not be distributed very far As a result the mosses are generally limited in size Mosses will typically grow as a mat of ________________________________________

To Summarize

1 _________________________ _________________________

2 _________________________ _________________________

3 _________________________ _________________________

4 Mosses are small due to their lack of vascular tissue

5 They depend on diffusion and osmosis for movement of materials throughout the plan

Life Cycle of the Mosses

The life cycle of the moss is typical of the bryophytes Flask-shaped _______________ located among the top leaves of the _________________________________________ _______________________________________ located similarly on the ___________ _______________________ _______________________ that swim in drops of rainwater or dew into the neck of the archegonium to fertilize the egg cell The zygote that results from the fertilization develops into a young sporophyte within the archegonium The sporophyte grows out of the archegonium taking its nourishment from the gametophyte and differentiates into a slender stalk with a spore capsule near the tip Haploid spores are produced by meiosis in this capsule and when the tip of the capsule opens the spores are freed _________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ which represent the next stage in the alternation of generations

_________________________________ and the _____________________________ ___________________________________________ The life cycles of each type of plant are dominant in one stage or the other _________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Within the cycle the _____________________(2n) undergoes meiosis to __________ ________________ ( n) which will typically disperse It will then divide and grow into a ______________________________ _________________________( n) Two gametes will combine (fertilization) to form a zygote(2n) which will develop into a sporophyte(2n) to complete the cycle

Although the main difference between the life cycles of different plants is the structure that disperses the species other differences between the cycles will be discussed in further lessons

Non-Vascular Plants

Types of Non-vascular Plants

_________________________________ plants belong to the division __________________ which includes ______________________________________ ________________ These plants have __________________________ so the plants ___________________________________________________________________ The bryophytes ______________________________________________________ although the plant body is differentiated into leaflike and stemlike parts In some species ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ With no vascular tissue the bryophytes cannot retain water for long periods of time Consequently _____________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ ____________ This explains the presence of mosses in moist areas such as swamps and bogs and on the shaded sides of trees

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ generation Therefore they are primarily haploid Their only diploid stage is the zygote which grows to the sporophyte Both the zygote and sporophyte are parasitic on the gametophyte since they do not have any photosynthetic tissue The function of the sporophyte is simply to disperse the spores so it grows above the plant to reach the wind

Hornworts - Division Anthocerotaceae

Hornworts are described as a slimy looking photosynthetic substance in the gametophyte generation It is the sporophyte which gives this division its name It grows up like a spike from the gametophyte and continues to grow for the life of the plant

Liverworts - Division Hepatophyta

Liverworts are a ______________________ ____________________ in the gametophyte generation __________________________ ____________________________ The thallus has __________________________ ___________________________________ growing down into the soil Liverworts undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction During asexual reproduction a gemmae will break out of the gemmae cup to form a new plant Sexual reproduction occurs similarly to mosses in that they have ____________________________________ ___________________________________

which fertilize to form a sporophyte The sporophyte releases spores that will grow to form a new liverwort

Mosses _________________________________________________________________ and _____________________________________________________________ Mosses do have ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Food molecules produced by photosynthesis within the leaf-like structures can not be distributed very far As a result the mosses are generally limited in size Mosses will typically grow as a mat of ________________________________________

To Summarize

1 _________________________ _________________________

2 _________________________ _________________________

3 _________________________ _________________________

4 Mosses are small due to their lack of vascular tissue

5 They depend on diffusion and osmosis for movement of materials throughout the plan

Life Cycle of the Mosses

The life cycle of the moss is typical of the bryophytes Flask-shaped _______________ located among the top leaves of the _________________________________________ _______________________________________ located similarly on the ___________ _______________________ _______________________ that swim in drops of rainwater or dew into the neck of the archegonium to fertilize the egg cell The zygote that results from the fertilization develops into a young sporophyte within the archegonium The sporophyte grows out of the archegonium taking its nourishment from the gametophyte and differentiates into a slender stalk with a spore capsule near the tip Haploid spores are produced by meiosis in this capsule and when the tip of the capsule opens the spores are freed _________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ which represent the next stage in the alternation of generations

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ generation Therefore they are primarily haploid Their only diploid stage is the zygote which grows to the sporophyte Both the zygote and sporophyte are parasitic on the gametophyte since they do not have any photosynthetic tissue The function of the sporophyte is simply to disperse the spores so it grows above the plant to reach the wind

Hornworts - Division Anthocerotaceae

Hornworts are described as a slimy looking photosynthetic substance in the gametophyte generation It is the sporophyte which gives this division its name It grows up like a spike from the gametophyte and continues to grow for the life of the plant

Liverworts - Division Hepatophyta

Liverworts are a ______________________ ____________________ in the gametophyte generation __________________________ ____________________________ The thallus has __________________________ ___________________________________ growing down into the soil Liverworts undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction During asexual reproduction a gemmae will break out of the gemmae cup to form a new plant Sexual reproduction occurs similarly to mosses in that they have ____________________________________ ___________________________________

which fertilize to form a sporophyte The sporophyte releases spores that will grow to form a new liverwort

Mosses _________________________________________________________________ and _____________________________________________________________ Mosses do have ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Food molecules produced by photosynthesis within the leaf-like structures can not be distributed very far As a result the mosses are generally limited in size Mosses will typically grow as a mat of ________________________________________

To Summarize

1 _________________________ _________________________

2 _________________________ _________________________

3 _________________________ _________________________

4 Mosses are small due to their lack of vascular tissue

5 They depend on diffusion and osmosis for movement of materials throughout the plan

Life Cycle of the Mosses

The life cycle of the moss is typical of the bryophytes Flask-shaped _______________ located among the top leaves of the _________________________________________ _______________________________________ located similarly on the ___________ _______________________ _______________________ that swim in drops of rainwater or dew into the neck of the archegonium to fertilize the egg cell The zygote that results from the fertilization develops into a young sporophyte within the archegonium The sporophyte grows out of the archegonium taking its nourishment from the gametophyte and differentiates into a slender stalk with a spore capsule near the tip Haploid spores are produced by meiosis in this capsule and when the tip of the capsule opens the spores are freed _________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ which represent the next stage in the alternation of generations

To Summarize

1 _________________________ _________________________

2 _________________________ _________________________

3 _________________________ _________________________

4 Mosses are small due to their lack of vascular tissue

5 They depend on diffusion and osmosis for movement of materials throughout the plan

Life Cycle of the Mosses

The life cycle of the moss is typical of the bryophytes Flask-shaped _______________ located among the top leaves of the _________________________________________ _______________________________________ located similarly on the ___________ _______________________ _______________________ that swim in drops of rainwater or dew into the neck of the archegonium to fertilize the egg cell The zygote that results from the fertilization develops into a young sporophyte within the archegonium The sporophyte grows out of the archegonium taking its nourishment from the gametophyte and differentiates into a slender stalk with a spore capsule near the tip Haploid spores are produced by meiosis in this capsule and when the tip of the capsule opens the spores are freed _________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ which represent the next stage in the alternation of generations

Review

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ and is the form we recognize as lsquomossesrsquo At the tip of the gametophyte are reproductive structures called the __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ When sperm swims to the egg fertilization produces a zygote When the zygote germinates it produces a diploid sporophyte The sporophyte is totally dependent on the gametophyte for food and water as it grows on top of the gametophyte The sporophyte has a capsule on top that contains haploid spores (produced by meiosis) Once a spore is released and it lands it germinates into a mass of green filaments called a Protanema This protanema develops shoots and rhizoids and becomes the dominant haploid gametophyte

Evolutionary Importance

Nonvascular plants are important to evolutionary biologists because they ___________ ________________________________________ They have some tissue differentiation but are obviously not as advanced as vascular plants They are dependent on a nearly aquatic lifestyle for part of their life cycle They are considered the most primitive of the plant kingdom and they are also know as great ____________ ______________ Bryophytes are also important ______________________________ __________________________________________________

Seedless Vascular Plants

Types of Seedless Vascular Plants

Vascular plants are divided into two main groups seedless and seed While ________ _________________________________________________________________ The seedless divisions include _______________________________________________ _________________________________ The structure of the vascular tissue is common to all vascular plants ______________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ It is the xylem that enables vascular plants to be tall Not only is the xylem capable of transporting water to the leaves of tall plants but the xylem is also responsible for stability in woody tissues These tissues help the plant fight gravity and the wind __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ generation It is beneficial to be diploid because a faulty gene can be masked by its duplicate if it is normal reducing the chance of mutation _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________ if a genetic change does occur

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ However they ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ They can live in dry environments in the sporophyte generation because the gametophyte is independent

Whisk Ferns - Division Psilophyta

Whisk ferns are an interesting group of plants because they have no leaves Instead the branches of the plant carry on photosynthesis and hold the sporangia which produce the spores

Club Mosses - Division Lycopodophyta

Club mosses are composed of a ___________________________ __________________________ with small roots branching from it They look like a more complexly branched whiskfern but they actually have leaves The small scale-like leaves branch off of the stem The sporangia are held by specialized leaf clusters called strobili

Ferns - Division Pteridophyta

Most ferns _______________________________________________________ They range from less than 1cm to 25 m tall Ferns live in all climates on forest floors as epiphytes (survive by living off of other plants) in full sun Some ferns are aquatic

The __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The stems contain specialized vascular tissues for transporting water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another Strong stems containing this vascular tissue allow plants to grow tall

Fern Life Cycle

Like other seedless vascular plants ________________________________________ _______________________________________ However ferns vary in size and shape much more than the other divisions Typically the ________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ After the sperm swim to the _________________ they fertilize the egg forming a zygote The ___________________________________ that is a small curled stem with leaves ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

_____________________________________ if a genetic change does occur

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ However they ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ They can live in dry environments in the sporophyte generation because the gametophyte is independent

Whisk Ferns - Division Psilophyta

Whisk ferns are an interesting group of plants because they have no leaves Instead the branches of the plant carry on photosynthesis and hold the sporangia which produce the spores

Club Mosses - Division Lycopodophyta

Club mosses are composed of a ___________________________ __________________________ with small roots branching from it They look like a more complexly branched whiskfern but they actually have leaves The small scale-like leaves branch off of the stem The sporangia are held by specialized leaf clusters called strobili

Ferns - Division Pteridophyta

Most ferns _______________________________________________________ They range from less than 1cm to 25 m tall Ferns live in all climates on forest floors as epiphytes (survive by living off of other plants) in full sun Some ferns are aquatic

The __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The stems contain specialized vascular tissues for transporting water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another Strong stems containing this vascular tissue allow plants to grow tall

Fern Life Cycle

Like other seedless vascular plants ________________________________________ _______________________________________ However ferns vary in size and shape much more than the other divisions Typically the ________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ After the sperm swim to the _________________ they fertilize the egg forming a zygote The ___________________________________ that is a small curled stem with leaves ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

The __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The stems contain specialized vascular tissues for transporting water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another Strong stems containing this vascular tissue allow plants to grow tall

Fern Life Cycle

Like other seedless vascular plants ________________________________________ _______________________________________ However ferns vary in size and shape much more than the other divisions Typically the ________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ After the sperm swim to the _________________ they fertilize the egg forming a zygote The ___________________________________ that is a small curled stem with leaves ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________