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Transcript of Morphology: Word Formation Processes (Yule, 2003 & Jarvie, 1993) M.C. Rafael Velasco Argente...
![Page 1: Morphology: Word Formation Processes (Yule, 2003 & Jarvie, 1993) M.C. Rafael Velasco Argente Linguistics Spring 2012.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e7b5503460f94b7bc20/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Morphology:Morphology:Word Formation ProcessesWord Formation Processes
(Yule, 2003 & Jarvie, 1993)(Yule, 2003 & Jarvie, 1993)
M.C. Rafael Velasco Argente
Linguistics
Spring 2012
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What’s Morphology?
• Morphology refers to the study of how words are created in a language
• There are two processes involved in Morphology: Inflection and Word Formation
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What are Inflection and Word Formation?
• Inflection refers to the change in the base form of a word (root or stem)
• The base form of a noun is the singular form (e.g. cat); for an adjective the base form (old) and for a verb the base form is the infinitive or imperative (speak)
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Examples of Inflection
• Apple apples
• House houses
• Sad sadder saddest
• Big bigger biggest
• Learn learned learning
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What about word formation?
• The word formation processes consists on the following ones:– EtymologyEtymology– CoinageCoinage– BorrowingBorrowing– CompoundingCompounding– BlendingBlending– ClippingClipping– BackformationBackformation– ConversionConversion– AcronymsAcronyms– Affixation (prefixes, suffixes and infixes) Affixation (prefixes, suffixes and infixes) – Compound processesCompound processes
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CoinageCoinage
• This refers to the creation of totally new terms into a language. Most of them come from the name of the inventors, the products’ names or the company’s name.
– KleenexKleenex– NylonNylon– ZipperZipper– AspirinAspirin– RotoplasRotoplas
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BorrowingBorrowing
• This process refers, as the name claims, when a language ‘borrows’ terms from other languages.
– Alcohol (Arabic)Alcohol (Arabic)– Boss (Dutch)Boss (Dutch)– Piano (Italian)Piano (Italian)– Yoghurt (Turkish)Yoghurt (Turkish)– Robot (Czech)Robot (Czech)
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CompoundingCompounding
• It It refers to the joining of two separate words to produce a single word. The two words don’t lose their individual sounds.
– BookcaseBookcase– FingerprintFingerprint– SunburnSunburn– DoorknobDoorknob– BasketballBasketball
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BlendingBlending
• Similar to compounding, blending refers to the joining of two terms; however, in this case one (or both) word(s) lose a sound.
– Motel (motor-hotel)Motel (motor-hotel)– Telecast (television-broadcast)Telecast (television-broadcast)– Spanglish (Spanish-English)Spanglish (Spanish-English)– Modem (Modulator-demodulator) Modem (Modulator-demodulator)
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ClippingClipping
• Clipping a synonym of reduction. In this process a word that has more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form
– Celular (cel)– Brassiere (bra)– Fanatic (fan)– Situation Comedy (sitcom)– Facebook (el Face)
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BackformationBackformation
• This occurs when a word of one type (usually a noun) is changed to another different type of word (usually a verb)
– Donation(n) -donate (v)– Option(n) -Opt (v)– Babysitter(n) -Babysit (v)
Hypocorisms: the reduction of a long word to a single syllable and the –y and –ie are added to the end.
Television-telly Barbecue-barbie Breakfast -breakie
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ConversionConversion
• This is the change of the function of the word. For example when a noun comes to be used as a verb.
– ButterButter– BottleBottle– WaterWater– Print out (a printout)Print out (a printout)– Want to be (wannabe)Want to be (wannabe)
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EtymologyEtymology
• Etymology refers to the origin of several words. Usually these words are originated from Latin or Greek.
• Some of them are not necessarily complete words but prefixes or part of blendings.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English
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AffixationAffixation
• Affixation is the process where we take a base form word and we add a prefix, infix or suffix.
• A prefix is an affixation process that includes adding a morpheme at the beginning of the word
• A suffix is a segment that we add at the end of the words.
• An infix is what goes between the prefix and the root
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Prefixes (examples)Prefixes (examples)
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/prefixtext.htm
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SuffixesSuffixes
• These are the responsible for making words change their function.
• There are:
– Noun suffixesNoun suffixes– Adjective SuffixesAdjective Suffixes– Verb SuffixesVerb Suffixes– Adverb SuffixesAdverb Suffixes
• As a reading, writing or listening recognition strategy, despite of not having the exact meaning of a word, just by looking at the suffix we now the function of the word.
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Suffixes (Examples)
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/441225/English-suffixes
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InfixesInfixes
They are not very common in English.
When they appear is because they are usually in an exclamation word.
Unfuckingbelievable!
Absogoddamlutely!
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AcronymsAcronyms• Sometimes words are created because of
acronyms. Acronyms are abbreviations pronounced as if they were words. They have proloferated.
• Spanish– SIDA (Sindrome de Inmuno-Deficiencia Adquirida)– OVNI (Objeto Volador No Identificado)
• English– Radar (Radio Detecting and ranging)– UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization)
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AnalogiesAnalogies
• It’s when you use a word to compare the person.
• Technobabble
• Telethon
• Smart cookie
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Compound ProcessesCompound Processes
• Sometimes in order to form a word we can combine some of the previous processes. – For example:
• Deli (borrowing from German Delicatessen/Clipping)
• Yuppie (Young Urban Professional (Acronym+ie(hypocorsim)
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MorphemesMorphemes
• A morpheme is the minimal unit of a word.• There are different types of morphemes
– Free Morphemes– Bound Morphemes– Lexical– Functional– Derivational– Inflectional
– Allomorphs
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Free Morphemes
• These are morphemes that stand by themselves as single words, for example – Open– Tour– Teach
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Bound morphemes
• The bound morphemes are those that are attached to a free morpheme to have a meaning.
• All prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes.
– Un-dress-ed care-less-ness– Ex: reduce, receive and repeat (bound stems)
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Free Morphemes-Lexical & Functional
• Lexical morphemes Lexical morphemes are usually free morphemes. They carry their full meaning in the word itself. – Nouns, adjectives and verbs
• Functional Morphemes Functional Morphemes are words that bring a function inside of them. They assist lexical morphemes to add details to the meaning.– Conjunctions (and...) prepositions, articles,
pronuouns
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Bound morphemes-Derivational and inflectional Morphemes
• Derivational morphemes: Derivational morphemes: They refer to those bound morphemes that create new words out of/with a free morpheme.
– Pay-ment– Quick-ly– God-ess
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• Inflectional morphemes. Inflectional morphemes. These are morphemes that help the words to change their grammatical function. They are suffixes
• Car-cars
• Do-Done
• Cold-Coldest
Bound morphemes-Derivational and inflectional Morphemes
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Morph and Allomorphs
• A morph is a modification of a morpheme. The basic example of it is the plural ‘s’.
• Bus-Buses
• Girl-Girls
• Baby-babies
• Sheep-sheep
The allomorph is the set of morphs
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