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West Virginia Vectorborne Disease Surveillance Report

JANUARY 1 – NOVEMBER 9, 2015 The purpose of this report is to share descriptive surveillance data related to vectorborne disease activity with public health partners in West Virginia

(WV). All information in this report is considered provisional. For questions or comments, contact Miguella Mark-Carew in the Division of Infectious

Disease Epidemiology (DIDE) at miguella.p.mark-carew@wv.gov.

MOSQUITOES HUMAN SURVEILLANCE During the period of January 1 to November 9, 2015, three human cases of La Crosse encephalitis were reported; two from Raleigh County and one from Lincoln County. One travel-associated case of malaria was reported from Mineral County. One travel-associated case of dengue fever was reported from Monongalia County (Table 1). Table 1. Summary of human cases of mosquito-borne diseases for the current reporting period in WV.

Mosquito-borne Disease

# Confirmed and Probable Human Casesa

(Total through November 9, 2015) Comments

Dengue Fever 1

1

Case traveled to India

La Crosse Encephalitis 3

2

Cases from Raleigh and Lincoln counties

Malaria 1 Case traveled to Malawi

Total 5

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aTable includes only confirmed and probable cases that have been reviewed and closed by the Zoonotic Disease Epidemiologist.

BIRD AND HORSE SURVEILLANCE

One bird specimen was submitted for arboviral disease testing (Table 2). Results are pending. Table 2. Summary of surveillance specimens submitted for dead birds and horses (serum) through November 9, 2015.

Type of Specimen Total through November 9, 2015

Comments # specimens

submitted

+ Arbovirusa

WNV SLE EEE

Dead bird 1 - - - Results pending

Horse serum 0 - - -

Total 1 aNote: horse specimens are tested for WNV and EEE only.

MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE

Mosquito surveillance was conducted from May 20 through September 19 in the following 19 counties:

Berkeley, Cabell, Fayette, Greenbrier, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Kanawha, Mercer,

Monongalia, Morgan, Nicholas, Putnam, Raleigh, Roane, Wayne, Wetzel, and Wood. Of 600 total mosquito

pools tested, 37 (6.2%) were positive for West Nile virus (WNV) (Table 3). Most West Nile virus positive

pools were from counties in the western part of the state (Fig. 1). Twenty-nine mosquito pools from six

different surveillance sites in Cabell County contained WNV; the first positive pool was detected in adult

Culex mosquitoes active on July 13 and last pools were from adult Culex mosquitoes and Aedes

mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus/Aedes triseriatus) that were active on August 26. In Kanawha County, WNV

was detected in adults Culex mosquito pool collected on July 16 and on August 13, and an adult Aedes

japonicus pool collected on July 23. Three adult Culex mosquito pools from Wetzel County and one adult

Culex mosquito pool from Wood County collected on August 4 also tested positive for WNV. WNV was also

detected in a single Culex mosquito sample collected August 26 in Jefferson County in eastern WV. No

other arboviral diseases (La Crosse virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus)

were detected in the mosquito populations. Peak WNV infection rate in adult Culex mosquitoes occurred

during the first three weeks in August; however this amount of infection in the mosquito population was still

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low and posed only a moderate human risk of WNV infection. Adult mosquitoes from Putnam County were

not suitable for arboviral testing.

Thanks to all of the volunteers and agencies which have assisted with the mosquito surveillance program

this year, specifically the West Virginia Office of Laboratory Services for testing 600 pools of mosquitoes.

For more information, visit (http://www.dhhr.wv.gov/oeps/disease/Zoonosis/Mosquito/Pages/default.aspx).

Active adult mosquito surveillance will commence next year in May 2016.

Figure 1. Mosquito surveillance in WV. Counties shown in brown are under active mosquito surveillance as of September 19, 2015. West Nile virus positive pools were detected in Cabell, Jefferson, Kanawha, Wetzel, and Wood Counties.

Table 3. Summary of adult mosquito surveillance through September 19, 2015.

Mosquito Species Total through September 19, 2015

Comments # Pools Tested

+ Arbovirus-positive pools

WNV LAC SLE EEE

Culex spp. 447 32 0 0 0 WNV + pools from Cabell, Jefferson, Kanawha,

Wetzel, and Wood Counties

Non- Culex spp. 153 5 0 0 0 WNV+ pools from Cabell and Kanawha Counties

Total 600 37 0 0 0 WNV=West Nile virus; LAC=La Crosse; SLE=St. Louis encephalitis; EEE=Eastern equine encephalitis

Randolph

Hardy

Kanawha

GreenbrierFayette

Grant

Preston

Raleigh

Pocahontas

Boone

Clay

Nicholas

Wayne

Roane

Logan

Mingo

Pendleton

Lewis

Webster

Braxton

Ritchie

Mason

Wood

Monroe

Tucker

Lincoln

Mercer

Hampshire

Wirt

Jackson

McDowell

Wyoming

Tyler

Wetzel

Gilmer

Harrison

Marion

PutnamCabell

Barbour

Monongalia

Taylor

Ohio

Upshur

Mineral

Summers

Berkeley

Marshall

Calhoun

Doddridge

Morgan

JeffersonPleasants

Brooke

Hancock

Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS,FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan,METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMapcontributors, and the GIS User Community

WNV

Negative

Positive

County under surveillance

County not under surveillance

Mosquito Surveillance by County --West Virginia, May 20 to September 19, 2015

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TICKS

HUMAN SURVEILLANCE

Figure 2. Distribution of reported human tickborne disease cases. Ehrlichiosis (n=6), Lyme disease (n=245) and spotted fever group rickettsioses (n=9) have been reported. Counties with boxed yellow labels are Lyme disease endemic counties. Ehrlichiosis and SFGR cases are random positioned within the county from which they were reported.

Through November, 2015, 260 confirmed and probable tickborne disease cases were reported in West Virginia. The majority (94.2%) were Lyme disease cases (n=245) (Figure 2). Spotted fever group rickettsioses (n=9) and ehrlichiosis (n=6) cases were also reported (Table 4). Thirty-seven (67.2%) of West Virginia’s 55 counties have reported human tickborne disease activity.

One hundred ninety-five (79.6%) reported Lyme disease cases were from West Virginia’s 11 endemic counties. Ehrlichiosis cases were reported in Berkeley, Boone, Cabell, Hampshire, and Mercer counties. Spotted fever group rickettsioses (SFGR) cases were reported in Berkeley, Jefferson, Harrison, Monongalia, Raleigh, Wayne and Wyoming counties. Table 4. Summary of human cases of tickborne diseases through November 9, 2015

a.

Tickborne Disease # Confirmed or Probable

Cases through November 9, 2015a

# of Counties Where Disease Reported

Lyme disease 245 34

Spotted fever group rickettsiosesb

9 7

Ehrlichiosis 6 5

TOTAL 260 cases 37 counties aTable includes only confirmed or probable cases that have been reviewed and closed by Zoonotic Disease Epidemiologist.

bIncludes Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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Randolph

Hardy

Kanawha

GreenbrierFayette

Grant

Preston

Raleigh

Pocahontas

Boone

Clay

Nicholas

Wayne

Roane

LoganMingo

Pendleton

Lewis

Webster

Braxton

Ritchie

Mason

Wood

Monroe

Tucker

Lincoln

Mercer

Hampshire

Wirt

Jackson

McDowell

Wyoming

Tyler

Wetzel

Gilmer

Harrison

Upshur

Marion

Putnam

Cabell

Mineral

Barbour

Monongalia

Taylor

Ohio

Summers

Berkeley

Marshall

Calhoun

Doddridge

Morgan

JeffersonPleasants

Brooke

Hancock

Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase,IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, ©OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

0 Lyme disease cases

1 Lyme disease case

2 - 10 Lyme disease cases

11 - 58 Lyme disease cases

!( Ehrlichiosis

!( SFGR

Human Tickborne Disease Cases (N=260) by County —West Virginia, January 1 to November 09, 2015

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TICK SURVEILLANCE

Active surveillance across the state began on May 8, 2015 at eleven sites in West Virginia. Sites were selected based on 2014 human Lyme disease surveillance data and 2014 West Virginia Veterinary Tick Submission Program (WVVTSP) data (ticks were identified on animal host). Ixodes scapularis was collected in four of 16 sites: Greenbrier St. (Charleston) (n=52), Tygart Lake State Park (n=14), 4-H Camp Muffly (n=1), and WVU Core Arboretum (n=1) (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Active tick surveillance sites in West Virginia. I. scapularis has been identified at four sites across the state. VETERINARY TICK SURVEILLANCE Veterinarians from 49 practices (48 in WV and one in Pennsylvania) have submitted 1,055 ticks from animal clients for identification from January 4 through October 10, 2015 (based on date of collection) (Table 5). Five species have been identified: A. americanum, D. variabilis, I. cookei, I. scapularis, and R. sanguineus. Ticks have been collected from 54 counties (41 counties in WV, 1 county in Maryland, 2 counties in Ohio, 3 counties in Pennsylvania, and 4 counties in Virginia) based on the home county of the animal host. Animal hosts include cats, a chipmunk, dogs, a horse, and humans. Adult I. scapularis are currently out across the state. In October alone, 113 were identified. These ticks are expected to be active through the rest of the year. Table 5. West Virginia Tick Surveillance Project cumulative IDs as of November 2, 2015.

Species of Tick # of ticks submitted

and identified Animal host from which

tick was removed # of counties with

tick species1

Amblyomma spp. (including A. americanum) 86 Dog, Horse 12

Dermacentor variabilis 677 Cat, Dog, Human 44

Ixodes cookei 33 Cat, Dog 11

Ixodes scapularis 207 Cat, Chipmunk, Dog 24

Rhipicephalus sanguineus 4 Dog 3

Ixodes spp. 48 Cat, Dog 14

TOTAL 1,055 ticks 5 host species 54 counties 1Based on home county of animal host. Data includes 10 counties outside of West Virginia.

Ticks ID results by veterinary practice can be viewed at: http://arcg.is/1V3Ob5A or on the West Virginia Veterinary Tick Submission Project page at: http://www.dhhr.wv.gov/oeps/disease/zoonosis/tick/pages/wv-veterinary-tick-submission-project.aspx.

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LAC = La Crosse encephalitis WNV= West Nile virus CHIK= chikungunya DF= dengue fever RMSF= Spotted fever group rickettsioses including Rocky Mountain spotted fever

CUMULATIVE HUMAN VECTORBORNE DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SUMMARY (Jan 1– Nov 9, 2015)

County MOSQUITO-BORNE TICKBORNE

LAC WNV CHIK DF Malaria Anaplasmosis Ehrlichiosis Lyme disease

RMSF

Q fever

Tularemia

Barbour 2

Berkeley 2 58 1

Boone 1

Braxton

Brooke 1

Cabell 1

Calhoun

Clay

Doddridge

Fayette 3

Gilmer

Grant 1

Greenbrier 3

Hampshire 1 24

Hancock 12

Hardy 1

Harrison 2 2

Jackson 1

Jefferson 39 1

Kanawha 9

Lewis 1

Lincoln 1

Logan 1

McDowell

Marion 1

Marshall 3

Mason

Mercer 1 6

Mineral 1 13

Mingo 1

Monongalia 1 5 1

Monroe 9

Morgan 28

Nicholas

Ohio 2

Pendleton

Pleasants 1

Pocahontas

Preston 2

Putnam 2

Raleigh 2 1 1

Randolph

Ritchie

Roane 3

Summers

Taylor 1

Tucker

Tyler

Upshur

Wayne 2

Webster 2

Wetzel 2

Wirt

Wood 4

Wyoming 1 1

TOTAL 3 0 0 1 1 0 6 245 9 0 0

*Table includes only confirmed or probable cases that have been reviewed and closed by the Zoonotic Disease Epidemiologist.