MoS2 Films
description
Transcript of MoS2 Films
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ORIGINAL PAPER
MoS2 Films Formed by In-contact Decompositionof Water-soluble Tetraalkylammonium Thiomolybdates
Fernando Chinas-Castillo Javier Lara-Romero Gabriel Alonso-Nunez Juan de Dios Oscar Barceinas-Sanchez Sergio Jimenez-Sandoval
Received: 25 June 2007 / Accepted: 19 December 2007 / Published online: 8 January 2008
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008
Abstract Synthesis and tribological evaluation of three
tetraalkylammonium thiomolybdate (R4N)2MoS4 (R =
methyl, propyl, or ammonia) aqueous-based lubricant
additives on a ball-on-disk tribometer was carried out for a
steelaluminum contact. Tests were performed at the same
conditions of load, entrainment speed, sliding distance,
temperature, and concentration of MoS2 to compare the
activity (lubrication effect) of the thiomolybdates prepared.
A friction reduction is observed for the three salts com-
pared to pure water; however, significant differences in
friction coefficient are observed depending on the alkyl
group. SEM/EDAX and Raman analysis of the wear tracks
reveal the in-contact formation of a MoS2-lubricating film,
rich in molybdenum and sulfur.
Keywords Tribological Additive Water-soluble Friction Wear Film forming
1 Background
Lubricant additives, such as friction modifiers and mild
antiwear agents, are added to lubricants for the purpose of
minimizing surface asperity contact that may occur in a
given machine element. Dichalcogenides (i.e., graphite,
molybdenum disulfide), esters, and fatty acids are repre-
sentative additives typically used for these purposes. Their
molecules have a polar head and a lubricant-soluble tail,
and when an additive-containing lubricant enters into the
contact, the polar head anchors on metal surfaces forming a
low-shear tribological film that prevents surface asperity
contact and facilitates sliding motion [1]. As long as the
mechanical contact is not heavily loaded, these molecules
provide a cushioning effect that reduces surface interac-
tions and thus reduce friction. However, as load and
metallic contact increase, the strength of the additive and
the chemical reaction process must increase. This leads to
the use of sulfurphosphorus-based EP additives, which
form organometallic salts on the loaded surfaces that serve
as sacrificial films to protect against aggressive surface
damage. Frictional heating on continuously modified sur-
faces boosts chemical reactions and interactions between
lubricating additives and the corresponding surfaces in the
contact zone. Characteristics of the lubricating films
formed in the contact depend on tribological mating pairs,
chemical nature of the additive, and operating conditions.
Considerable asperity contact is present in the boundary
lubrication regime where the contacting surfaces are no
longer separated by the lubricant. Under these conditions,
friction characteristics of the mating pairs are entirely
determined by the properties of the solids, and any lubri-
cating film formed at the interface and the friction
coefficient is essentially independent of fluid viscosity. The
average film thickness formed in this regime is thinner than
F. Chinas-Castillo (&)Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Tecnologico de
Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
e-mail: [email protected]
J. Lara-Romero
Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de
San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
G. Alonso-Nunez
Materials Department Chemistry, CIMAV, Chihuahua,
Chihuahua, Mexico
J. D. O. Barceinas-Sanchez
Research Department, CIATEQ, A.C., Queretaro, Queretaro,
Mexico
S. Jimenez-Sandoval
Materials Department, CINVESTAV, Queretaro, Queretaro,
Mexico
123
Tribol Lett (2008) 29:155161
DOI 10.1007/s11249-007-9292-z
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the elastically deformed surface roughness. Continuous
asperities, interactions initially cause elastic deformation,
then plastic deformation, and finally, mechanical fracture.
Organomolybdenum compounds and other organome-
tallic salts have been studied for many years because of their
beneficial properties as friction modifiers and used effec-
tively either as a powder, a protective coating, or a lubricant
additive in machine elements such as gears, bearings, and
metalworking applications [26]. Molybdenum is well
known for its lamella-layered structure and low-shear
strength that provide excellent friction reduction character-
istics in high-pressure contacts. Paraffin oil-soluble
suspensions of sulfur-containing molybdenum and nano-
particles of MoS2 dispersed in mineral oil have also been
used as lubricant additives and evaluated under boundary
lubrication conditions and ultrahigh vacuum [79]. The most
extensively studied class of organomolybdenum compound
is the molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) and molyb-
denum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDTP) either individually
or in synergistic combination with ZDDP, zinc dialkyldi-
thiophosphate (ZDTP), or alkylated diphenylamines to
reduce friction and wear by forming a protective film
composed of MoS2 or enhance its antioxidant performance
[1015].
Although most studies for these organomolybdenum
additives have been conducted to evaluate their performance
when dispersed in oil media, in recent years there has also
been a growing interest on evaluating their tribological
behavior on water-based fluids for metalworking applica-
tions. Experimental work carried out by Sulek and
Wasilewski has shown that aqueous solutions of lauryl sul-
fates present good antiseizure performance [16]. Maejima
and coworkers explored the lubricating characteristics of
water solutions of (NH)2MoS4 for aluminum surfaces and
reported a lubricity improvement and better wear resistance
[17]. Other studies have also found that inorganic salts (e.g.,
sulfates, phosphates, and chlorides) and organometallic
compounds have good tribological performance on friction,
wear, and seizure for metalworking and EP applications [18,
19]. Polymers have also been used as partially soluble
additives in water-based systems in synergistic combination
with fullerene, as they enhance the antiwear and antifriction
characteristics of the base fluid [2022]. All these previous
studies show some evidence that a protective film is formed
on the interacting surfaces, which is responsible for the
friction and wear reduction observed.
Recent studies carried out by Georges et al. [23] on the
mechanism of water-based lubricants indicate that lamella
nanostructures at the mechanical contact interface provide
efficient lubrication under severe contact conditions.
This paper presents some results on tetraalkylammonium
thiomolybdates as water-soluble lubricant additives working
under boundary conditions for steelaluminum surfaces.
2 Experimental Procedure
2.1 Synthesis of Tetraalkylammonium Thiomolybdates
The tetraalkylammonium thiomolybdate salts used in the
tests were prepared in a two-step synthesis following the
method reported by Alonso et al. [2426]. In the first step,
a water-soluble ammonium thiomolybdate (NH4)2MoS4 is
prepared from ammonium heptamolybdate (NH4)6Mo7O40in an ammonia/water solution with H2S flow at room
temperature according to the following chemical reaction:
NH46Mo7O40 NH4OH=H2O flow of H2S! NH42MoS4After this, the second step involves a rapid substitution of
[NH4]+1 ions from (NH4)2MoS4 by tetraalkyl ammonium
radicals [R4N]+1, where R = methyl or propyl groups
according to the following chemical reaction:
NH42MoS4 2R4NBr ! R4N2MoS4 # 2NH4BrThe resultant precipitate is the tetraalkylammonium
thiomolybdate salt (where R = methyl, propyl, or ammonium)
called tetramethylammonium thiomolybdate [(Met)4N)]2MoS4, tetrapropylammonium thiomolybdate [(Pro)4N)]2MoS4, or tetraammonium ammonium thiomolybdate which
are also soluble in water.
The procedure described for the synthesis of the thio-
molybdate salts yields approximately 80%. The resulting
structures have been analyzed by UVvis, infrared, Raman,
and TGA-DTA by Alonso et al. [2628].
2.2 Substrate Materials
The materials used as specimens in the pin-on-disk tribom-
eter were selected considering the importance of steel
aluminum mating pairs in metalworking applications. The
upper specimen was a 6-mm diameter pin made of stainless
steel 440C, while the lower specimen was a 50-mm diame-
ter 9 6-mm thick disk made of aluminum alloy 6063,
respectively. Surface roughness for the specimens was
approximately 25 and 140 nm rms, while their Brinell
hardness values were approximately 97 and 25 HB for steel
pin and aluminum disk, respectively. The disks were mirror
polished using a liquid suspension containing 0.3-lm Al2O3abrasive particles. Specimens were thoroughly cleaned in an
ultrasonic bath in boiling toluene, completely rinsed in
acetone, and finally dried, previous to the tribological tests.
2.3 Friction Tests
Tribological friction tests were carried out on a commercial
pin-on-disk tribometer (Micro Photonics-Tribometer). In
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this rig, a steel pin loaded against an aluminum disk forms
the mechanical contact. The pin is firmly secured to a
stationary holder for the pin-on-disk configuration, and the
disk is attached to a horizontal chuck driven by a variable-
speed electric motor and completely submerged in the test
fluid. A linear voltage displacement transducer attached to
the pin holder continuously monitors and records friction
force of the tribocontact.
A picture of the test rig is shown in Fig. 1.
All tests were performed at a constant temperature of
30 C and 60 5% relative humidity. A dead weight of10 N was used in all the tests carried out. Under these
conditions, the maximum Hertzian pressure is 0.877 GPa
that generates a circular contact area of 0.017 mm2. During
the tests, the aluminum specimen rotates at a constant
sliding speed of 1 mm/s for a period of 1 h, running a total
distance of 3.6 m in each test. The test conditions selected
are proper of boundary lubrication regime.
The wear rate was obtained from an LVDT sensor on the
pin. The lubricant solution was prepared by adding the
amount of salt necessary to have a constant 0.3 wt%
molybdenum concentration in three times distilled water
and vigorously mixed for 10 min for each additive solution
evaluated (methyl, propyl, and ammonium salt).
2.4 Surface Analysis
Wear tracks on the flat and ball wear scars were examined
optically and further analyzed using several surface ana-
lytical techniques at the end of the pin-on-disk sliding tests.
The morphological and chemical characterization of the
sliding surfaces after the tribological tests was carried out
with a Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and laser
Raman spectrometer. Raman spectroscopy was performed
using a LabRam model of Dilor micro-Raman system
equipped with a 20-mW HeNe laser emitting at 632.8 nm,
a holographic notch filter made by Kaiser Optical Systems,
Inc. (model supertNotch-Plus), a 2569 q1024-pixel CCD
used as detector, a computer-controlled XY stage with a
spatial resolution of 0.1 lm, two interchangeable gratings(600 and 1,800 g mm-1), and a confocal microscope with
10, 50, and 1009 objectives. All measurements were car-
ried out at room temperature with no special sample
preparation.
Worn disk tracks were also examined using a thin window
energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) housed in a
JEOL JSM5800 LV scanning electron microscope (SEM).
EDX spectra were obtained at beam energy of 10 keV, beam
current 2.0 nA, and detector take-off angle of 25.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Friction Tests
Figure 2 shows the friction coefficient as a function of time
of steelaluminum mating pairs three times with distilled
water as lubricant and for the tetraalkylammonium thio-
molybdate salts synthesized and used as a lubricant
additive at a constant molybdenum concentration for every
Fig. 1 Pin-on-disk tribometer
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 50000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
(b)
(c)(d)
(R4N)2MoS4 / water
(a)
rFic
oitn
c
off
eic
ien
,t
Time / seconds
Fig. 2 Friction coefficient versus time for (a) water, (b) propyl, (c)methyl, and (d) ammonium
Tribol Lett (2008) 29:155161 157
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solution prepared. The friction coefficient for the speci-
mens lubricated with water is initially 0.2 but increases
with distance and stabilizes at a value of *0.53.A significant friction reduction was observed when
specimens where lubricated with the synthesized thiosalts,
recording friction coefficient values in the range of 0.08
0.17. The lowest steady-state friction coefficient was 0.08
corresponding to the specimens lubricated with ammonium
thiosalt (see Table 1).
These results suggest the formation of a protective
lubricating film at the contact interface. High temperature
causes the thiomolybdate salts to be transformed to
molybdenum disulfide [24]. This is achieved by a chemical
reaction via thermal decomposition caused by the severe
rubbing contact conditions present at the interface.
3.2 Wear Mechanism
A linearly dependent penetration of the pin on the alumi-
num specimen as time passes is observed in Fig. 3. In this
graph, wear rate is represented by the slope. Table 1 pre-
sents wear rate values registered after testing the additives
prepared and the control fluid (three times distilled water).
A wear reduction of approximately one decimal point is
reached using the thiomolybdate salts as additives.
After the pin-on-disk surfaces were rubbed for 1 h in the
thiosalt solution at a constant load of 10 N, the worn speci-
mens were characterized and analyzed by SEM, EDX, and
Raman.
Representative SEM micrographs of wear track on disk
specimens lubricated with water, propyl, methyl, and ammo-
nium produced from sliding at 30 C are shown in Fig. 4ad.Some representative SEM micrographs of wear track on
disk specimens lubricated with water, propyl, methyl, and
ammonium thiomolybdates produced from sliding at 30 Ccan be seen in Fig. 5ad.
The wear track of the disk specimen lubricated with
distilled water at 30 C presented numerous parallelplowing grooves in the sliding direction in Fig. 5a. These
surface features indicate dominance of abrasive wear.
Table 1 Friction coefficient and wear rate for each lubricantevaluated
Friction coefficient Wear rate (mm/s)
Water 0.53 0.001 0.0112
Propyl 0.17 0.001 0.00166
Methyl 0.1 0.001 0.00187
Ammonium 0.08 0.001 0.00184
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 50000
10
20
30
40
50
(a)
(b) , (c)(d)
(R4N)2MoS4 / Water
Time / seconds
eW
ra
T
rack
eD
htp /
m
Fig. 3 Wear rate versus time for (a) water, (b) propyl, (c) methyl,and (d) ammonium
Fig. 4 SEM images of thecontact track for (a) water, (b)propyl, (c) methyl, and (d)ammonium. Image
magnification 279
Fig. 5 SEM images of thecontact track for (a) water, (b)propyl, (c) methyl, and (d)ammonium. Image
magnification 5,0009
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Figure 5bd reveals different surface features on the
wear track produced after being lubricated by the molyb-
denum thiosalts. The smooth regions and tiny cracks
observed in these figures indicate in this case that adhesion
and localized microcracking were the prevailing wear
mechanisms. This may be attributed to the effect of high
sulfide content and the formation of a mixed hard-brittle
phase of the tribofilm. Microcracking resulted in regions of
partial delamination of tribofilm and indicates that both
adhesion and cohesive shearing of the film control the wear
process. However, it appears that the chemical reactions of
the additive and the freshly-exposed surfaces replenished
the film expeditiously.
3.3 Chemical Analysis
The EDX analysis carried out rendered the atomic percent-
ages of molybdenum and sulfur present on the wear track of
the aluminum specimens. Table 2 shows the molybdenum-
to-sulfur relation found on the wear track of the disk speci-
mens lubricated with the molybdenum thiosalts prepared. In
all cases, an atomic ratio of approximately two is observed,
suggesting the formation of MoS2, which is responsible for
the friction and wear rate reduction noticed during the tri-
bological tests.
Figure 6 shows the characteristic distribution of alumi-
num, molybdenum, sulfur, and oxygen in a section of the
contact track of the aluminum specimen. This analysis
confirms the presence of sulfur and molybdenum especially
in zones where no aluminum debris was detected.
An EDX analysis was carried out on aluminum speci-
mens lubricated with tetraalkylammonium thiomolybdates
to determine the chemical composition of the laminated
debris formed on the track and inside the small crevices
observed. The analysis indicated that laminated debris is
composed primarily of molybdenum disulfide, which is
also present inside the cracks (see Figs. 7, 8).
Raman spectroscopy was carried out on wear particles at
different parts of the wear track. The spectra taken on the
samples analyzed were compared with those obtained from
a standard reference (Fig. 9).
Raman spectroscopy of the wear track revealed very
sharp peaks at approximately 402 and 376 cm-1 corre-
sponding to the E12g and A1g vibrational modes of
2H-MoS2 [29].
The Raman analysis of the friction formed tribofilm
proved that the platelets observed in SEM micrographs are
in fact MoS2 sheets. The changing positions of the peaks
provide additional information about the microstructure.
Plate-like layers of MoS2 can align themselves parallel to
the direction of relative motion under high stresses; so they
can slide over one another with relative ease and thus
impart low friction.
Table 2 Atomic percentages of elements detected in the contact zone
% C % O % Mo % S Mo/S ratio
Water 8.20 3.25 0 0 0
Propyl 71.54 7.18 1.92 4.21 2.19
Methyl 29.96 15.43 2.08 4.42 2.12
Ammonium 8.43 37.11 8.72 19.08 2.18
Fig. 6 Mapping of aluminum,molybdenum, sulfur, and
oxygen in a section of the
contact track
Fig. 7 SEM micrograph ofaluminum specimen lubricated
with tetralkylammonium
thiomolybdates (a) 1209, (b)10,0009
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The thiomolybdate salts prepared in the present paper
are stable at temperatures lower than 150 C. In the ball-on-disk tribometer, contact surface temperatures are higher
than 150 C, and this causes the thiomolybdate salt tothermally decompose forming an in-contact solid molyb-
denum disulfide.
The use of tetraalkylammonium thiomolybdenum salts
(precursors of MoS2) as water-soluble lubricating additives
offers an important reduction in friction and wear for high-
pressure contacts. The authors believe that oxygen and carbon
content present in the tribofilm is responsible for the main
differences on the friction coefficient values observed among
the (methyl, propyl, and ammonium) ammonium thiomo-
lybdates tested, but this assumption requires a deeper analysis.
At present some tests are being conducted to elucidate
how the hydrocarbon chain influences the hydrolysis pro-
cess, and the findings will be presented in a future
communication.
4 Conclusions
This paper presents a tribological study on tetralkylam-
monium thiomolybdates. The effectiveness of these
additives to reduce friction and wear in aqueous solution
during sliding at a temperature of 30 C was evaluated on apin-on-disk tribometer. From the results of this study, the
following main conclusions can be drawn:
1. Tetralkylammoniumthiomolybdates exhibit goodfriction
and wear reduction properties in water-based systems.
0 2 4 60
2
4
6
8
10
SMo
Al
OC
EDAX / Ammonia
Film
tisn
etnI
y
Energy, eV0 2 4 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
SMo
Al
OC
EDAX / Ammonia
Substrate
tisn
etnI
y
Energy, eV
(b)(a)Fig. 8 EDX analysis of analuminum specimen lubricatedwith tetralkylammonium
thiomolybdates (a) on film, (b)on substrate
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
MoS2
RamanHe-Ne Laser / 632.8 nm
376
402
nIet
nsyti
Raman Shift / cm-1
Fig. 9 Raman spectra on the wear track of aluminum specimenlubricated with molybdenum thiosalt
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2. The surface examination of the rubbing zone indicated
that an in-contact non-homogeneous tribofilm contain-
ing molybdenum disulfide is formed on the rubbing
surfaces during the sliding process. Tetraalkylammo-
nium thiomolybdates are transformed to molybdenum
disulfide by high-temperature triboreduction in the
contact influencing friction and wear.
3. From the thiomolybdates evaluated in this study, the
tetraammonium ammonium thiomolybdate performs
better than the rest in both friction and wear.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to express their sincere thanksto the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACyT
Projects 46871 and 43634) for the financial support to carry out the
present work.
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MoS2 Films Formed by In-contact Decomposition of Water-soluble Tetraalkylammonium ThiomolybdatesAbstractBackgroundExperimental ProcedureSynthesis of Tetraalkylammonium ThiomolybdatesSubstrate MaterialsFriction TestsSurface Analysis
Results and DiscussionFriction TestsWear MechanismChemical Analysis
ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
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