Morpho-functional classification of humus systems and soil biological functioning

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? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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Augusto Zanella, Stefano Guercini, Jean-François Ponge

1 cm

Millipeds Epigeic earthworm Enchytraeids Insect larvae Snails Centipeds Woodlice Spiders Acarian

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1 - What’s soil ? 2- An attempt of biological soil classification

3 - The FUTURE of the soil classification

HUMUS GROUP

400 millions

10 millions

today

3 billions years ago 500 millions 300 millions

200 millions

LIVING ORGANISMS and SOIL CO-EVOLUTION IN A CHANGING HABITAT

100 millions

organic matter é, energy é, water é, biodiversity é regression evolution

50 70 500 100 1000 2000 3000

years

RECENT acid series in Paimpont (France), last 3000 years

Succession of plant communities

Corresponding SOIL evolution

é

BRUNISOL)rédoxique)à)MESOMULL)

S)

Sg)

A)

OL)

Anthropic interference

7

2

3

4 5

6

1

PLANETEARTH

SOIL SOiL

SOiL

SOiL

SOiLEnergyWaterandNutrients

Air

Plantscover

C

R

HUMIPEDON(new)

LITHOPEDON(new)

PEDO

N

SOILPRO

FILE HU

MUS

PROFILE

COPEDON(new)

OL

OF,OH,A

B,E,otheraeratedmineralhorizons

ISITUSEFULTOPARTTHESOILINTHREE?

OH

maA

OL

miA meA

OF

Deciduousforest Coniferousforest Mediterraneanforest

Organic-mineral

Organic

LITTERdisappearsinlessthan1year

Fewtomanyyears Fewtomanyyears

MORTANGEL

MULLMODER

AMPHI

Europeanforesthumussystems

MESOA

meA

OH

nozOF

E nozA

E

miA

OH

maA zoOH

zoOF

BioMACRO BioMICROBioMESOCaCO3 SiO2

OrganicRESTS

MineralORGANO-MINERAL

AGGREGATES

OrganicRESTS

COLDclimateandbase-poorprentmaterial

PeriodicallyDRYclimateandbase-richparentmaterial

TEMPERATEandNEUTRAL

nOL OrganicRESTS

i APP

InMediterraneanforests,MullhadthehigheststockofOC,neartoAmphianddecidedlymore(2.5x)thanModer(AndreeSaetal.,2011,DeNicolaetal.2014)

intheWestwingoftheAlpinechainAmphiwasfoundastherichestinOC(Bonifacioetal.2011)

ModerwasatthefirstplaceintheCentre(Sartorietal.,2007,Garlatoetal.,2009,Ascheretal.,2012)andEast(Garlatoetal.,2009)ofAlpinechain

!

MODER

MULL

AMPHI

ThehighestSOCvaluesweresimilar=80-100tha-1

Bacteriainmucilage

freeorganicrests verysmallfree

organicrests

hyphae

clay

O=1mm O=0,1mm O=0,001mm

....….

….

FREEOrganicMaCerRecognizablerestsinORGANIChorizons

fixedinvisibleorganicmaSer

Itneedsplant-bacteria-fungalcooperaGon

AhorizonmadebyEARTHWORMSroot

MODERMULL MORTANGEL AMPHI

SOILAGGREGATES

HARDtobiodegradeOMRela^velyeasyto“eat”bysoilorganisms

COLDCLIMATEPOORinBASESSUBSTRATES

CALCAREOUSRICHinBASESWARM

TEMPERATENEUTRAL

bacteria

Mull

Amphi Moder

MorTangel

Rhizo Ligno

Crusto

TERRESTRIAL

HISTICBryo

Anmoor

Anaero

Archaeo

Saprimoor

Amphimoor

Mesimoor

Fibrimoor

HUMUSSYSTEMS

Agro Techno

(peat)

1 mm2

1 mm2 1 mm2

1 cm2 1 mm2

1 cm2

MACROMESO MICRO

MASSIVE SINGLEGRAINED

ZOOGENICNATURALSTRUCTURES

NONZOOGENIC

AGRO

GRANULAR,FINEGRANULAR=BIOMACROSTRUCTUREDMATERIALS

NATURALfresh

droppings

Old/transformedearthwormdroppinginaPOORLYZOOGENICAGROsoil

anecic

endogeic

earthworms

earthworms

NATURAL

Aeertradi^onalagriculture

Photographs:TopoliantzS.&PongeJ.F.

ANTHROPOGENIC TECHNO HUMUS SYSTEM

OL OL

OF OF OH

OL

A OH OH

A

OF OF

..........…………………............

Ø>4mm

1mm<Ø≤4mm

Ø≤1mm

4mm

1mm

Macropedsdonotpassthroughanetof4mm

Mesopedspassanetof4butnotoneof1mm

Micropedspassthroughanetof1mm..........…………………............

net

net

> 4mm ≤ 1mm 1mm< ≤ 4mm

Mean-size fauna (5 mm <L<= 50 mm)

Endogeic and Epigeic earthworms

Enchytreids Arthropods

Large-size fauna (L> 50 mm)

Anecic earthworms Endogeic earthworms

Aggregates size (droppings)

2/3

50

1/3

20

10

60

Vol

ume

% o

f ag

greg

ates

40

maA

Vol>2/3

meA miA

Vol>1/3

Small-size fauna (L <= 5 mm)

Mites Sprigtails

Enchytreids

Animals size Dominant animals

Horizon

micro

macro

meso

The « A » HORIZON can be decomposed in

TANGEL AMPHI MODER MULL

MOR

ORGANIC structures

ORGANIC- MINERAL structures

Harsh conditions

AGGREGATES

Guercini et al. experiments on different types of leavings as agricultural and urban residues, cows and chicken manures…Outdoor, indoor, shape of the pile.....

T°

Time

Moisture

Materials

Beginning… …end

Guercini et al. experiments on temperature, moisture, periods, turning operations, conformity with current legislation…

On the road 3 Special issues

in Applied Soil Ecology

VOLUME 1.

TERRESTIRIAL NATURAL HUMUS SYSTEMS and FORMS

VOLME 2.

HISTIC, PARA , AGRO, TECHNO HUMUS SYSTEMS and FORMS

VOLME 3.

SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS

and SHORT REVIEWS

FUTURE 1

Important event: 01., 02., 03., 04., 05., 06., 07. December 2016 IUSS Commission 1.4: Soil Classification Meeting Bloemfontein, South Africa Four day pre-congress tour and a three day congress Website http://scc16.co.za

Is it possible to make more practical the present SOIL classification WRB or USDA ?

FUTURE 2

SUGGESTIONS are welcome, I can communicate all your ideas to the Commission: augusto.zanella@unipd.it What’s your meaning about parting the soil in THREE sub-units ? Humipedon – Copedon - Lithopedon: is it a good idea ?

ITALY

FUTURE 3

AUSTRALIA !

ITALY

How can Australians be living there without falling down ?

?

Ahhahhhh !

GRAVITY FORCE

Gravitational constant

Because of Global warming, gravitational constant (G) will begin to swing…

WE HAVE TO FACE A BIG PROBLEM…

G

9,822 ms-2

2020 2100 2200

2020 2040

2060 2030

NASA et al. 2016

NOW

2020

2030

2040… is there a solution?

I was wandering about a first… historical act of collaboration between Padua and Sydney Universities

…tying each other with a mountain rope..

And be kept safe like this….

2020

2030

….2040…

CAMBISOL

FERRALSOL

PODZOL

ARENOSOL LUVISOL

ACRISOL

GLEYSOL

VERTISOL