Morphology general view
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Transcript of Morphology general view
FocusFocus
What is a word?What is a word? How do new words enter a language?How do new words enter a language?
Morphology Morphology
The study of wordsThe study of words Perceptual units, not physical unitsPerceptual units, not physical units Concept of word associated with Concept of word associated with
written language than spoken written language than spoken languagelanguage
How words are formedHow words are formed
MorphemesMorphemes Free morphemes-units that can stand Free morphemes-units that can stand
alone as words by themselvesalone as words by themselves treetree
Bound morphemes-units that must be Bound morphemes-units that must be attached or bound to a free morphemeattached or bound to a free morpheme
treetreess
Bound morphemesBound morphemes
Affixes (prefix/suffix)Affixes (prefix/suffix) Inflectional morphemes add to a word Inflectional morphemes add to a word
without changing the part of speechwithout changing the part of speech Does not change the meaning of the base wordDoes not change the meaning of the base word 8 inflectional affixes in English8 inflectional affixes in English
-s, -es (plural), -s (possessive), -s, -ing, -ed, -en (show -s, -es (plural), -s (possessive), -s, -ing, -ed, -en (show tense), -er, -est (show comparison)tense), -er, -est (show comparison)
Derivational affixes when added to a base Derivational affixes when added to a base word, a new word is derivedword, a new word is derived
May change the part of speech of the base wordMay change the part of speech of the base word
English MorphemesEnglish Morphemes
Free MorphemesFree Morphemes Bound MorphemesBound Morphemes
TreeTree PrefixesPrefixesDerivational (un-)Derivational (un-)
Suffixes:Suffixes:Derivational (-ion)Derivational (-ion)Inflectional (-s)Inflectional (-s)
Prefixes help readers understand the Prefixes help readers understand the meaning of a word.meaning of a word.
Suffixes tell more about the part of Suffixes tell more about the part of speech than the meaning of the speech than the meaning of the word.word.
Types of WordsTypes of Words
Simple wordsSimple words Words with just one free morphemeWords with just one free morpheme
TreeTree Complex wordsComplex words
Words with a free morpheme and one or Words with a free morpheme and one or more bound morphemesmore bound morphemes
treestrees Compound wordsCompound words
Words that consist of two free morphemesWords that consist of two free morphemes teacupteacup
Word ClassifyingWord Classifying
Content WordsContent Words Parts of speechParts of speech
NounNoun VerbVerb AdjectivesAdjectives adverbsadverbs
Parts of speechParts of speech Can add these Can add these inflectional inflectional suffixessuffixes
Can add these Can add these derivational suffixesderivational suffixes
NounNoun ~s or ~es (plural): ~s or ~es (plural): treestrees, , bushesbushes‘‘s (possessive): s (possessive): animal’sanimal’s
CommenceCommencementmentPreventPreventionionNeatNeatnessnessClarClarityityDependDependenceenceFarmFarmererparachutparachutistist
VerbVerb ~s (third-person ~s (third-person singular):singular):He walks.He walks.~ing (progressive):~ing (progressive):He is walking.He is walking.~ed (past):~ed (past):He walked.He walked.~en (past participle):~en (past participle):He has drivenHe has driven
ClasClassifysifyCharacterCharacterizeizeevaluevaluateate
AdjectiveAdjectiveAdverbAdverb
~er (comparative):~er (comparative):Bigger/fasterBigger/faster est (superlative):est (superlative):Biggest/fastestBiggest/fastest
MischievMischievousousColorColorfulfulFestFestiveiveRegRegalalFlexiFlexiblebleQuicklQuicklyy (adverb) (adverb)
Function WordsFunction Words
DeterminersDeterminers QuantifiersQuantifiers PronounsPronouns AuxiliariesAuxiliaries PrepositionsPrepositions ConjunctionsConjunctions IntensifiersIntensifiers ParticlesParticles
Types of Function WordsTypes of Function Words
TypeType ExampleExample ExampleExample Example Example
DeterminerDeterminerss
TheThe ThisThis MyMy
QuantifiersQuantifiers OneOne Every Every SeveralSeveral
PronounsPronouns You You YourselfYourself WhoWho
AuxiliariesAuxiliaries IsIs HasHas MightMight
PrepositionPrepositionss
InIn BeforeBefore OfOf
ConjunctionConjunctionss
AndAnd IfIf HoweverHowever
ParticlesParticles UpUp DownDown AroundAround
IntensifiersIntensifiers Rather Rather VeryVery soso
How New Words Enter a LanguageHow New Words Enter a Language
Coining-someone makes up a name Coining-someone makes up a name for an object and the name sticksfor an object and the name sticks
Compounding-joining two free Compounding-joining two free morphemes.morphemes.
Clipping-when a word is shortenedClipping-when a word is shortened Mathematics-mathMathematics-math Gasoline-gasGasoline-gas
How New Words Enter a LanguageHow New Words Enter a Language
Acronyms-words made up of the first Acronyms-words made up of the first letters of several words. letters of several words. Acro Acro is is Greek for “high,” so acronyms are Greek for “high,” so acronyms are “high names,” names made up of the “high names,” names made up of the tall (capital) first letters.tall (capital) first letters.
Scuba (self-contained underwater Scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)breathing apparatus)
How New Words Enter a LanguageHow New Words Enter a Language
Blending-combining two wordsBlending-combining two words Brunch (breakfast + lunch)Brunch (breakfast + lunch) Motel (motor + hotel)Motel (motor + hotel)
Back-formation-noun to verbBack-formation-noun to verb Peddler Peddler peddlepeddle
Borrowing-using words from other Borrowing-using words from other languageslanguages Boutique (French)Boutique (French)
Text AnalysisText Analysis
Take a passage of one hundred Take a passage of one hundred consecutive words. Working in pairs, consecutive words. Working in pairs, classify each word by placing it on a classify each word by placing it on a chart similar to the one that follows. chart similar to the one that follows. All function words go in the rightmost All function words go in the rightmost column. If a word is repeated, list it column. If a word is repeated, list it each time it appears. each time it appears.
Text AnalysisText Analysis
SIMPLESIMPLE COMPLEXCOMPLEX COMPOUNCOMPOUNDD
FUNCTIONFUNCTION
NOUNSNOUNS BOYBOY BOYSBOYS TOOTHBRUSHTOOTHBRUSH THETHE
THROUGHTHROUGH
VERBSVERBS GOGO PRIORITIZEPRIORITIZE
ADJECTIVEADJECTIVESS
GREENGREEN UNSATISFACTOUNSATISFACTORYRY
ADVERBSADVERBS FASTFAST SLOWLYSLOWLY
Analyze your resultsAnalyze your results
What percent of the words are function What percent of the words are function words?words?
What percent are simple words?What percent are simple words? What percent are complex words with What percent are complex words with
inflection suffixes?inflection suffixes? What percent are complex words with What percent are complex words with
derivational suffixes?derivational suffixes? What percent are compound words?What percent are compound words?