Morphology - UZH · What about morphology? ... linguistics can be contrasted with a hierarchical...

Morphology

Class 8

Templates

FS 2014

Rik van Gijn

Structures I: Templates

You will learn

√ What a template is

√ About different types of templates in linguistics

√ About factors interacting with templatic positions of morphemes

√ About linear and hierarchical relations within a template

Goal of this class


What is a template?

An abstract specification of the linear arrangement of subconstituents

of some larger constituent (what goes where?), [independent of specific

semantic, syntactic, or phonlogical considerations.]

Templates

A template has slots or positions,

where (groups of) subconstituents can

be positioned.

The basic principle of a slot is that the subconstituents that can go in

that slot cannot occur at the same time, they are in paradigmatic

opposition to each other.


Syllable templates

CV

CVC

CCVC

CVVC

...

For each element in the template there may be constraints.

Examples of templates in linguistics


Word order in syntax

Categories for transitive clause A (subject), V (verb), P (object)

(Alternative S (subject), V, O (object))

Language-specific templates

AVP / SVO

VAP / VSO

PAV / OSV

APV / SOV

VPA / VOS

PVA / OVS



What about morphology?

Morpheme slots of a grammatical word of a particular class

prefix slots root slot(s) suffix slots


-4

e.g. a verbal template in Fictivese

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3


What about morphology?

Morpheme slots of a grammatical word of a particular class

prefix slots root slot(s) suffix slots


-4


-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

root (V)

Aspect

Valency

Subject agreement

Mood Intensity Tense

Object agreement


A template is a linear statement, but many of the templates in

linguistics can be contrasted with a hierarchical structure.

Templates and hierarchy

clause

A VP

V P

syllable

onset rhyme

nucleus coda

V

clause

A VP

P

A

clause

VP

V P

A

clause

VP

P V

In principle the linear and

hierarchical structures are

independent from each

other, as can be seen in

the syntactic templates

CC V C


Hierarchy in morphology

Morphologists usually do not consider complex words to be just a linear

string of morphemes. A comparison to the structure of an onion is often

made.





made.

un happy ness + +

Linear analysis





made.

un happy ness + +

Selection restriction un- attaches to adjectives (and some verbs)

Selection restriction ness- attaches to adjectives

A linear analysis potentially ignores certain generalizations, such as

selection restrictions of affixes.





made.

un happy ness

Lieber, Rochelle (2009) Introducing morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 37



These kinds of non-linear relations are hierarchical in nature,

un happy ness





un happy ness

A

A

N





un happy ness

A

A

N

Morphological head





hond je

N[non-neut]

N[neut]

Morphological head


Bracketing paradoxes

Scope

un do able

Haspelmath, Martin & Andrea Simms (2010) Understanding morphology. London: Hodder, 145

V

V

A

un do able

A

V

A

which cannot be undone which cannot be done


Category-changing morphology causes a switch between templates


-4


-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

e.g. a nominal template in Fictivese

-2 -1 0 1 2

root (N) Possessor

agreement number

case

evaluation


Category-changing morphology causes a switch between templatic

possibilities


-4


-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

e.g. a nominal template in Fictivese

-2 -1 0 1 2

Possessor agreement

number

case

evaluation

NLZ ni-ya-pe-li go-fut-ag.nlz-dir ‘to the one who will go.’


Factors in shaping affix ordering principles

Just as not every logically possible syntactic order is encountered with

equal frequency, there are certain tendencies in morphological

templates cross-linguistically

Matthew S. Dryer. 2013. Order of Subject, Object and Verb. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/81, Accessed on 2014-04-09.)


Proposed factors in shaping affix ordering principles

Remember these?

English neutral (+) versus non-neutral (#) affixes

base neutral affix non-neutral affix 'curious 'curious#ness curi'os+ity pro'ductive pro'ductive#ness produc'tiv+ity 'patriarch 'patriarch#y patri'arch+al 'finite non#'finite 'in+finite



Remember these?

STRATUM 2 word formation rules for

‘#’ affixes

STRATUM 1 Word-formation

rules for ‘+’ affixes

application of phonological

rules

Root - Stratum 1 - Stratum 2



Syntax

Givón: Yesterday’s syntax is today’s morphology, so affix order

reflects (earlier) syntactic order.

Baker: Mirror principle

Morphological derivations must directly reflect syntactic

derivations (and vice versa).

Anderson: Inflection is external to derivation because it is

spelled out after transformation, whereas derivation before.



Bybee’s relevance principle

“A meaning element is relevant to another meaning

element if the semantic content of the first directly affects

or modifies the semantic

content of the second” (Bybee 1985:13).

The more relevant one element is to another element

semantically, the closer these elements are to each other

structurally.

Semantics

Bybee, Joan 1985. Morphology: A study of the relation between meaning and form. Amsterdam:

Benjamins.



ROOT

valency

voice

aspect

tense

mood

number

person

gender

Semantics

Bybee, Joan 1985. Morphology: A study of the relation between meaning and form. Amsterdam:

Benjamins.



Semantic scope

If affix p has scope over affix q, it is external with respect to affix q.

(external meaning further away from the root)



Adjacency condition

If the affixation of a is dependent on the presence of b (an affix or a

feature), the b must be contained in the cycle adjacent to a

b

X

a

b

X

a

c √ x

X

b

a

X

b

c

a


Alternative placement principles

Moving morphemes I: semantics

Yup‘ik (Mithun 1999) Yug-pag-cuar Person-big-little ‚little giant‘ Yug-cuar-pag Person-little-big ‚big midget‘

Rice, Keren. 2011. Principles of affix ordering. Word Structure 4.2, 169-200


Alternative placement principles

Moving morphemes I: semantics

Quechuan (S. America; Muysken 1986:636) riku - na - chi - ku - n - ku see-RECIP-CAUS-REFL-3-PL ‘Theyi caused them to see each otheri.’ riku - chi - na - ku - n - ku see-CAUS-RECIP-REFL-3-PL ‘Theyi caused each otheri to see them.’ riku - na - ku - chi - n - ku see-RECIP-REFL-CAUS-3-PL ‘They caused themi to see each otheri.’

[[see each other] cause] themselves

[[see cause] each other] themselves

[[see each other] themselves] cause




Phonology

Tiene (Hyman 2006) (a) lε ‘eat’ lees-ε ‘feed’ (b) mat-a ‘go away’ maas-a ‘cause to go away’ kal-a ‘be’ kaas-a ‘cause to be, become’ taan-a ‘get thin’ taas-a ‘cause to get thin’ (c) lab-a ‘walk’ lasab-a ‘cause to walk’ lók-a ‘vomit’ lósek-ε ‘cause to vomit’ yóm-a ‘become dry’ yóseb-ε ‘make dry’




Phonology

Leti kakri ‘cry’ kniakri ‘the act of crying’ pali ‘float’ pniali ‘the act of floating’ sai ‘climb’ sniai ‘the act of climbing’ teti ‘chop’ tnieti ‘the act of chopping’ vaka ‘ask (for)’ vniaka ‘the act of asking’ va-nunsu ‘knead’ vnianunsu ‘massage’ / ‘the act of kneading’

atu ‘know’ niatu ‘knowledge’ / ‘the act of knowing’ odi ‘carry’ niodi ‘the act of carrying’ osri ‘hunt’ niosri ‘hunt’ / ‘the act of hunting’

Lieber, Rochelle (2009) Introducing morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Clitic clusters

Often languages have more than one clitic that ends up in a particular

position (e.g. 2nd position). This may lead to clusters, which are usually

rigidly ordered (reminiscent of affixal templates) and often idiosyncratic.

Order of auxiliary and pronominal clitics in Serbian/Croatian:

AUX - DAT - ACC - REFL - je (3rd person auxiliary)

Onaj les mi je vrlo drag that forest 1SG.DAT 3SG.AUX very dear That forest is very dear to me’

Ova polja su nam vrlo draga these fields 3PL.AUX 1PL.DAT very dear ‘There fields are very dear to us’

Spencer, Andrew & Ana Luís. 2012. Clitics: an introduction. Cambridge: CUP.


Summary

Larger structures containing morphological material have a linear

dimension and often a hierarchical dimension as well.

The hierarchical structure allows us to speak of morphological heads

(which determine the category of the entire construction)

It also allows us to analyze major tendencies in affix order, and explain

mobile affixes.

A major factor in affix order is semantic scope relations.

Phonology may also be a determining factor for affix order, either by

cyclicity, or by (sometimes ideosyncratic) requirements.

If more than one clitic can land on a position (e.g. second position) their

order is often fixed, templatic.

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