Morphology Morphology

Morphology is the study of the building blocks of meaning in language. How do languages build words and indicate grammatical relationships between words? Very often, the

answer lies in their morphology.

a. What are words? →Strings of sounds with particular meanings

b. What are the basic building blocks of words?

c. How are more complex words built up from their parts?

d. How is the meaning of a word related to its parts?

e. How are individual words related to other words?

words words

Mental Lexicon (mental dictionary): Parts of speech Homonyms, synonyms, antonyms Content and function words Content and function words

Words are formed by putting together morphemes. Languages with fairly simple morphological

structure Languages with a very complex morphological

structure, e.g.1. Turkish: Namixaridand ‘they were not buying’ 2. Mohawk: Ni-mic-tomi-mak “I’ll give you the

money.”

WordsWordsA. word: a minimal free form that can occur in isolation

and/or whose position with respect to neighboring elements is not entirely fixed.

The hunters pursued the bear.

The bear pursued the hunters.

B. /-er/ and /-s/are not words. They cannot occur in isolation and have relatively fixed positions.

*erhunts *serhunt

Words Words …… cont cont’’d d

C. simple words: cannot be broken down . THE *T+HE

D. complex words: can be broken down. HIMSELF HIM+SELF ; UN+LUCK+Y

E. Closed class words: function words, pronouns, conjunctions, determiners

F. Open class words: Major lexical items (nouns, verbs, etc.)

Morpheme Morpheme

A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or a grammatical function .

un happylooks looked

A free Morpheme: it is the smallest meaningful unit that cannot be broken up into smaller meaningful units and it can stand alone.

A bound Morpheme are morphemes that cannot stand alone as meaningful units. They are attached to free morphemes such as prefixes or suffixes.

MorphologyMorphology Morphology is the study of how words are Morphology is the study of how words are

structured and how they are put together structured and how they are put together from smaller parts. from smaller parts.

Morphologists not only identify the Morphologists not only identify the different classes of morphemes but also different classes of morphemes but also study the patterns that occur in the study the patterns that occur in the combination of morphemes in a given combination of morphemes in a given language. language.

ConsiderConsider retake, rewrite , relive ,,,,,, retake, rewrite , relive ,,,,,, but notbut not

*takere , *re-choice, *re-pretty*takere , *re-choice, *re-pretty

Further morpheme classification

Derivational Morphemes: Derivational Morphemes: are morphemes that change are morphemes that change the meaning of a word the meaning of a word or the or the part of speech part of speech of the of the word they are attached to. They are prefixes or word they are attached to. They are prefixes or

suffixes in English.suffixes in English.

happy happy ununhappyhappy

quick quickquick quickness ness

Further morpheme classification Inflectional Morphemes: Inflectional Morphemes: Morphemes that serve Morphemes that serve

a purely grammatical function, provide a purely grammatical function, provide grammatical information about a word, grammatical information about a word, never creating a new word but only a never creating a new word but only a different form of the same word. They different form of the same word. They do not change the meaning or part of do not change the meaning or part of speech of the word.speech of the word.

LookLookss, bag, bagss, play, playing ing Suffixes only occur at the margins of Suffixes only occur at the margins of

a word and after derivational a word and after derivational morphemes.morphemes.

The inflectional suffixes of EnglishThe inflectional suffixes of English

1.1. Plural morpheme :Plural morpheme : boy boyss 2.2. Possessive morpheme: the manPossessive morpheme: the man's's car car3.3. Present tense third person singular Present tense third person singular

morpheme: he walkmorpheme: he walkss4.4. Past tense morpheme: he playPast tense morpheme: he played ed 5.5. present participle morpheme: gopresent participle morpheme: going ing 6.6. past participle morpheme: eatpast participle morpheme: eatenen 7.7. adjective comparative morpheme: smalladjective comparative morpheme: smallerer 8.8. adjective superlative morpheme: smalladjective superlative morpheme: smallestest

AllomorphsAllomorphs Allomorphs:Allomorphs: non-distinctive realizations of non-distinctive realizations of

a particular morpheme that have the same a particular morpheme that have the same function. function.

CatCats /s/, s /s/, bagbags /z/, s /z/, wishwishes /es /IIz/, z/, WalkWalked /t/, ed /t/, robbrobbed / d/, ed / d/, stiltstilted /ed /IId/ d/ Are all allomorphs of the same morpheme. Are all allomorphs of the same morpheme.

In some adjectives we form the opposite by In some adjectives we form the opposite by adding the prefix adding the prefix /in//in/ as in (incorrect), but as in (incorrect), but the /n/ in this morpheme changes in some the /n/ in this morpheme changes in some words to sound that follows: words to sound that follows:

in +legal illegalin +legal illegal in + possible impossible in + possible impossible in + responsible irresponsible in + responsible irresponsible in + mature immature in + mature immature

Activity 1Activity 1

A)- Break up each of the following words into its morphemes:

excellent biochemistry manliness

walked realize brightenencourage incorrect

unnaturalnessrichest universities

expectations

Activity 2Activity 2A)- Underline the base in each of the

following words:

teacher blacken sufficiently

kingdom cheaply plays

supermarket misinterpret remarked

rehabilitation reconstructions thickeners

unidirectional lovelier review

Prefixes and suffixes belonging to foreign languagesPrefixes and suffixes belonging to foreign languages

a (amoral - atypical)withoutLatin

ablecapable ofLatin

ad (adjust) to, towardLatin

antiagainstGreek

ationState ofLatin

biolifeGreek

comixingLatin

contra (contraception)againstLatin

de (decompose)downOld French

Derivation in EnglishDerivation in English Noun-making suffixesNoun-making suffixes: acy, age, ance, dom, er, hood: acy, age, ance, dom, er, hood

conspiracy, coinage, hindrance, freedom, brotherhood, conspiracy, coinage, hindrance, freedom, brotherhood, leader leader

Adjective-making suffixesAdjective-making suffixes: able, ish, less, ive, some: able, ish, less, ive, some

comfortable, devilish, careless, wholesome comfortable, devilish, careless, wholesome Verb-making suffixesVerb-making suffixes: ise, ify, en: ise, ify, en

realise, falsify, shorten realise, falsify, shorten Adverb-making suffixesAdverb-making suffixes: -wise: -wise

clockwise, valuewiseclockwise, valuewise Very productive prefixes:Very productive prefixes:

in, im, il, ir, un, dis, mis, nonin, im, il, ir, un, dis, mis, non

Derivation in ArabicDerivation in Arabic In Arabic, derivation is achieved by adding affixes to In Arabic, derivation is achieved by adding affixes to

the root of the verb. There are two types of the verb:the root of the verb. There are two types of the verb:

1-Triconsonantal verb like 1-Triconsonantal verb like – – شرب لعب شرب – – كتب لعب كتب

2- Quadriconsonantal verb like 2- Quadriconsonantal verb like – زلزل زلزل – وسوس دحرجدحرج - - وسوس

Derivation in Arabic: ‘awzan Derivation in Arabic: ‘awzan األوزاناألوزان RootActive

participleالفاعل اسم

Passive participle

اسم المفعول

Verbal Noun المصدر

Place Noun

Noun of instrument

-مكتب كتابةمكتوب كاتب كتب

-مخبزخ�بزمخبوز خابزخبز

مكنوكانسكنسس

مكنسة-كناسة

مكسوكاسركسرر

مكسركسرة

ارة كس$

11Derivation in ArabicDerivation in Arabic Many Arabic words are formed from a root consisting of Many Arabic words are formed from a root consisting of

three consonants and a set of vowels three consonants and a set of vowels that alternate that alternate with the root consonants and these act like an affix. with the root consonants and these act like an affix. Here the radical consonants are not changed in any Here the radical consonants are not changed in any way, but are derived from and built upon.way, but are derived from and built upon.

1- Derived Nouns:1- Derived Nouns: agents ( agents ( عالم ، سائق ، صانع ، عامل ، قارئ ، عالم كاتب ، سائق ، صانع ، عامل ، قارئ ، فاعل:)فاعل:)كاتب Patients ( Patients ( مفهوم ، مكتوب ، مقروء ، مسموع ، مفهوم مدروس ، مكتوب ، مقروء ، مسموع ، ::مدروس

مفعول)مفعول) nouns that express the doing of the action once(nouns that express the doing of the action once( ( ( ، فعلةفعلة ، جلسة جلسة

، دورة ، شحنة ، لطمة ، ضربة ، صفعة ، صدمة ، رمية ، ، عدوة دورة ، شحنة ، لطمة ، ضربة ، صفعة ، صدمة ، رمية ، عدوةثورة ، جولة وقفة ، ثورة نظرة ، جولة وقفة ، ، ، نظرة

nouns of instruments, appliances, tools ( nouns of instruments, appliances, tools ( ف ، ف فاعلة ، مفعال مفعال ، ، عالةعالةفاعلةمفعل ، مفعل مفعلة ، فاعول مفعلة مفعال، فاعول ، مفعال، ، مجهر، ( ( ، مبضع ، مجهر، مشرط ، مبضع ، مشرط

مبراة ، طائرة ، حافلة قاذفة ، شاحنة ، مبراة رافعة ، طائرة ، حافلة قاذفة ، شاحنة ، رافعة the diminutive (the diminutive ( ( ( عيDل - Eف عيFل Eل - فDعي Eف عيFل Eف : : ، يFرب Gكه ، ، كتيب يFرب Gكه ، كتيب

نهيرنهير، ، نجيمنجيم

Derivation in Arabic 2Derivation in Arabic 2

2- Derived Verbs2- Derived Verbsan act done with great violence (intensive), an act done with great violence (intensive), such as: such as: / / / قطع/ جرح شقق ضرب / كسر / / قطع/ جرح شقق ضرب كسرmovement towards a place movement towards a place أقبلأقبل//أدبرأدبر / / أقدم/ أقدم/

/ ق / / Dشر صعد وجه / صوب ق / / Dشر صعد وجه صوب فاعلفاعل implies reciprocity: implies reciprocity: ، جامل ، ، الطف جامل ، الطف

كاGتب ، صارع ، هاجم حارب ، كاGتب قاتل ، صارع ، هاجم حارب ، قاتلentering upon a period of time:entering upon a period of time:

، أأ ، صبح أظهر أأصبح ، أظهر مسى ، شتىشتىأأمسىgetting into a state or condition:getting into a state or condition:

Fأم ، أFثمGر ، أمF أوFرق ، أFثمGر ، أ طرطرأوFرق أ ، نجبنجب،

Derivation in Arabic 3Derivation in Arabic 3 A A bilateral rootbilateral root, expressing a sound or , expressing a sound or

movement is repeated to indicate the movement is repeated to indicate the repetition of that sound or movement:repetition of that sound or movement:

زلزل غمغم حمحم غرغر وسوس صرصر بأبأ زلزل زلزل قهقه غمغم حمحم غرغر وسوس صرصر بأبأ زلزل قهقهثرثر جلجل ثرثر خشخش جلجل فرفر جرجرخرخرشرشرجرجرخرخرشرشر خشخش فرفر صرصر صرصر

زمزم دمدم فلفل قلقل غلغل صلصل سلسل دلدل زمزم كركر دمدم فلفل قلقل غلغل صلصل سلسل دلدل كركرلفلف دغدغ لعلع ململ لفلف كمكم دغدغ لعلع ململ كمكم

quadiliteral verbs quadiliteral verbs are formed from nouns are formed from nouns of more than three letters, some of them of more than three letters, some of them are foreign words:are foreign words:

ل�Dح ب �س فذ�لك حمدل حوقل Dح�ل بسمل ب �س فذ�لك حمدل حوقل كهDر�ب ععبسمل فهDر�س كهDر�ب لم�ن فهDر�س لم�نDلم�ذ م�سDكن ت م�ذه�ب ن �قطر �ب لب �ب �جوDر Dر�ت كب م�ج Dذ بر�Dلم م�سDكن ت م�ذه�ب ن �قطر �ب لب �ب �جوDر Dر�ت كب م�ج Dبر

اكس�د Dل�فن ت اكس�د �فDلس�ف Dل�فن ت نجلز �فDلس�ف Dلم�ن أ فرنس أمDر�ك تلفز ف�لت Dنجلز س Dلم�ن أ فرنس أمDر�ك تلفز ف�لت Dس�ذ ت Dأس Dتر د�ك �ذ ليزر ت Dأس Dتر د�ك ليزر

Inflection in EnglishInflection in English 1.1. Plural morpheme :Plural morpheme : boy boyss

2.2. Possessive morpheme: the manPossessive morpheme: the man's's car car

3.3. Present tense third person singular Present tense third person singular morpheme: he walkmorpheme: he walkss

4.4. Past tense morpheme: he playPast tense morpheme: he playeded

5.5. present participle morpheme: gopresent participle morpheme: goinging

6.6. past participle morpheme: eatpast participle morpheme: eatenen

7.7. adjective comparative morpheme: adjective comparative morpheme: smallsmallerer

8.8. adjective superlative morpheme: adjective superlative morpheme: smallsmallestest

Inflection in English … cont’dInflection in English … cont’d

1.1. Noun plural: Noun plural: -en -en as in ox – oxen as in ox – oxen 2.2. Alternative suffixes plus a consonant or vowel change: Alternative suffixes plus a consonant or vowel change: child --- childchild --- childrenren wife ---- wiwife ---- wivves es bring --- brbring --- broughtought (change of vowel + t) (change of vowel + t) weep --- wept (deletion of /e/) weep --- wept (deletion of /e/) mouse --- mmouse --- micice (change of vowel + c)e (change of vowel + c)3. Vowel change only 3. Vowel change only goose --- ggoose --- geeeese se tooth ---- ttooth ---- teeeethth speak --- spspeak --- spooke ke 4- ZERO change 4- ZERO change sheep --- sheep --- sheepsheep , put --- , put --- putput5- Completely different word5- Completely different word

go --- go --- wentwent , am --- , am --- waswas

ActivitiesActivities Identify the allomorph of the past participle morpheme in the

following words:

1- seen 2- eaten 3- drunk 4- brought 5- studied6- swum 7- bought 8- understood9- put

Inflection in ArabicInflection in Arabic Arabic is a highly inflected languageArabic is a highly inflected language Arabic denotes most syntactic relationships through Arabic denotes most syntactic relationships through

inflectional affixes, i.e. most verbs, nouns, inflectional affixes, i.e. most verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives are inflected. pronouns, adjectives are inflected.

Nouns are inflected for Nouns are inflected for number, gender number, gender and and casecase mudaresun, mudarresat, madares; mudarres, mudaresun, mudarresat, madares; mudarres, mudarressah, waladun, waladan, waladin; Many mudarressah, waladun, waladan, waladin; Many patterns are regular: regular masculine plural (patterns are regular: regular masculine plural ( جمع جمع

السالم السالم المذكر جمع جمع ))) regular feminine plural (), regular feminine plural ,(المذكرالسالم السالم المؤنث but there is also the broken plural , but there is also the broken plural ,المؤنث

(( التكسير التكسير جمع (( جمع Trilateral verbs also inflect for Trilateral verbs also inflect for numbernumber and and gender gender

and and tense: tense: يأكل تأكل، أكلت، يأكل أكال، تأكل، أكلت، أكال،

Learners’ Inflection-related errorsLearners’ Inflection-related errors

1.1. Formation of the wrong plural (sheeps, wifes)Formation of the wrong plural (sheeps, wifes)2.2. Wrong past tense of the verb (catchted, Wrong past tense of the verb (catchted,

choosed)choosed)3.3. Wrong form the past participle (cutten, Wrong form the past participle (cutten,

putten)putten)4.4. Dropping the /s/ from the third person Dropping the /s/ from the third person

present singular verb (she eat , He go )present singular verb (she eat , He go )5.5. Adding /s/to modal verbs (He cans , She Adding /s/to modal verbs (He cans , She

mays)mays)6.6. Adding the noun plural ending to the verb as Adding the noun plural ending to the verb as

well (The boys eats)well (The boys eats)7.7. Using the wrong form of the pronoun, e.g. Using the wrong form of the pronoun, e.g.

her for hers, it’s for its, who for whoseher for hers, it’s for its, who for whose

Word formation Processes in EnglishWord formation Processes in English

1.1. Affixation:Affixation: prefixes and suffixes. prefixes and suffixes.

2.2. Coinage:Coinage: Words coined from existing materials to Words coined from existing materials to represent new inventions or development, e.g. Kleenex, represent new inventions or development, e.g. Kleenex, television, wireless, penicillin, Kodak. television, wireless, penicillin, Kodak.

3.3. Backformation:Backformation: by extracting actual or by extracting actual or supposed affixes from another word; supposed affixes from another word; shortened words created from longer words.shortened words created from longer words., , e.g. e.g.

gatecrash gatecrash from gatecrasher from gatecrasher

pop pop from popular from popular

brainwash from brainwash from brainwashingbrainwashing

deconstruct from deconstruct from deconstruction deconstruction

Word formation Processes in EnglishWord formation Processes in English4. Blending:4. Blending: involves joining two words by taking parts of the involves joining two words by taking parts of the

two words and making a new word: two words and making a new word:

smoke + fog ----------------- smog smoke + fog ----------------- smog breakfast + lunch ----------- brunch breakfast + lunch ----------- brunch motor + hotel --------------- motel motor + hotel --------------- motel

5- 5- Chipping:Chipping: cutting the beginning or end of a word. For cutting the beginning or end of a word. For example, example, lab -------------------- laboratorylab -------------------- laboratory dorm------------------ dormitorydorm------------------ dormitory

exam ----------------- examination exam ----------------- examination

6- Acronymy:6- Acronymy: taking the initial letters of words. For example, taking the initial letters of words. For example, UNRWA UNRWA

UNESCOUNESCOWHO WHO

Word formation Processes in ArabicWord formation Processes in Arabic

1- 1- Carving Carving النحتالنحتrelates to the shortening of phrases, or relates to the shortening of phrases, or extracting one word from two or more words. extracting one word from two or more words. إلى تعمد أن

أو كلمتينما على تدل فذ$ة كلمة كلماتها حروف مجموع من فتنـزع جملة

نفسها كانت الجملة عليه تدل

Words carved from two other words: Ja`fad (Words carved from two other words: Ja`fad ( ددجعفجعف ) from Jo’ilt ) from Jo’ilt fedaak(fedaak( فداك فداك تتجعلجعل ).).Words carved from three words: hay`la (Words carved from three words: hay`la (حيعلحيعل) from () from ( على على حي حي.(.(الفالحالفالحWords carved from four word :basmala(Words carved from four word :basmala(بسملبسمل) from () from ( الله الله بسم بسم

الرحيم الرحيم الرحمن ( ( الرحمنWords carved from four word Words carved from four word صلعمصلعم from (from ((( عليه الله عليه صلى الله صلىوسلموسلم

Types of Carving in Arabic Types of Carving in Arabic

Verbal carving: when the sentence is carved into a verb such as ددجعفجعف or or حمدلحمدل, , بسملبسمل) لله ) (الحمد لله ) حسبلحسبل, , الحمد) الله) (حسبي الله) حسبي ,,

Descriptive carving: when the word is carved from two similar adjectives عدDل�" وتعني ج الشديد " الصلب

هما صفتان جعد+من جلد ; تر Dوتعني بح " هما القصير" صفتان +من حتر بتر

Nominal carving: when carving a noun from two nouns: the rigid rock, جلمود+ " جمد " جلد من صخرة

حFطب Gق Gش+ " حطب" شق من قرنين ذو كبش Relational carving: when the word belongs to a

person or a city: حنفي" ي نفشفع شافعي "شمس " عبشمي عبد “

Word formation Processes in ArabicWord formation Processes in Arabic2- Borrowing: 2- Borrowing: This phenomenon refers to words borrowed from other languages,

such as English words of Arabic origin (Alcohol, Al-gebra, zero, coffee; Camel; Jasmine; lemon; Sesame; Rice; Cotton; Doctor; Camel; Jasmine; lemon; Sesame; Rice; Cotton; Doctor; CaveCave)

Arabic borrowed words from other languages: Arabic words borrowed from languages such as: rabic words borrowed from languages such as:

بب : فارسي أصلها بلكونة او : لكون فارسي أصلها بلكونة او مبنى لكون من تطل التي الشرفة مبنى وهي من تطل التي الشرفة وهي :باجامه أبيجاما: بيجاما فارسي باجامه صلها فارسي صلها :الطالء أبويه: بويه وتعني بوياغ تركي الطالء صلها وتعني بوياغ تركي صلها بمعنى جاكيت جاكيت بمعنى انجليزية قميص انجليزية أو قميص سترة أو سترة صحيفة والصواب إنجليزية صحيفة جورنال والصواب إنجليزية جورنال مستبد أو طاغية والصواب التينية كلمة مستبد ديكتاتور أو طاغية والصواب التينية كلمة ديكتاتور ديكور. زخرفة والصواب .إنجليزية زخرفة والصواب إنجليزيةللشرب: طط يستخدم النحاس من وعاء وهي االصل فارسية كلمة للشرب: اسة يستخدم النحاس من وعاء وهي االصل فارسية كلمة اسة :الملح تعني تركية كلمة هي الملح: طز تعني تركية كلمة هي طز حساب قائمة والصواب إيطالية حساب فاتورة قائمة والصواب إيطالية فاتورة :موقد وتعني فارسية كلمة موقد: كانون وتعني فارسية كلمة النارالناركانون :السلطان من موقع رسمي أمر وتعني فارسية كلمة السلطان: فرمان من موقع رسمي أمر وتعني فارسية كلمة فرمان