Morpho-Syntactic Changes Early Modern English. Morphosyntactic changes Old English had extensive...
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![Page 1: Morpho-Syntactic Changes Early Modern English. Morphosyntactic changes Old English had extensive inflectional morphology and relatively flexible word.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c0211a28abf838cd2c24/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Morpho-Syntactic Changes
Early Modern English
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Morphosyntactic changes
Old English had extensive inflectional morphology and relatively flexible word order.
Middle English had very little inflectional morphology and a rather rigid word order.
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Inversion in Present Day English
1. Negative inversion
Under no circumstances would I do that.
2. Locative inversion
Behind the barn stood an old oak tree.
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The rise of the dummy auxiliary ‘do’
Negative sentences
1. I haven’t eaten yet.2. She isn’t coming.3. I cannot come.4. You must not do that.5. He does not speak to me.
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The rise of the dummy auxiliary ‘do’
Yes-no Questions
1. Have you eaten lunch?2. Is she coming?3. Can I come in?4. May I speak to her?5. Does she speak English?
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The rise of the dummy auxiliary ‘do’
WH Questions
1. What have you eaten?2. When is she coming?3. Where can I sleep?4. What must she do?5. What did she say?
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The rise of analytical verb forms
• Future will leave
• Present Perfect have gone
• Progressive is sleeping
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The rise of SVO
Though SVO had become the dominant word order in Middle English, it was not yet as rigid as in Modern English.
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thou - you
SG PLOld English þū yē
Middle English thou (familiar)ye (polite)
ye
Early Modern English
ye (you = OBJ) ye (you = OBJ)
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Possessive marker
Peter’(i)s = Peter his
• John Browne his meadow
• Ann Harris her lot
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Possessive clitic
1. The queen’s crown2. The Queen of England’s crown
3. Peter’s car4. Peter and Mary’s car
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Relative pronoun
a. the book that fell from the table.b. the book that I readc. the book that I gave himd. the book that I talked about
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Subject relatives
a. Who’s that knocks?b. I have a brother is condemn’d to die.
(Shakespeare)
c. There was a farmer had a dog.d. There was a ball of fire shot up through the
seats in front of me.e. There’s something keeps upsetting him.f. There‘s a lot of people don‘t know him.
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‘Which’ and ‘who’ relatives
• As a relative pronoun ‘which’ emerged in the
14th century
• ‘Whose’ and ‘whom’ emerged in EME;
later ‘who’ was formed by analogy.
Accessibility hierarchy
SUBJ > DO > OBL > GEN
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Comparative forms of the adjectives
(1) happy – happier –happiest(2) difficult – more difficult –most difficult
(1) in the calmest and most stillest night. (2) against the envy of less happier lands.
(Shakespeare)
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The rise of the dummy auxiliary ‘do’
(1) Say you so?(2) I know not.
Causative ‘do’
(3) He did them build a castle.‘He caused them to build a castle.’
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The rise of the dummy auxiliary ‘do’
I doubt it not. (Shakespeare)
I do not doubt you. (Shakespeare)
Why look you so upon me? (Shakespeare)
Why do you look on me? (Shakespeare)
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The rise of the dummy auxiliary ‘do’
(1) *I do not can go.
(2) *She does not may leave.
(3) *Is Peter may go home?
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Lexical diffusion
SUBJ VERB not SUBJ do not VERBVerb 1 Verb 1Verb 2 Verb 2Verb 3 Verb 3Verb 4 Verb 4… …
I know not I do not know
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S-shaped development
time
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The psychological mechanisms of language change
Hypothesis:
Grammatical change involves the change of grammatical rules.
3 + 4 = 7
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Change of rules
1. NEG SUBJ VERB not
2. NEG SUBJ do not VERB
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What motivated the development of the ‘do’ pattern?
In negative sentences, ‘do’ reinforced the negative meaning of the sentence.
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The development of ‘do’ in questions
What is she doing?
Where can I find this book?
When did Peter see Mary?
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Why auxiliaries and modals were not involved in the change
1. If the sentence includes a modal or auxiliary, there is an <WH AUX S V O> pattern even without ‘do’.
2. Modals and auxiliaries are the most frequent verbs. Frequently used linguistic structures are so deeply entrenched in mental grammar that they do not change easily.
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New consonant phonemes
Bilabial Labio-dental
Inter-dental
Alveolar
Alveola-palatal
Velar
Stop p b t d k gAffricate tS
dZFricative f v T D s z S Z hNasal m n ÎLateral lRetroflex rGlide w y
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‘Silent consonant’
1. Compensentory lengthening
[sICt] > [sit] ‘sight’
2. half, palm, folk, talk
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‘Silent consonant’
3. castle, hasten, wrestle, handsome
4. know, knife, knee, knight, gnaw
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‘Silent consonant’
5. wrong, wrinkle, wrist
6. British American
[ka] [kar] ‘car’
[bi@] [bi@r] ‘beer’
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Spelling pronunciations
1. anthem, throne, author, orthography
2. habit, hectic, history, horror, human
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Re-spelling based on Latin source
French loans:
faut, assaut, facon, vaut
Respelled:
fault, assault, falcon, vault
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Morphosyntactic changes
Old English had extensive inflectional morphology and relatively flexible word order.
Middle English had very little inflectional morphology and a rather rigid word order.
![Page 33: Morpho-Syntactic Changes Early Modern English. Morphosyntactic changes Old English had extensive inflectional morphology and relatively flexible word.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c0211a28abf838cd2c24/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The rise of the dummy auxiliary ‘do’
I doubt it not. (Shakespeare)
I do not doubt you. (Shakespeare)
Why look you so upon me? (Shakespeare)
Why do you look on me? (Shakespeare)
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Summary
• Morpho-Syntactic changes• Inversion in English• The rise of dummy auxiliaries, analytical verb
forms and possessive, relative pronouns.• Lexical Diffusion• New Consonant Phonemes• Spelling pronunciation