More on Pint
-
Upload
amrit-kang -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of More on Pint
-
8/4/2019 More on Pint
1/36
INDEPENDENT, Professional, Clear, jargon-free advice
Our goal is to provide our customers with the mobile phone technology needed in today's fast-moving wireless world.
We are experienced at combining cost-effective solutions with personalservice.Our fully stocked Mobile Phone shop is open 6 days a week ready for routinepurchases, urgent phone replacement, repairs & accessories.
For those of you who cant find the time to visit our shop, our experienced
sales representative is available for appointments at your premises.
Our staff can assess your current mobile phone usage, develop a plan
specifically designed for your company, and keep you up to date on newproduct lines.
We format and package
books so that you canread them on a javaenabled phone. Mostphones sold today are
java enabled - youprobably have one inyour pocket right now.
Our book reader programis integrated within eachdownloadable book.
Features of the
BooksInMyPhone bookreader program include:
Adjustable fontsize settings -make the lettersbigger or
smalleraccording toyour personalpreference.
Night-vision
mode - makesit easy to readin a dark room.
Chapternavigationnavigate the
book bychapter.
Pause & Auto-
-
8/4/2019 More on Pint
2/36
resumefunction -automatically
pauses andresumes toaccommodate
incoming calls. Auto-
bookmark -
you never haveto rememberwhere you're
up to in thebook.
We manually review andformat each of our booksso that they will present
well on a mobile/cellphone screen and delivera high quality readingexperience.
The books we provideare out of copyright in
the USA; and in mostcases Australia, Canada,the U.K., and many othercountries(1)
For commercialdistribution and/or
derivative or new worksplease contact us.
1 Copyright laws vary
from country to country.
Outside the USA the
copyright status will vary
from book to book. It is
your responsibility to
ensure that you do not
breach the copyright
laws that apply in your
country.
Enjoy!
The books offered here are either licensed underCreative Commonsor out of copyright in the USA and manyother countries including Australia, Canada, and the UK. Most of the books are out of copyright world wide,
check thecopyrightlaws that apply to your country prior to download. It is your responsibility to ensure that
you do not breach the copyright laws that apply to you. This is part of our Terms and Conditions of Use. Byusing this website or downloading a book, you are indicating that you acknowledge and accept our Terms and
Conditions of Use and the license under which the book is offered.
http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-
magazines-combined/
http://creativecommons.org/http://creativecommons.org/http://creativecommons.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://creativecommons.org/ -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
3/36
A survey from eMarketer confirms what mosttech-obsessed folksalready know- people spend
as much time on their mobile phone as they do reading a newspaper and magazine combined.The survey reveals the average user spends 50 minutes a day using their mobile phone, 30
minutes reading a newspaper, and a mere 20 minutes reading a magazine.
Take a stroll through your local mall on a busy afternoon and you will see these survey results
played out on real life. Count all the people you see with their noses buried in a mobile phone
and compare it to the number of people you see with a newspaper or a magazine open in their
lap. Almost anyone with an eye for technology can see this trend, all this survey does is give us
some numbers for comparison.
While mobile usage has grown 28% year over year, it still trails radio listening, Internet usage,
and TV and video watching. People spend almost four and a half hours watching TV, over an
hour and a half listening to the radio, and only 50 minutes on their mobile phones. While theseabsolute figures suggest TV and radio are well entrenched in our daily lives, the year to year
trend paints a much different picture. Year over year, TV and video, radio, newspapers, and
magazines are all on the decline, while mobile and the Internet are making gains. Yes, the losses
in traditional media are small, but they are still losses and a possible sign of greater losses to
come.
http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/06/1-in-3-high-school-students-want-the-iphone-as-their-next-device/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/06/1-in-3-high-school-students-want-the-iphone-as-their-next-device/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/06/1-in-3-high-school-students-want-the-iphone-as-their-next-device/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/06/1-in-3-high-school-students-want-the-iphone-as-their-next-device/ -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
4/36
It will be interesting to re-visit these numbers in the next few years when thesmartphone
adoption rategoes through the roof andtabletsare found on everybodys coffee table. Will TV
and radio still be the leaders? Speaking of tablets I wonder where the iPad fits into this survey. Is
it grouped into the mobile category or is it bundled into the general Internet category? Is it even
prevalent enough to make a difference in these results? Any thoughts?
[ViaTechCrunchand eMarketer]
About The Author
Kelly Hodgkins
Electronic paperFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Intelligent paper" redirects here. For interactive form, seeIntelligent form.
It has been suggested thatE inkbemergedinto this article or section. (Discuss)Proposed since February2011.
iLiade-book reader equipped with an electronic paper display. E-ink displays can be read even under bright sunlight since
they are reflective and use no backlighting.
Electronic paper, e-paper and electronic ink are a range ofdisplay technologywhich are designed
to mimic the appearance of ordinaryinkonpaper.[1]Unlike conventionalbacklitflat panel displays,
electronic paper displays reflect light like ordinary paper. Many of the technologies can hold static text
and images indefinitely without using electricity, while allowing images to be changed later. Flexible
electronic paper uses plastic substrates andplastic electronicsfor the display backplane.
http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/05/apple-ipad-sales/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/05/apple-ipad-sales/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/05/apple-ipad-sales/http://techcrunch.com/2010/12/15/time-mobile-newspapers/http://techcrunch.com/2010/12/15/time-mobile-newspapers/http://techcrunch.com/2010/12/15/time-mobile-newspapers/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_formhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_formhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_formhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_paper#Merger_proposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_paper#Merger_proposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_paper#Merger_proposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_paper#Merger_proposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_formhttp://techcrunch.com/2010/12/15/time-mobile-newspapers/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/05/apple-ipad-sales/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/ -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
5/36
Electronic paper is often considered to be more comfortable to read than conventional
displays.[2]This is due to the stable image, which has no need to be refreshed constantly, a wider
viewing angle, and that it reflects ambient light rather than emitting its own light. An ideal e-paper
display can be read in direct sunlight without the image appearing to fade. Thecontrast ratioin
available displays as of 2008 might be described as similar to that of newspaper, though newly-
developed displays are slightly better.[3]There is ongoing competition among manufacturers to
provide full-color ability.
Applications ofelectronic visual displaysinclude electronic pricing labels in retail shops, anddigital
signage,[4]time tables at bus stations,[5]electronic billboards,[6]mobile phone displays, ande-
readersable to display digital versions of books and e-paper magazines. Electronic paper should not
be confused withdigital paper, which is a pad to create handwritten digital documents with a digital
pen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-1 -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
6/36
Contents
[hide]
1 Technologies
o 1.1 Gyricon
o 1.2 Electrophoretic
1.2.1 Electrophoretic display
o 1.3 Electrowetting
1.3.1 Electrofluidic
o 1.4 Interferometric modulator
o 1.5 Other bistable displays
o 1.6 Other technologies
2 Disadvantages
3 Applications
o 3.1 Wristwatches
o 3.2 e-Books
o 3.3 Newspapers
o 3.4 Displays embedded in smart cards
o 3.5 Status displays
o 3.6 Mobile phones
o 3.7 Electronic shelf labels
o 3.8 Other
4 Display manufacturers
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
DisadvantagesElectronic paper technologies have a very low refresh rate compared to other low-power display
technologies, such as LCD. This prevents producers from implementing sophisticated interactive
applications (using fast moving menus, mouse pointers or scrolling) like those which are possible
onmobile devices. An example of this limit is that a document cannot be smoothly zoomed without
either extreme blurring during the transition or a very slow zoom.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Gyriconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Gyriconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretic_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretic_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrowettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrowettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrofluidichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrofluidichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Interferometric_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Interferometric_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_bistable_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_bistable_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Disadvantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Disadvantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Wristwatcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Wristwatcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#e-Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#e-Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Newspapershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Newspapershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Displays_embedded_in_smart_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Displays_embedded_in_smart_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Status_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Status_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electronic_shelf_labelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electronic_shelf_labelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Display_manufacturershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Display_manufacturershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Display_manufacturershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electronic_shelf_labelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Status_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Displays_embedded_in_smart_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Newspapershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#e-Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Wristwatcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Disadvantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_bistable_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Interferometric_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrofluidichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrowettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretic_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Gyriconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
7/36
An e-ink screen showing the "ghost" of a prior image
Another limit is that a shadow of an image may be visible after refreshing parts of the screen. Such
shadows are termed "ghost images", and the effect is termed "ghosting". This effect is reminiscent
ofscreen burn-inbut, unlike it, is solved after the screen is refreshed several times. Turning every
pixel white, then black, then white, helps normalize the contrast of the pixels. This is why several
devices with this technology "flash" the entire screen white and black when loading a new image.[citation
needed]
[edit]Applications
Several companies are simultaneously developing electronic paper and ink. While the technologies
used by each company provide many of the same features, each has its own distinct technological
advantages. All electronic paper technologies face the following general challenges:
A method for encapsulation
An ink or active material to fill the encapsulation
Electronics to activate the ink
Electronic ink can be applied to flexible or rigid materials. For flexible displays, the base requires a
thin, flexible material tough enough to withstand considerable wear, such as extremely thin plastic.
The method of how the inks are encapsulated and then applied to the substrate is what distinguishes
each company from others. These processes are complex and are carefully guarded industry secrets.
Nevertheless, making electronic paper promises to be less complex and costly than making
traditional LCDs.
There are many approaches to electronic paper, with many companies developing technology in this
area. Other technologies being applied to electronic paper include modifications ofliquid crystal
displays,electrochromicdisplays, and the electronic equivalent of anEtch A Sketchat Kyushu
University. Advantages of electronic paper includes low power usage (power is only drawn when the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochromichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochromichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochromichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etch_A_Sketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etch_A_Sketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etch_A_Sketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-ink_ghost.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-ink_ghost.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-ink_ghost.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-ink_ghost.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etch_A_Sketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochromichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-in -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
8/36
display is updated), flexibility and better readability than most displays. Electronic ink can be printed
on any surface, including walls, billboards, product labels and T-shirts. The ink's flexibility would also
make it possible to developrollable displaysfor electronic devices
e-Books
Main article:List of e-book readers
In 2004SonyreleasedLibri EBR-1000EPin Japan, the first e-book reader with an electronic
paper display. In September 2006Sonyreleased the PRS-500Sony Readere-book reader in the
USA. On October 2, 2007, Sony announced the PRS-505, an updated version of the Reader. In
November 2008, Sony released the PRS-700BC which incorporated a backlight and a
touchscreen.
In November 2006, theiRex iLiadwas ready for the consumer market. Consumers could initially
read e-Books in PDF and HTML formats, and in July 2007 support for the
popularMobipocketPRC format was added, but price was still a problem. With the introduction of
the competingCybook, prices have decreased almost 50%.
In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing theAmazon Kindle, an e-book reader with
an e-paper display. In February 2009, Amazon released theKindle 2and in May 2009 the
largerKindle DXwas announced. In July 2010 the third generation Kindle was announced.[38]
In November 2009 Barnes and Noble launched theBarnes & Noble Nook, running
anAndroidoperating system. It differs from other big name readers in having a replaceable
battery, and a separate touch-screen color LCD below the main electronic paper reading screen.
[edit]Newspapers
In February 2006, theFlemishdailyDe Tijddistributed an electronic version of the paper to select
subscribers in a limited marketing study, using a pre-release version of theiRex iLiad. This was
the first recorded application of electronic ink to newspaper publishing.
In September 2007, theFrenchdailyLes chosannounced the official launch of an electronic
version of the paper on a subscription basis. Two offers are available, combining a one year
subscription and a reading device. One interesting point of the offer is the choice of a light (176g)
reading device (adapted for Les Echos by Ganaxa) or theiRex iLiad. Two different processing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollable_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollable_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollable_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_e-book_readershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_e-book_readershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_e-book_readershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_LIBRI%C3%A9_EBR-1000EPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_LIBRI%C3%A9_EBR-1000EPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_LIBRI%C3%A9_EBR-1000EPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_DXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_DXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_DXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Tijdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Tijdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Tijdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Tijdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_DXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_LIBRI%C3%A9_EBR-1000EPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_e-book_readershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollable_display -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
9/36
platforms are used to deliver readable information of the daily, one based on the newly developed
GPP electronic ink platform fromGanaxa, and the other one developed internally by Les Echos.
Since January 2008, theDutchdailyNRC Handelsbladis distributed for theiRex iLiadreader
Communications in IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about communications in India. For a more general coverage of media in India,
seeMedia of India.
TheRepublic of Indiapossesses a diversified communications system that links all parts of the
country by Internet, telephone, telegraph, radio, and television. None of the telecommunications
forms are as prevalent or as advanced as those in modern Western countries, but the system
includes some of the most sophisticated technology in the world and constitutes a foundation for
further development of a modern network. Indian telecommunication industry is theworld's second-
largestin terms of number of subscribers, and the world's fastest growing market in terms of number
of new subscribers.[1][2][3][4]India had 851.70 million mobile phone subscribers at the end of June
2011.[5]The country hasthird highest numberof Internet users as of December 2010.[6]The primaryregulator of communications in India is theTelecom Regulatory Authority of India. It closely regulates
all of the industries mentioned below with the exception of newspapers and the Internet service
provider industry.
As the fastest growing telecommunications market in the world, India is projected to have 1.159 billion
mobile subscribers by 2013.[7][8][9][10]Several leading global consultancies estimate that India will
become the world's largest mobile phone market by subscriptions by 2013.[7][8]The industry is
expected to reach a size of 344,921crore(US$76.92 billion) by 2012 at a growth rate of over 26 per
cent, and generate employment opportunities for about 10 million people during the sameperiod.[11]According to analysts, the sector would create direct employment for 2.8 million people and
for 7 million indirectly.[11]In 2008-09 the overall telecom equipments revenue in India stood at
136,833crore(US$30.51 billion) during the fiscal, as against 115,382crore(US$25.73 billion) a year
before.[12]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganaxa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganaxa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganaxa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsbladhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsbladhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsbladhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_budget-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_budget-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-telecom-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-telecom-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_subscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_subscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_subscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-2005annual-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-2005annual-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-et1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-et1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-et1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-et1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-2005annual-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-2005annual-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_subscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-telecom-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-telecom-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_budget-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_budget-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsbladhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganaxa&action=edit&redlink=1 -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
10/36
Contents
[hide]
1 Modern growth
2 History
o 2.1 Introduction of the telegraph
o 2.2 Introduction of the telephone
o 2.3 Further milestones and developments
2.3.1 Indian telecom sector: recent policies
3 Emergence as a major player
o 3.1 Privatization of telcommunications in India
o 3.2 Telecommunications Regulatory Environment in India
4 Revenue and growth
5 Telephone
o 5.1 Mobile telephones
o 5.2 Landlines
6 Internet
o 6.1 Broadband
o 6.2 Statistics
7 Broadcasting
8 Next generation networks
9 Mobile Number Portability (MNP)
10 International
o 10.1 Submarine cables
11 Telecom Training in India
12 Numbering scheme
o 12.1 Mobile
o 12.2 Landline
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
[edit]Modern growth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-et1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Modern_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Modern_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Introduction_of_the_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Introduction_of_the_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Introduction_of_the_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Introduction_of_the_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Further_milestones_and_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Further_milestones_and_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Indian_telecom_sector:_recent_policieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Indian_telecom_sector:_recent_policieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Emergence_as_a_major_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Emergence_as_a_major_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Privatization_of_telcommunications_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Privatization_of_telcommunications_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Telecommunications_Regulatory_Environment_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Telecommunications_Regulatory_Environment_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Revenue_and_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Revenue_and_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Mobile_telephoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Mobile_telephoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Landlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Landlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Next_generation_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Next_generation_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Mobile_Number_Portability_.28MNP.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Mobile_Number_Portability_.28MNP.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Submarine_cableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Submarine_cableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Telecom_Training_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Telecom_Training_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Numbering_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Numbering_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Landlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Landlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Landlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Numbering_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Telecom_Training_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Submarine_cableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Mobile_Number_Portability_.28MNP.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Next_generation_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Landlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Mobile_telephoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Revenue_and_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Telecommunications_Regulatory_Environment_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Privatization_of_telcommunications_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Emergence_as_a_major_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Indian_telecom_sector:_recent_policieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Further_milestones_and_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Introduction_of_the_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Introduction_of_the_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Modern_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
11/36
A large population, low telephony penetration levels, and a rise in consumer spending power has
helped make India the fastest-growing telecom market in the world. The market's first operator was
the state-ownedBharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), created by corporatization of theIndian
Telecommunication Service, a government unit formerly responsible for provision of telephony
services. Subsequently, after the telecommunication policies were revised to allowprivate operators,
companies such asBharti Airtel,Reliance Communications,Tata Teleservices,Idea
Cellular,AircelandLoop Mobilehave entered the market (Bharti Airtel currently being the largest
telecom company in India). In the fiscal year 2008-09, rural India outpaced urban India in mobile
growth rate.
The total number oftelephonesin the country stands at 885.99 million, while the overall tele-density
has increased to 73.97% as of June 30, 2011.[5]Mobile telephony experiences growths at rates such
as 11.41 million subscribers a month, which were added in June 2011.[5]
[edit]History
Telecomin the real sense means the transfer of information between two distant points in space. The
popular meaning of telecom always involveselectrical signalsand as a result, people often exclude
postal or any other rawtelecommunicationmethods from its meaning. Therefore, the history of Indian
telecom can be started with the introduction oftelegraph.
[edit]Introduction of the telegraph
The Indian postal and telecom sectors saw a slow and uneasy start. In 1850, the first experimental
electric telegraph line was started betweenKolkataandDiamond Harbor. In 1851, it was opened for
the use of theBritish East India Company. The Posts and Telegraphs department occupied a small
corner of the Public Works Department,[13]at that time.
Subsequently, the construction of 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of telegraph lines connecting Kolkata (then
Calcutta) andPeshawarin the north along withAgra,Mumbai(then Bombay) through Sindwa Ghats,
andChennai(then Madras) in the south, as well asOotacamundandBangalorewas started in
November 1853.Dr.William O'Shaughnessy, who pioneered thetelegraphandtelephonein India,
belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom
throughout this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when telegraph facilities wereopened to the public.
[edit]Introduction of the telephone
In 1880, twotelephone companiesnamely TheOriental Telephone CompanyLtd. and The Anglo-
Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached theGovernment of Indiato establishtelephone
exchangesin India. The permission was refused on the grounds that the establishment of telephones
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Teleserviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Teleserviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Teleserviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_Mobile_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_Mobile_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_Mobile_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Harbor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Harbor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Harbor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ootacamundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ootacamundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ootacamundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brooke_O%27Shaughnessyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brooke_O%27Shaughnessyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brooke_O%27Shaughnessyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brooke_O%27Shaughnessyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ootacamundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Harbor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_Mobile_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Teleserviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
12/36
was a Government monopoly and that the Government itself would undertake the work. In 1881, the
Government later reversed its earlier decision and a licence was granted to theOriental Telephone
CompanyLimited ofEnglandfor opening telephone exchanges
atCalcutta,Bombay,MadrasandAhmedabadand the first formal telephone service was established
in the country.[14]On the 28th January 1882, Major E. Baring, Member of theGovernor General of
India's Council declared open the Telephone Exchanges in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The
exchange in Calcutta named the "Central Exchange", was opened at third floor of the building at 7,
Council House Street, with a total of 93 subscribers. Later that year, Bombay also witnessed the
opening of a telephone exchange.
[edit]Further milestones and developments
A Mobile Phone Tower.
Pre-1902 -Cable telegraph
1902 - Firstwireless telegraphstation established betweenSagar IslandsandSandheads.
1907 - First Central Battery of telephones introduced inKanpur.
1913-1914 - First Automatic Exchange installed inShimla.
1927 - Radio-telegraph system between theUKand India, withImperial Wireless Chainbeam
stations atKhadkiandDaund. Inaugurated byLord Irwinon 23 July by exchanging greetings
withKing George V.
1933 -Radiotelephonesystem inaugurated between the UK and India.
1953 -12 channel carrier systemintroduced.
1960 - Firstsubscriber trunk dialingroute commissioned betweenLucknowandKanpur.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuttahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuttahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuttahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_telecom_iim-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_telecom_iim-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_telecom_iim-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagar_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagar_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagar_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandheads&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandheads&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandheads&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Wireless_Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Wireless_Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Wireless_Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadkihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadkihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadkihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Irwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Irwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Irwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_channel_carrier_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_channel_carrier_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_channel_carrier_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_dialinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_dialinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_dialinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSNL_Microwave_Tower_Mangalore_0210.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_dialinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_channel_carrier_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Irwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadkihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Wireless_Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandheads&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagar_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSNL_Microwave_Tower_Mangalore_0210.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_telecom_iim-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuttahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Company -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
13/36
1975 - FirstPCMsystem commissioned betweenMumbaiCity andAndheritelephone
exchanges.
1976 - Firstdigitalmicrowavejunction introduced.
1979 - Firstoptical fibresystem for local junction commissioned atPune.
1980 - Firstsatellite earth stationfor domestic communications established
atSikandarabad,U.P..
1983 - FirstanalogStored Program Control exchange fortrunk linescommissioned at Mumbai.
1984 -C-DOTestablished for indigenous development and production ofdigitalexchanges.
1995 - Firstmobile telephoneservice started on non-commercial basis on 15 August 1995
inDelhi.
1995 - Internet Introduced in India starting with Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Chennai and Pune on 15
August 1995
While all the major cities and towns in the country were linked with telephones during
theBritishperiod, the total number of telephones in 1948 numbered only around 80,000. Post
independence, growth remained slow because the telephone was seen more as a status symbol
rather than being an instrument of utility. The number of telephones grew leisurely to 980,000 in
1971, 2.15 million in 1981 and 5.07 million in 1991, the year economic reforms were initiated in the
country.
While certain measures were taken to boost the telecom industry from time to time, (for example
introduction of thetelexservice in Mumbaiin 1953 and commissioning of the firstSubscriber trunk
diallingroute between Delhi and Kanpur and between Lucknow and Kanpur in 1960), the first waves
of change were set going bySam Pitrodain the eighties.[15]The real transformation in scenario came
with the announcement of the National Telecom Policy in 1994.[16]
[edit]Indian telecom sector: recent policies
All villages shall receive telecom facilities by the end of 2002.
A Communication Convergence Bill introduced in the Parliament on August 31, 2001 is presently
before the Standing Committee of Parliament on Telecom and IT.
National Long Distance Service (NLD) is opened for unrestricted entry.
The International Long Distance Services (ILDS) have been opened to competition.
The basic services are open to competition.
In addition to the existing three, a fourth cellular operator, one each in four metros and thirteen
circles, has been permitted. Cellular operators have been permitted to provide all types of mobile
services including voice and non-voice messages, data services andPCOsutilizing any type of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andherihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andherihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andherihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_earth_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_earth_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_earth_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandarabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandarabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandarabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-DOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-DOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-DOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_diallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_diallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_diallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_diallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Pitrodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Pitrodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Pitrodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_call_officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_call_officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_call_officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_call_officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Pitrodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_diallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_diallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-DOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandarabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_earth_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andherihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
14/36
network equipment, including circuit and/or package switches that meet certain required
standards.
Policies allowing private participation have been announced as per the New Telecom Policy
(NTP), 1999 in several new services, which include Global Mobile Personal Communication by
Satellite (GMPCS) Service, digital Public Mobile Radio Trunked Service (PMRTS) and Voice Mail/
Audiotex/ Unified Messaging Services.
Wireless Local Loop(WLL)has been introduced to provide telephone connections in urban, semi-
urban and rural areas promptly.
Two telecom PSUs, VSNL and HTL have been disinvested.
Steps are being taken to fulfill Universal Service Obligation (USO), funding, and administration.
A decision to permit Community Phone Service has been announced.
Multiple Fixed Service Providers (FSPs) licensing guidelines were announced.
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have been allowed to set up International Internet Gateways,
both Satellite and Landing stations for submarine optical fiber cables.
Two categories of infrastructure providers have been allowed to provide end-to-end bandwidth
and dark fiber, right of way, towers, duct space etc.
Guidelines have been issued by the Government to open up Internet telephony (IP).
[edit]Emergence as a major player
In 1975, theDepartment of Telecom(DoT) was separated fromIndian Post & Telecommunication
Accounts and Finance Service. DoT was responsible for telecom services in entire country until
1985 whenMahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited(MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the
telecom services ofDelhiandMumbai. In 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the
Government for private investment as a part ofLiberalisation-Privatization-Globalizationpolicy.
Therefore, it became necessary to separate the Government's policy wing from its operations wing.
TheGovernment of Indiacorporatised the operations wing of DoT on 1 October 2000 and named it
asBharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL). Many private operators, such asReliance
Communications,Tata Indicom,Vodafone,Loop Mobile,Airtel,Ideaetc., successfully entered the
high potential Indian telecom market.
[edit]Privatization of telcommunications in India
The Indian government was composed of many factions (parties) which had different ideologies.
Some of them were willing to throw open the market to foreign players (the centrists) and others
wanted the government to regulate infrastructure and restrict the involvement of foreign players. Due
to this political background it was very difficult to bring about liberalization in telecommunications.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_local_loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_local_loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_local_loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Telecomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Telecomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Telecomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Post_%26_Telecommunication_Accounts_and_Finance_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Post_%26_Telecommunication_Accounts_and_Finance_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Post_%26_Telecommunication_Accounts_and_Finance_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Post_%26_Telecommunication_Accounts_and_Finance_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Indicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Indicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Indicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Essarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Essarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Essarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_Mobile_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_Mobile_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_Mobile_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_Mobile_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Essarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Indicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Post_%26_Telecommunication_Accounts_and_Finance_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Post_%26_Telecommunication_Accounts_and_Finance_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Telecomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_India&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_local_loop -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
15/36
When a bill was in parliament a majority vote had to be passed, and such a majority was difficult to
obtain, given to the number of parties having different ideologies.
Liberalization started in 1981 when Prime MinisterIndira Gandhisigned contracts withAlcatel CITof
France to merge with the state owned Telecom Company (ITI), in an effort to set up 5,000,000 lines
per year. But soon the policy was let down because of political opposition. She invited Sam Pitroda a
US basedNon-resident Indian NRIto set up aCenter for Development of Telematics(C-DOT),
however the plan failed due to political reasons. During this period, after the assassination of Indira
Gandhi, under the leadership ofRajiv Gandhi, many public sector organizations were set up like
theDepartment of Telecommunications(DoT),VSNLandMTNL. Many technological developments
took place in this regime but still foreign players were not allowed to participate in the
telecommunications business.[17]
The demand for telephones was ever increasing. It was during this period that the Narsimha Rao-led
government introduced the national telecommunications policy [NTP] in 1994 which brought changes
in the following areas: ownership, service and regulation of telecommunications infrastructure. They
were also successful in establishing joint ventures between state owned telecom companies and
international players. But still complete ownership of facilities was restricted only to the government
owned organizations. Foreign firms were eligible to 49% of the total stake. The multi-nationals were
just involved in technology transfer, and not policy making.[17]
During this period, the World Bank andITUhad advised the Indian Government to liberalize long
distance services in order to release the monopoly of the state owned DoT and VSNL; and to enable
competition in the long distance carrier business which would help reduce tariff's and better the
economy of the country. The Rao run government instead liberalized the local services, taking the
opposite political parties into confidence and assuring foreign involvement in the long distance
business after 5 years. The country was divided into 20 telecommunication circles for basic telephony
and 18 circles for mobile services. These circles were divided into category A, B and C depending on
the value of the revenue in each circle. The government threw open the bids to one private company
per circle along with government owned DoT per circle. For cellular service two service providers
were allowed per circle and a 15 years license was given to each provider. During all these
improvements, the government did face oppositions fromITI, DoT, MTNL, VSNL and other laborunions, but they managed to keep away from all the hurdles.[17]
After 1995 the government set up TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) which reduced the
interference of Government in deciding tariffs and policy making. The DoT opposed this. The political
powers changed in 1999 and the new government under the leadership ofAtal Bihari Vajpayeewas
more pro-reforms and introduced better liberalization policies. They split DoT in two- one policy maker
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcatel_CIT&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcatel_CIT&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcatel_CIT&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Person_of_Indian_Originhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Person_of_Indian_Originhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Person_of_Indian_Originhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-DOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-DOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-DOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-DOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Person_of_Indian_Originhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcatel_CIT&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi -
8/4/2019 More on Pint
16/36
and the other service provider (DTS) which was later renamed asBSNL. The proposal of raising the
stake of foreign investors from 49% to 74% was rejected by the opposite political party and leftist
thinkers. Domestic business groups wanted the government to privatize VSNL. Finally in April 2002,
the government decided to cut its stake of 53% to 26% in VSNL and to throw it open for sale to
private enterprises. TATA finally took 25% stake in VSNL.[17]
This was a gateway to many foreign investors to get entry into the Indian Telecom Markets. After
March 2000, the government became more liberal in making policies and issuing licenses to private
operators. The government further reduced license fees forcellular serviceproviders and increased
the allowable stake to 74% for foreign companies. Because of all these factors, the service fees
finally reduced and the call costs were cut greatly enabling every commonmiddle classfamily in India
to afford a cell phone. Nearly 32 million handsets were sold in India. The data reveals the real
potential for growth of the Indian mobile market.[18]
In March 2008 the totalGSMandCDMAmobile subscriber base in the country was 375 million,
which represented a nearly 50% growth when compared with previous year.[19]As the unbranded
Chinese cell phones which do not haveInternational Mobile Equipment Identity(IMEI) numbers pose
a serious security risk to the country,Mobile network operatorstherefore planned to suspend the
usage of around 30 millionmobile phones(about 8 % of all mobiles in the country) by 30 April.[20]56
years the average monthly subscribers additions were around 0.05 to 0.1 million only and the total
mobile subscribers base in December 2002 stood at 10.5 millions. However, after a number of
proactive initiatives were taken by regulators and licensors, the total number of mobile subscribers
has increased greatly to 851.70 million subscribers as of June 30th 2011.[5]
India has opted for the use of both theGSM (global system for mobile communications)andCDMA
(code-division multiple access)technologies in themobilesector. In addition tolandlineand mobile
phones, some of the companies also provide theWLLservice. The mobile tariffs in India have also
become lowest in the world. A new mobile connection can be activated with a monthly commitment of
US$0.15 only. In 2005 alone additions increased to around 2 million per month in the year 2003-04
and 2004-05.[citation needed]
In June 2009, theGovernment of Indiabanned the import of severalmobile phonesmanufactured
inChinaciting concerns over quality and the lack ofIMEI's which make it difficult for authorities in
India to track the sale and use of such phones.[21]In April 2010, the Government was also reported to
be blocking Indian service providers from purchasing Chinese mobile technology citing concerns that
Chinese hackers could compromise the Indian telecommunications network during times of national
emergency. A series ofattackson Indian governmentwebsitesandcomputer networksby suspected
Chinese hackers has also made Indian regulators suspicious with regards to the import of potentially
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Dash-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_phone_service&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_phone_service&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_phone_service&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhtt