Moral and Educational Statistics of England and Wales

Moral and Educational Statistics of England and WalesAuthor(s): Joseph FletcherSource: Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Nov., 1848), pp. 344-366Published by: Wiley for the Royal Statistical SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2338048 .

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344 [Nov.

Contributions to Academical Statistics, by PROFESSOR POWELL, F.R.S.,

[Read before the Statistical Section of the British Association at Swansea, 10th August, 1848.]

THE annexed table of matriculations, examinations, degrees, and honourn, in the University of Oxford, is a continuation of similar ones given in former reports of the Association, (1839, Sect. Proceedings p. 119, and 1842, ditto 100.) It differs from them only in the omission of the columns containing the deqrees, from which, as being merely formal, no material conclusions can be derived; and in the insertion of the examinations for each half year, with a separate columnn of the number of those who did not pass: unfortunately no record exists by wlliclh call be ascertained the proportion of those who were rejected, and those who from various causes (as illness, &c.), voluntarily withdrew. The general results are very nearly the same as in former instances.

Candidates for With- Obtained Honours. With. Year. Matri- Examination Total drawn out

culated. for B.A. passed. or Re- Clas- Mathe- Both Ho- jected. sical. matical. nours.

1842 379 j Easter 215 154 59 51 14 10 99 X Michs. 202 137 65 41 13 6 89

1843 390 ME. 217 159 58 47 11 7 108 lM. 192 149 43 51 11 5 92 1844 398 {E. 206 150 56 43 11 5 101 1 M. 202 144 58 36 15 4 97 1845 438 {E. 219 167 52 46 19 10 112 1 M. 179 131 48 38 17 6 82 1846 411 E. 197 142 55 46 14 6 88

i M. 187 140 47 53 8 2 81 1847 406 E. 186 152 34 49 18 9 94

'IM. 146 136 10 42 11 6 89

Yearly 402-8 - 393 293-5 100.5 82 27 12-6 194 mean)J

Moral and Educational Statistics of England and Wales. By JOSEPH FLETCHER, Esq., Hon. Sec., Statistical Society of London.

[Read before the Statistical Section of the British Association at Swanisea, 14th August, 1846.]

FOR any statistical evidence which bas yet been adduced, the relative proportions of ignorance and of instruction to be found amongst those brought before the criminal tribunals of their country may be the same that exist among the population at large; and the merepositive excess of ignorance within the gaols if the same exist without their walls, affords no evidence whatever in favour of the moral effects of " education as defined in the criininal returns. By comparing the proportion of the population in gaol with the proportion unable to write in each district, one with anotlher, we have arrived, however, at a statistical proof of the immediate connexion between the proportion of instruction and of criminal offences*. Tlhis one fact does but awaken our desire for further analysis, to detect- then- how this ctinerior ammlnt. of instr-i.

* Journal of the Statistical Society, vol. x., p. 193.



1848.] Moral and Educational Statistics, c~c. 345

tion among the population at large evinces itself in the degree of instruction found among the criminal portion of it, reduced as its total amount is by the presence of such instruction; and to ascertain, by this means, with what degree of technical instruction there is associated, in most cases and however indirectly, that superior degree of moral strength which protects from the grosser forms of misconduct.

To this end it will be useful to examine- 1. Whether the decline of ignorance, thus tested, among the popu-

lation at large, be accompanied by precisely the like decline within the gaols or show itself in some more remarkable manner. (Appendix I.)

2. Whether there be any remarkable progress or decline in thie proportion of persons of each degrec of instruction appearing before the criminal tribunals of their country, in a series of recent years. (Appendix I. and III.)

These inquiries will necessarily be irrespective of the total number of criminal commitments in the several years under examination, which exhibited an increase in a proportion much beyond that of the population for a long series of years down to 1842. The important decrease in the three succeedling years, from 31,309 in 1842, to 29,591 in 1843, 26,542 in 1844, and 24,303 in 1845, has been the subject of special observation; being the first continuous diminution of- commitments that occurred in the course of forty years. In 1846, however, there was an increase to 25,107, and in 1847 to 28,833, being an increase of tio less than 14-84 per cent. on the year, occurring in all the most populous districts of the realm.

In making the comparison between the degrees of ignorance which prevail among those committed for criminal offences and among the population at large respectively, we must assume that the test by which the class of those who are able "neither to read nor write" is formed among the former, is in effect, nearly identical with the marriage register test; and not only the near approximation of the results, but the general sensitiveness with which they coincide in every country and district, affords strong evidence that this assumption is well founded. The general result is, that the proportion of males in England and Wales who sign the marriage registers with marks was 33 6 per cent. in 1839-40, and 32'4 per cent. in 1844, being a decline of 1 2 per cent. in three years and a-half; while the proportion found unable either to read or write among those committed to assizes and sessions in 1837-8-9 was 34'4 per cent., and in 1842-3-4, 31'3 per cent., being a decline of 3'1 per cent. in five years, upon a proportion some- what in excess of the like ignorance witnessed in the population at large, but orne showing double the rate of decrease. These numbers, then, afford but feeble testimony in favour of much of the instructioi which is now being given, and which has sufficed to place all the rest of the persons committed in classes in which they are des. ribed as being at all events able to write, though imperfectly.

The equability between the proportion utterly uninstructed in the commonest arts of scholarship, in and out of gaol, in the kingdom at large, is, of course, equally found in many of its provinces, but there is a double deviation from it which indicates a general cause of extensive operation. In the least educated districts the proportion wholly uninstructed among the persons committed for trial is less than among the population at large; while in the most educated distribts the proportion



346 Moral and Educational Statisics [Nov.

of the wholly uneducated among the persons committed for trial is pro- portionally above the average. As this appears, in the southern parts of England, chiefly by comparison between the metropolitan and the midland counties, it might admit of complete explanation by supposing that many of the most ignorant and dissolute of the rural population, finding their way to the metropolis, there entered the latter stages of an unhappy career. But this will not explain the relative excess of the totally ignorant appearing in the criminal calendar of Rutlandshire, the only one of the midland counties remarkably advanced in popular education, nor the coincidence of the like phenomenon with the superior instruction of the East and West Ridingy of Yorkshire, of Cumberland, of Northumberland, and of Durham. Migration of the poor, ignorant and depraved into these regions appears to be very improbable; neither is there any conceivable emigration of such persons to account for the proportionate defect of the wholly uninstructed in Monmouthshire, South Wales, or Cornwall, or in the whole of the most ignorant and densely populated of the manufacturing counties of Cheshire, Lanca- shire, the West Riding, Staffordshire, and Worcestershire. In other words, the proportion of the wholly uneducated in gaol is less than the proportion of the population at large equally in the most purely agricultural districts of the south and east, and in the most purely mining and manufactturing districts of the north and west, which are respectively the most positively ignorant and criminal; while in the most instructed counties, whether of the north or the south, and whether metropolitan, agricultural, mining, or manufacturing, the converse is seen.

The only explanation of this fact which suiggests itself to my mind, is, that there is no less difference in the quality than in the amount of instruction given in the most and least instructed portions of the kingdom respectively; and that is only a degree of careful uprearing of the young, far higher than that which can be tested by the lowest attainments in reading and writing, that is alone blessed to the good end of righteous living in a Christian hope. It is the abstraction of a greater number of the instructed from the criminal calendars of the better educated districts which there throws the proportion of the totally ignorant into excess; 4nd the inferior character of the instruction given in the worse educated districts, which permits a greater number of the instructed to appear before the criminal tribunals, to the reduc- tion of the relative proportion of the wholly ignorant comprised in the calendars. Thus regarded, these figures tend greatly to strengthen the impression which I have derived from other sources, that around the moderate amount of really efficient instruction and really Christian training which prevails even in our best educated districts, there exists a wide margin Qf spurious schooling, without any good effect either upon the intellect or the heart; and that in the remotest of the agri- -cultural, as of the mining and manufacturing districts, it is this doubtful twilight that generally prevails, with no compensating superiority of vigorous education among the middle and upper classes. Hence it results that the difference in the amou-nt of education, in any rational sense of the term, between one portion of the kingdom and another, is far greater than that indicated by the varying proportion which the marriage registers show to be unable to write at all; while as yet we have no test that, for the population at large, will check against the gaol retums of those who can read and write imperfectly, "'and read



1848.] of England and Wales. 347

and write well." If we had a test of the latter range of scholarship for each county in the population at large, it is my conviction that it would furnish far stronger evidence in favour of good education, than that which we are now permitted to derive merely from a comparison of the numbers wholly uneducated that appear in the marriage registers and in the criminal calendars.

Let us, however, return to the comparative progress of " education" up to the mark of bare reading and writing (since even good people will call it such) aniong the population at large and those brought up before the criminal tribunals of their country. Here, also, we see a great number of curious coincidences in the contemporaneous increase of marks in the marriage registers, anid of the proportion of persons able ncither to read nor write in the criminal calendars of the country or district. There are likewise some anomalies, but the general result is a decrease of the proportion wholly uneducated in the criminal calendars at (louble the rate that it is found to decline in the marriage registers, after reckoning for the difference of the intervals between the data yielding the figures now compared. The decline is scarcely per- ceptible in the western Celtic districts, and, next to them, it is least observable in the great northern and central mining and manufacturing counties, where it has declined only one-thirteenth in five years, while in all the rest of the kingdom it has declined about one-tenth, except in the northern and midland agricultural counties (contiguous to the comparatively stationary mining and manufacturing counties), in which it has declined upwards of one-seventh. We thus find the decline of total ignorance to be slowest in the most criminal and the most ignorant districts, in which nevertheless its decline among those in gaol is greater than in society at large; everywhere indicating the very doubtful quality of a great proportion of that which barely helps its recipients out of the category of the totally ignorant.

The two least criminal regions are at the opposite extremes in this respect (the Celtic and the Scandinavian), with this important difference, that in the region where there is the greatest decline of absolute ignorance among the criminals (the Scandinavian), there is not one-half of the amount of it in the population at large which exists in the other, while the considerable proportion wbich the uninstructed still bear to the instructed is bolstered up by the far more rapid decline in the proportion of those who "read and write well" in the counties of best instruction; a decline greater than in any other districts, and five times as great as in the Celtic regions, with which we are now comparing them.

The decline in our gaols, in five years, of those who can neither read nor write, is seen in some counties to be remarkably great, and its augmentation, in seven out of the eight cases in which it occurs, is associated with a retrograde movement in the instruction of the population at large, or a general excess of crime, as in Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Cumberland, Staffordshire, and. Lei- cestershire; evidence at once of the near connexion of these columns of figures with each other, and the hopelessness of any reliance on absolute ignorance, or a cewsation from the advarncement of instruction altogether, for a cure of existing evils. South WVales presents the only case of an increased proportion of utterly ignorant criminals without any excessive amount of crime, and with a decremed proportion of " marks" in the



348 Moral and Educational Statistics [Nyov.

makriage registers; another coincidence, which, with that of the seem- ingly wonderful decline in bastardy with the changed registery of births, strongly induces me to suppose that there is some unexplained peculi- arity in the social circumstances of this region, which affects the present registry of births and mliarriages, as compared with its operation when in the hands of the clergy. A comparison of the proportions per cent. above and below the average of all England and Wales, in each county and district, of the numnber of mark-makers in the marriage registers, and of those unable to read and write in the criminal calendars, show less variation between each county and district in the latter than in the former, on -account of the compensating influences already described. Their general coincidence, however, is not the less observable.

Unable to pursue any further the comparison between the instruction which prevails amidst the population at large, and that found among persons brought up before the criminal tribunals, it remains only to call attention to the analysis of the instruction found amongst the latter only, contained in Appendix 1H, for the period of five years, to which all our observations have hitherto been limited, with the duplicate, Appendix IlI., which brings the same analysis down to the present time. It is only from the lowest and most neglected portions of society that the wholly uninstructed criminals are derived. Those who "read and write imperfectly" will be variously derived from all the labouring classes, except a portion of the skilled artisans, whose children learn to "read aud write well," or at all events, as well as those of the humbler middle-dlasses generally. Reading and writing well, however, is not yet a scale of accomplishment that characterises any class below this.

The proportion of criminals " reading and writing ill" is thus seen to be now precisely double that of the criminals "unable to read and write," having increased no less that 5-7 per cent. in the first period of five years and *4 per cent. during a subsequent period of three years, making a total of 6 1 per cent. in the eight years. The class of "superior instruction" being very limited (in fact, in the centesimal proportions, always under a whole figure), and likewise unvarying, this increase must necessarily be derived from only one other of the four classes, besides those who can neither read nor write. From this we hzave seen that there is a subtraction of 3'1 per cent. in five years and 1-1 per cent. in three more, making a total of 4'2 per cent. out of the O'1 per cent. of augmentation observed in the column of " reading and writing ill." The other 19 per cent. is derived from the column of " reading and writirng well," in which the decline during the first five years was no less than 2'6 per cent., but a retrograde movement during the last three years has reduced this proportion to 1.9.

It is, hiowever, to this heading that I would call especial attention, for this alone affords evidence, both conclusive and satisfactory, of a moral progress. A gradual change in the standard designated " reading and writing well" couild alone account for this decline of one-fifth in the proportion of those possessed of this amount of initruction; but I wouldi fain hope that it is a correct indication of a real improvement in the moral tone of the middle classes generally, springing from the source of all truth and all goQdness. Even if any portion of it arise from a practical eleyation of the standard designated by the heads of each columnn, this fact will only render still stronger the conclusion



1848.] of EPngland and Wales. 349

already drawn from the increased proportion of those reading and writing ill, which would have been yet greater, but for the retention of some that migh4 have been included in that column in the number of the totally uninstructed.

The proportion of persons of superior education commitied for criminal offences, always very small, bas undergoxne no change in the kingdom at l'arge in the period under consideration; it amounts in the whole only to 4 per cent., or 1 in 250; but we have no satistical evidence to the proportion of persons in the population at large, of an age to be committed for crime, who could be designated as possessed of "superior instruction." It is probably not so small, but in the absence of the ascertained fact the positive smallness of the number under this head affords, in its stationary character no statistical evidence in favour of or against the moral effects of superior education."

In the use of these or any other statistics of instruction, I hope it is scarcely necessary to add that they are regarded only as indications of the probable existence of that amount of Christian knowledge and advancement which should be the concomitant of instruction in a pro- fessedly Christian country, and can seldom, in the present state of society, be fouind wholly without that instruction which is always accessible to, if not already possessed by, an awakened mind. Mere intellectual excitement in any class does little for morality, and nothing for peace and happiness, if it do not lead to the " beginning of wisdom," and that practical humility, guided by consistent thought, which will evince its attainment. But shall we, therefore, withhold the human means most conducive to the attainment of these higher gifts, which it has pleased God to place in our hands, merely because in some minds there is an empirical tendency to look for an immediate and local result of every direct and local application, however intimate and uninterrupted may be the connexion between the phenomena to which it is applied and the whole moral being of society, and however remote the quarter in which a result, with a more extended knowledge of the human heart and of human society, ought rationally to have been expected ?

In the Criminal Returns, for instance, the effect of extended and improved education among the poor, in so far as it can be detected in the criminal calendars, regarded as an index to the moral tone of society generally, ought to be seen, not in the diminished proportion of the lowest classes to whom we have been labouring to give some defective scraps of instruction under the name of education, but in the diminished proportion of all classes brought to the bar of justice. This we were seeking, with the most satisfactory results, on a former occasion, when our figures proved, I think, that, cwteris paribus, the amount of education actually associated with some of the small amount of instruction which is now being disseminated, is sufficient to produce a marked resuilt upon the moral character of society at large, wherever it is in considerable excess, accompanied, as it will be, by a higher cultivation among the middle classes, and probably even among the higher. This is the best evidence that criminal calendars can afford us in favour of education, and it will remain unimpugned, unless further analyses shall subvert existing data by showing that of the offences here thrown all together there is an excess of the grosser in the more cudtivated districts, which is inconceivable.



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354 Moral anzd Educational Statistics [Nov.

APPENDxIXI1.-Progress of Popular Education in Five Years fr-om 1837-8-9 to 1842-3-4, ats the following Degrees

Neither Read nor Write. Read or Write imperfectly.

Proportion Proportion per Cent. Excess per Cent. Excess

DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES. of or of or Criminals,. o Criminals.

Deficiency ________Deficiency

1 837 1842 per 1839 1842 per to to Cent. to to Cent.

1839. 1844. 1842. 1844.

I.- Southern Agricultural and Maritime Counties. I. A. Counties of Least Instruction:-

Sussex ...........................366 31-0 - 5-6 47-8 64-0 + 16-2 Hants .............................34-1 26-4 - 7-7 56-9 65-7 + 8-8 Dorset........................... 3l.5 37*3 + 5-8 58-7 53-6 5-51

Total-Least Instruction .....................34-5 30- - 4-5 53-9 63,0 + 9-1

I. B. Counties of Most Instruction:- Kent .............................38-3 33-1 - 5-2 55.3 62-1 + 6-8 Devoushire .......................23-0 27-1 + 4-1 63-6 59-5 - 4-1

Total-Most Instruction.................... . 32-8 30-7 - 2-1 58.3 61-1 + 2-8 Total-Southern Agricultural and Maritime336 04 -32 562 69 +57

Counties...............................

II. South Midland and Eastern Agricultural Counties.

IT. A. Counties of Least Instruction, being the, Eastern Counties-

Suffolk ...........................39*7 35-2 - 4.5 47-6 55.4 + 7-8 Cambridge .........................327 29-4 - 3-3 53'0 63-4 + 10-4 Norfolk ...........................392 38-2 - 1-0 46-1 51-3 - 5-2 Essex .............................43-0 42-0 - 1-0 53-3 54*4 + ]'I Huntingdon .......................46-7 36-3 -10-4 45-0 62-0 + 7-0

Total-Least Instruction .....................40-0 37.5 - 2-5 49-4 54*9 + 5-5

II. B. Counties of Most Instruction, being the South Midland Counties-

Wiltshire .........................304 23-9 - 6-5 60-7 67-2 + 6-5 Oxford ...........................40-0 32-4 - 7-6 51P8 64-7 + 12-9 Berkshire .........................39-2 27-2 -12-0 53-0 68-8 +15-8

Total-Most Instruction .....................35-4 27-2 - 8-2 56-2 66-9 + 10-7 Total-South Midland and Eastern Agricultural386 43 43 587 + 2

Counties ...............................f86 3- - 15 5- -

III. Metropolitan Counties; both in the highest scale of Instruction.

Middlesex ... .......................24-0 21-8 - 2-2 53-2 59-5 + 6-3 Surrey ........................... 32,5 27-2 - 5-3 51*0 57-4 +( 6.4

Total-Most Instruction .....................25-8 22-8 - 3-0 52-8 59-1 + 6-3



1848.] of Engqland and WT'ales. 355

indcicated by a Comparison of the Proportions of Persons committedfor Trial, exhibbiting each of of Scholarship.

Read and Write well. Superior Education. Actual Number of Proper Cint | | above and below Committals the Average X 8 o o

Proportion Proportion on the Average n dd Wales c Oa, per Ccitt. ExNscess per CexcesExcess of the o honeiwho could

? per Cent. Excess ~~~neither 5e~~ of or ofe Read nor Write e

Criminals. Criminals or Three Years. on thse c nO D

,O i. Deficiency Deficiency Tlirehe Yrs.-

1837 1842 1837 1842 per 1837 1842 1837 1842 r"u- ? 8 to to Cent. to to Cent. to to to o IDA

1839. 1844. 1839. 1844. 18.39. 1844. 1839. 1844. , "'

15 0 5-0 -10.0 *6 .... - *6 425,67 406,33 + 6-4 - - 4.5 -12-4 8.t 7-2 - 1-6 *2 *7 + *5 514.33 517-00 - *7 -15-7 + *5 - 9-3 9 8 8 5 - 1-3 .... -6 + -6 232-67 193,00 - 8-5 +19-3 -17 0 -26f1

11-3 6-6 - 4.7 *3 .4 + *1 1172-6711116-33 + -3 - 4.3 -48 -13-7

5 8 4-6 - 1-2 *6 *2 - *4 806&33 852,33 +11-2 + 5-8 + 5'7 - 4,5 13 2 12-9 - *3 *2 .5 + *3 460-00 549,67 -32i9 -13*4 +19-5 + 9.9

8-o 7-8 - .7 .4 .4 ... 1266-3311402.00 - 4-7 - l7 + 10-7 + *7

9-8 7-3 - 2-5 *4 *4 .... 2439-00 2518.33 - 2-2 - 2-9 + 3 2 - 6 2

12-2 9'1 - 3-1 *5 *3 - *2 447.33 500-66 + 15,4 + 12,4 + 1119 + 1,3 13-6 6-6 - 7-0 *7 *6 - *1 205-67 23.0-67 - 4-8 - 6-1 + 12-1 + 2-3 14-1 10-2 - 3-9 *6 *3 - *3 571V00 669-00 4-14-0 + 22,1 + 17,2 + 5.9 3-3 3-2 - *1 *4 *4 .... 578-33 597-00 + 24-9 + 34-0 + 3,2 - 5.9 6-7 1-7 - 5-0 1P6 .... - 1+6 61-33 60-67 +35,7 +16,1 - 1.0 - 9.5

10-0 7-2 - 2-8 *6 .4 - *2 1863-66 205800 + 16-3 + 19-8 + 10,4 + 2,5

89 7-7 - 12 .... 12 + 1-2 388-00 421-00 -11-6 -23A4 + 8 5 8-2 2-9 - 5'3 .... .... .... 244-67 273-67 +16-2 + 3.4 +11P8 + 6-4 7-8 3.9 - 3-9 .... *1 + -1 249-33 268-67 +14,0 -13'0 + 7-7 - 217

8-4 5 3 - 3.1 .... * 6 + *6 882,00 963'34 + 3,0 -13,0 + 9,2 + *9

9-5 1 6-6 - 2-9 *4 *4 .... 2745,66 3021,34 +12,2 + 9*4 + 10'0 + 4.5

22 5 18-4 - 4 1 .3 * .... 2636 67 3154'67 -30-5 -30-4 + 19 6 + 6 9 15-8 15-2 - *6 .7 *2 - *5 753,33 739 33 - 5'4 -12-9 - 1P8 -11'3

21-0 17'8 - 3-2 *4 *3 - 1 3390 00 3894 00 -24 8 -27-0 +14 9l + 2-8

2A2



356 Moral and Educational Statistics [Nov. APPENDIX I.



DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES. of orof or Criminals, or minals. ____________Deficiency Deficiency

1837 1842 per 1837 1842 per to to Cept. to to Cent.

1839. 1844. 1839. 1844.

IV. North Midland and North Eastern Agri- cultural Counties.

IV. A. Counties of Least Instructiopl, being the North Midland Counties-

Hereford .........................473 41'O - 6'3 43A4 57'5 + 14'1 Slhropshire .........................47'1 38'6 - 8'S 46'2 58'7 + 12'5

Total-Least Instruction .....................47'2 39,4 - 7'8 45'1 58'3 + 13-2 IV. B. Counties of Most Instruction, being the

North Eastern Counties- Lincolnshire.......................31'O 25'S - 5-5 57'8 67'2 + 9'4 Northamptonshire ...................36'1 341 - 1'4 58-3 58'4 + '1 Rutland ...........................34'O 30'1 - 3'9 23'4 56'O + 32'6

Total-Most Instruction .....................33'2 29'O - 4'2 57'1 6-3'5 + 6'4 Total-North Midland and North Eastern Agri- 388 37 -S' S22 6' +9O

cultural Counties ..........................3 33__7 -___ 522_1___9,

V. South Midland Agricultural Counties, with Domestic Manufactures.

V. A. Counties of Least Instruction:- Bedfordshire .......................420 45.3 + 3.3 54.9 53'8 - 1'1 Buckinghamshire ...................37'S 381 + 1'2 58'S 55'4 - 3'1 Hertfordshire.....................58'6 39-3 -19'3 32'5 56'4 + 23'9

Total-Least Instruction .....................48'O 40'6 7- 4 45-9 55*4 + 9'5

V. i3. Counties of Most Instruction:- Somersetshire .....................38'9 36'9 2-0' 48'8 54'2 + 5.4

Total-Most Instruction .....................38'9 36'9 2-02' 48'8 54'2 + 5-4 Total-South Midland Agricultural Counties,4'1 36 -45 475 48 +7'

with Domestic Manufactures ................. 431 386 4 __75_ 48 -

VI. We8tern (and chiefly Celtic) Agricultural and Mining Counties.

VI. A. Counties of Least Instruction:- South Wales .............. ......32'2 36'4 + 4'2 54-1 56'6 + 2-5 North Wales.......................43.7 40-9 - 2-8 52'2 55'S + 3'3 Monmouthshire..................... 314 26-0 - 5'4 56'4 5910 + 2-6

Total-Least Instruction .....................35'3 34.9 - 4 543 56'9 + 2,6 VI. B. Counties of Most Instruction:

Comnwall .........................28'8 270 1-V8 66'1 67-3 + 1,2

Total-Most Instruction .....................28'8 27'0 1-P8 66'1 67'3 + 1-2

Total-Western Agricultural and Mining Counties 33-3 33'1 -2 *2 58-0 59-3 + 1-3



1848.] of England and Wales. 357 Continued.

Read and Write well. Superior Education. Aetual Number of PeroCpntion 2 _________ ~~~~~~~above and below 8 1a. - __ _____ ______________ - Committals the Average

8 c) o 0

of all 0 Proportion Proportion on the Average England and Wales 0 co per Cent. Excess per Cent. Excess of th neither cu ao p f of of the nithe nr Wrt co

Criminals. Criminals. or Three Yearg. Average of the R 0 0 Deficiency Deficiency Three Years. co 0 h

1837 1842 ~~per 182 percoE 0 1 837 1 842 1837 1842 1837 1842 183? 1842 R. 8 to to Cent. to to Cent. to to to to - 1839. 1844. 1839. 1844. 1839. 1844. 1839. 1844. ,=t' 4"

8-7 1-5 7-2 *6 .... - *6 158-67 198,33 + 37-4 + 31-2 + 25,0 + 14-1 6-4 2'4 40 .3 .3 .... 23033 401-67 +37-0 +23-5 +74-4 +62-6

7-3 2-1 - 5-2 *4 *2 - *2 389O00 60000 + 37-2 + 26'1 + 54-2 + 42-4

11.0 6-7 - 4,3 *2 *6 + *4 32000 444,67 - 9-9 -18A4 +38'9 +25'4 5'4 6-8 + 1-4 *2 *1 - 1 233-67 271O00 + 5-1 + 10O9 + 16'0 + 3-1 42 6 13'9 -28,7 .... .... .... 15,67 32O00 - 1.1 - 3-7 +104-2 + 79-9

915 7-1 - 2'4 *2 *4 + *2 569'34 747-67 - 3-4 7'2 +31-3 +17,7

8-7 4-8 - 3.9 *3 *3 .... 958'34 1347,67 + 12-9 + 7-7 + 406 + 2717

3-1 .9 2,2 .... ... .. 11033 183'67 +22-2 +44'6 +66-4 +52-9 3-7 5 3 + 1,6 .3 6 + .3 229O00 266'33 + 9.1 + 23 4 + 16 3 + 7 0 8-5 3.9 - 4,6 .4 .4 .... 281-67 263O00 +706 +25-7 - 6-6 -16'0

5-8 3 6 - 2'2 *2 .4 + *2 621O00 713O00 +39-5 +2917 +14,8 + 4,7

12, 3 8-8 - 3.5 .... 1 + 1 756.67 897,33 + 12.8 + 18O + 18-6 + 8-8

12-3 8-8 - 3.5 .... *1 + *1 756-67 897-33 + 12-8 + 180 + 18-6 + 8,8

9-3 6-4 - 2-9 *1 *2 + *1 1377-67 161033 +25'2 +23'3 +16'9 + 6f9

12,3 6'3 - 6-0 1'4 *7 - .7 204'66 389O00 - 6-4 + 16-4 + 900 + 57'2 2-4 3.4 + 1P0 1-7 *2 - 1-5 171O00 235-67 + 27-0 + 308 + 37-8 + 34,9

12,2 14-5 + 2-3 .... *5 + *5 158O00 207,33 - 8,5 -16,9 +31-2 +19,2

9'4 7-7 - 1-7 10 *5 - .5 533-66 832O00 + 2-8 +11,5 +5569 +38-6

5*0 5'6 + *6 1 1 .... 227,00 218O00 -16,2 -13-4 - 3.9 -12,3

5*0 5-6 + *6 *1 . ... 227,00 218-00 -16-2 -13-4 - 3-9 -12,3

8'0 7-2 * 8 .7 * 4 - *3 760-66 1050-00 - 3-1 + 6-0 +38-0 +22,7




APPENDIX IT. -


Proportion Proportion per Cent Excess per Cent. Excess

DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES. of or of or Criminals. Criminals.

Deficiency Deficiency

1837 1842 per 1837 1842 per to to Cent. to to Cent.

183g. 1844. 1839. 1844.

VII. Northern Agricultural and Mining Counties. VII. A. Counties of Least Instruction:-

Westmoreland .170 9 9 - 7-1 73A4 802 + 6 8 North Riding .347 26 5 - 8-2 58-1 67-2 + 9'1 Durham .347 3443 - .4 6607 61 0 + *3

Total-Least Instruction. .331 295 - 3-6 606 64 9 + 4 3

VII. B. Counties of Most Instruction:- Cumberland .273 28-8 + 1,5 507 56-4 + 5-7 East Riding, with City and cAinsty . 348 26-3 - 8-5 57.9 67-2 + 9-3 Northumberland .287 260 - 2-7 57-2 70-0 + I2-3

Total-Most Instruction ........... 31 0 26G6 - 4-4 55 8 66 6 + 10O8

Total-Northern Agricultural and Mining 3 *0 27-9 - 4-1 57 9 65-8 + 7 9 Cotinties . l

VIII. Northern and Midland Mining and Manufacturing Counties.

VIII. &. Counties of Least Instruction: Cheshire .................... ............... 35 0 30 8 - 4 2 56-8 640 + 7-2 Lancashire ................................... 39 5 38,3 - 1-2 52-6 55-1 + 2-5 West Riding ................................... 34,8 26-4 - 8 4 57,8 67,3 + 9 5 Staffordshire ....... 25 6 30 8 + 5 2 57 9 55 8 - 2 1 Worcestershire . 37.............................378 36 3 - 1-5 57 7 59Y6 + 1-9

Total-Least Instruction .............................. 35-8 33.7 - 2-1 55,2 59,1 ? 3 9

VIII. B. Counties of Most Instruetion:- Derbyshire . 30.............................303 25-9 - 4,4 69-0 71-8 + 2-8 Gloucestershire .360 28 6 - 7 4 56 0 66-3 + 10-3 Warwickshire .360 34-5 - 1,5 55*6 53,2 - 2-4 Leicestershire ......... 27*7 28 0 + *3 53 0 59*6 + 6-6 Nottingham .349 32 - 3-7 55 0 62-6 + 7-6

Total-Most Instruction . 34 1 303 - 3-8 56-5 61 5 + 5 0

Total North Midland Mining and Manufacturing} 35,3 32a6 _ 2-7 55 7 59*9 + 4-2 Counties .... ......

England and Wales .................... ................ 34-4 31P3 - 3-1 54-1 59,8 + 5. 7



1848.] of Enqyland and Wales. 359

Continued.

Read and Write well. Superior Education. Actual Nu mber of por C above and below b 'O

Committals the Average g52 Q a o I Proportion on the Average ~~~~~~~of all 0 9 Proportion Proportion on the Averg England andWVales 0o,.

of those whorcould bo os-s per Cent. Excess per Cent. Excess of the neither 3 3 0 2 of or f oorthe Read nor Write t. u 34 3

Criminals. Criminals. Three Years. on th 0o 1.o Deficiency Deficiency Three Years. ... A 2 P B

1837 1842 P 1837 1842 1837 1842 1837 1842 - ., U V ID

to to Cent. to to Cent. to to to to = s 183!9. 1844. 1839. 1844. 1839. 1844. 1839. 1844. C3 A

8 4 7-4 - 1'0 1-2 2-5 + 1-3 27-67 27-23 -509 -68-4 - 1-2 -11.1 6-1 5-7 - *4 1.1 *6 - *5 153O00 236O00 + *9 -i154 + 54,2 + 43-2 4-6 4-6 .... .... *1 + *1 145-33 254,00 + *9 + 9-8 + 74,8 + 63-9

5-6 5-2 - *4 *7 *4 - *3 326-00 517-33 - 3-6 - 6-0 +58-7 +47-6

22-0 14,8 - 7-2 .... .... .... 111P67 81-67 -20,7 - 7-7 -26-8 -29-4 6,1 5-8 - *3 12 *7 - *5 175-00 269-33 + 1-3 -15-9 + 53,9 + 42-9

13-5 3 5 -10-0 .6 *5 - *1 120-33 211-33 -16 4 -17-0 +75-6 + 57-2

1 125 63 - 6-2 *7 *5 - .2 407,00 562-33 - 9-8 -15-1 +38,1 +27-8

9-5 5-8 3.7 6 5 - .1 733 00 1079 66 - 70 -10-6 +47 3 +36 7

6'8 4-1 - 2-7 1-4 1i1 - *3 532.67 797'67 + 1-7 - 1-5 +49,8 +36-2 7-5 6,2 - 1-3 1-4 *4 - 1,0 2140-00 2861-33 + 14-8 + 22-6 + 33-7 + 20-4 6-2 5-7 - *5 1P2 *6 - *6 864-34 1333-00 + 1-2 -15,5 + 54,2 + 43-2

16-1 12-5 - 3-6 *4 .9 + *5 730-00 994'33 -25-5 - 1-6 + 36-2 + 23-7 3-9 3.5 - *4 *6 *6 .... 369 33 532-67 + 10-0 + 16-0 + 44,2 + 31-3

8-3 6-5 - 1-8 *7 *7 .... 4636-34 6519,00 + 4-2 + 7-5 +40,6 +27-8

*6 2,0 + 1-4 *1 *3 + *2 217-67 276-67 -11-7 -17-2 + 27-1 + 16-7 7-7 4-8 - 2-9 *3 *3 .... 809,33 955*33 + 4,8 - 8-4 + 18 0 + 7-1 8-0 11W1 + 3-1 *4 1,2 + *8 710-33 829-67 + 4-5 + 10-3 + 16,8 + 6-0

19-3 12-3 - 7-0 .... *1 + *1 352,00 434-00 -19-5 -10-5 + 23-3 + 12-4 9.7 6 1 - 3-6 *4 *1 - *3 251P00 310,67 + 1P5 - '1 + 23 7 + 13-0

9.1 7'7 - 1-4 *3 *5 + *2 2340,33 2806-34 - *8 - 3,1 +19-9 + 9-1

8 5 6-9 - 1i6 5 -6 + 1 6976|67 9325-34 + 2 5 + 4L4 33'6 + 21-1

iPi1 8-5 - 2,6 '4 4




APPENDIX III.-Progress of Popular Education in Three Years from 1842-3-4 to 1845-6-7, each of the undermentioned



DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES. of or of or Criminals. Criminals. . Deficiency Deficiency


1844. 1847. 1844. 1847.

I. Southern Agricultural and Maritime Counties I. A. Counties of Least Instruction:-

Sussex. 310 27-9 - 3-1 64-0 67-7 + 317 Hants. 26-4 30(5 + 4-1 65-7 63-8 - 1P9 Dorset .373 33-5 - 3-8 53,6 55-2 + 1P6

Total-Least Instruction ................... 30 0 302 + *2 63 0 63-5 + *5

I. B. Counties of Most Instruction:- Kent .33-1 35 9 + 2,8 62-1 57,4 - 4-7 Devonshire ....... .. ....... 27-1 33 0 + 5 9 59-5 55-0 - 4-5

Total-Most Instruction .307 34-5 + 3-8 61 1 56-3 - 4-8

Total-Southern Agricultural and Maritime} 30 4 32-5 + 2,1 61,9 59 7 - 2,2 Counties .

II. South Midland and Eastern Agricultural -

Counties. II. A. Counties of Least Instruction, being the

Eastern Counties- Suffolk .352 32-9 - 2-3 55 4 59 5 + 4'1 Cambridge. .29 4 29-5 + *1 63 4 66-0 + 2 6 Norfolk .... . . ............. 38 2 40 5 + 2 3 51 3 49-2 - 2 1 Essex .420 41-1 - .9 54x4 53 9 - *5 Huntingdon .363 26x7 -10x4 62x0 70 5 + 8x5

Total-Least Instruction .375 37*1 _- 4 54 9 55 7 + *8

II. B. Counties of Most Instruction, being the South Midland Counties-

Wiltshire .239 23-5 - .4 67-2 68 0 + *8 Oxford .324 30 4 - 2 0 64-7 64-7 Berkshire .272 33 0 + 5-8 68-8 62-4 - 6,4

Total-Most Instruction ., 27 2 28-1 + 9 66-9 65 6 - 1-3

Total-South Midland and Eastern Agricultural 34-3 34-2 - *1 58-7 58-9 + *2 Counties .

III. Metropolitan Counties; both in the Highest _ l _ Scale of Instruction.

Middlesex .21-8 23-6 + 1-8 59 5 600 + *5 Surrey .272 24-1 - 3-1 57-4 62-4 + 5 0

Total-Most Instniction .228 23-6 + *8 59 1 60-5 + 1-4




as indicated by a Comparison of the Proportions of Persons committed for Trial who exhibited Degrees of Instruction.

Proportion s , e ase Read and Write well. Superior Education. Actual Number of per Cent. .

above and below 8.I- - , a.. |______ ___________ - Committals the Average q a o o. of all ~ 0

Proportion Proportion on the Average Englandand Wales o.

per Cent. Excess per Cent. Exces of the neier - P oorof Read nor Write _

Criminals. or Criminal or Three Years. on the l Zo e o Criminals. ~~~~~~Average of the ..- to-l Deficiency Deficiency Three Years. C's ;,Z;,_

1842 1845 per 1842 1845 per 1842 1845 1842 1845 to to Cent. to to Cent. to to to to v

1844. 1847. 1844. 1847. 1844. 1847. 1842. 1847. P, ;A

5-0 4.3 - *7 .... 1 + *1 406,33 379 00 - 8- 7-4 - 6 7 - 10'8 7-2 5'0 - 2-2 *7 *7 .... 517'00 539'33 -15-7 + 1-2 + 4-3 + 1-0 8-5 10 3 + 1-8 *6 130 + *4 193-00 210'33 +19 3 +10-9 + 9 0 + 6-4

6-6 5.7 .9 .4 *6 + *2 1116'33 1128-66 - 4.3 - '1 + 1,1 - 2-4

4-6 6f1 + 1-5 *2 *6 + *4 852-33 684-00 + 5-8 + 19-0 -19'7 -22,3 12-9 11'5 - 1-4 *5 5 .... 549'67 605'33 -13-4 + 9-1 + 10 1 + 5,8

7-8 8,7 + *9 .4 *5 + *1 1402,00 1289-33 - 1-7 +14-4 - 8,0 -11,2

7.3 7.3 .... .4 .5 + *1 2518-33 2417099 - 2-9 + 7-7 - 3,9 - .3

9.1 7-0 - 2-1 *3 *6 + *3 500,66 386-00 +12-4 + 8,9 -22,9 -25,3 6-6 4-0 - 2-6 * 6 *5 - *1 230-67 224,00 - 6-1 - 2-2 - 2,1- - 7.3

10'2 10-2 . 3 *1 - *2 669,00 583,00 + 22,1 + 34,0 - 12,8 - 16,1 3-2 4-2 + 1.0 .4 *8 + *4 597,00 510,00 + 34-0 + 36-1 -14,5 -17-6 1 7 2 8 + 1.1 .... .... .... 60-67 71-00 +16 1 -11-6 +17 0 -13'2

7-2 6-7 - *5 *4 *5 + *1 2058,00 1774-00 + 19-8 + 2-8 - 13-8 - 16-9

7.7 8-2 + *5 1P2 *3 _ .9 421P00 373-00 -23-4 -22-0 -11,4 -14-6 2-9 4-7 + 1-8 .... *2 + *2 273-67 236,00 + 3.4 + *6 -13-7 -i155 3-9 4,3 + .4 '1 *3 + '2 268-67 237'00 1-]3'0 + 95 - 11'7 -11'5

5-3 6-1 + '8 '6 '2 - *4 963-34 846-00 -13'0 - 6'8 -12'2 -14'0

6'6 6'5 - '1 *4 *4 .... 3021'34 2620'00 + 9'4 +?132 -13'2 -16'0

18'4 16'3 - 2'1 *3 '1 - '2 3154'67 3620'00 -30'4 -22'0 + 14'7 + 12'9 15'2 13'2 - 2'0 '2 -3 + '1 739-33 828'00 -12'9 -20-1 +12'0 + 7'9

17-8 15'7 - 2'1 *3 '2 - '1 13894'00 4448'00 -27'0 -21'6 +14'2 +11'9



362 Moral and Educational Statislics [Nov.

APPENDIX III.-


Proportion Proportion per Cent- Excess per Cent. Excess

DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES. of or of or Criminals. Criminals.

Deficiency Deficiency


1844. 1847. 1844. 1847.

IV. North Midland and North Eastern Agri- cultural Counties.

IV. A. Counties of Least Instruction, being the North Midland Counties-

Hereford ..................... ............... 41-0 46,7 + 5'7 57'5 52-4 - 5 1 Shropshire ............................ 38-6 38 6 .... 58-7 60-4 + 1 7

Total-Least Instruction .................................... 39'4 42 1 + 2'7 58 3 57-0 - 1-3

IV. B. Counties of Most Instruction, being the North Eastern Counties-

Lincolnshire .................. 25-5 29-4 + 3 9 67-2 63-1 - 4-1 Northamptonshire .................................... 34*7 32 0 - 2'7 58-4 63-7 + 5-3 Rutland .................................... 30-1 37-0 + 6-9 56-0 63-0 + 7-0

Total-Most Instruction .................................... 29 0 30 8 + 1-8 63 5 63 3 - *2 Total-North Midland and North Eastern Agri- 33,7 35 0 + 1-3 61-2 610 - 2

cultural Counties ............ . . V. South Midland Agricultural Counties, with

Domestic Manufactures. V. A. Counties of Least Instruction-

Bedfordshire ............................... 45-3 38,9 - 3-6 53-8 60-9 + 7-1 Buckinghamshire .3 8 -7............................387 34-6 - 4,1 55-4 60-1 + 517 Hertfordshire . 39..............................393 39 9 + *6 56-4 47-6 - 8-8

Total-Least Instruction .................................406 37.5 - 3-1 55-4 56-0 + *6 V. B. Counties of Most Instruction:-

Somersetshire .................................369 35-4 - 15 54-2 51-6 - 2-6

Total-Most Instruction .................................... 36 9 35-4 - 1-5 54 2 516 - 2 6

Total-South Midlaud Agricultural Counties} 38,6 36-5 - 2-1 54,8 53 9 - *9 with Domestic Manufactures .. . .

VI. Western (and chiefly Celtic) Agricultural and Mining Counties.

VI. A. Counties of Least Instruction:- South Wales .................................... 36,4 32-4 - 4 0 56-6 58-4 + 1-8 North Wales .................................... 40 9 36-6 - 4.3 55.5 57.5 + 2-0 Monmouthshir-e .................................... 26-0 22-1 - 3 9 59 0 67-3 + 8 3

Total-Least Instruction .................................... 34 9 30o8 - 4-1 56-9 60-5 + 3-6

VI. B. Counties of M'ost Instruction:- Cornwall ......... ................... 27-0 33*3 + 6-3 67-3 60-2 - 7 1

Total-Most Instruction ................ 27-0 33*3 + 6 3 67 3 60-2 - 7 1

Total-WesternAgriculturaland MiningCounties 33,1 31-5 - 1-6 59.3 60-4 + 1-1



1848.] of Fngland acnd Wales. 363.

Continued. Proportion Read and Write well. Superior Education. Actual Number of per Cent. -a

above and below 5 Committals the Average R E 2 c 00

of all O

Proportion Proportion on the Average England and Waleo oul o, o an

per Cent. Excess per Cent. Excess of the neither c ? of or Of Read nor Write ~ O

Criminals. Criminals or Three Average of the Deficiency Deficiency Three Years. u 2 _

1842 1845 per 1842 1845 per 1842 1845 1842 1845 a o 5 to to Cent. to to Cent. to to to to v

184184 4. 1847 1844. 1847. 1844. 1847. ,

1S5 9 - *6 **. .. .... 198-33 157-00 +31-2 +54-7 -20,8 -23-5 2-4 10 - 1-4 *3 - *3 401V67 206-33 +23-5 +27-8 -48,6 -49-8

21 .9 - 12 *2 .... - *2 600-00 363-33 + 26-1 + 39-5 -39,4 -41]0

6'7 7-0 + *3 *6 *5 - *1 444'67 353-00 -18'4 - 2-4 -20'6 -21-5 6-8 4-0 - 2-8 '1 *3 + '2 271'00 231-67 +10'9 + 6'0 -14'5 -16'2

13'9 .... -13-9 .. .. *.. 32'00 27'00 - 3-7 + 18-5 -15'6 -16 0

7'1 5-6 + 1-5 .4 *3 - '1 747'67 611-67 - 7'2 + 1'8 -18-2 -19-3

4'8 3'8 - 10 *3 '2 '1 1347'67 975-00 + 7-7 +15-9 -27'6 -29-1

.9 '2 - *7 ... * ... 183'67 154'00 + 44'6 + 29-0 -16-1 -19-0 5-3 4'8 - *5 '6 *5 - '1 266'33 272'00 +23-4 +14'7 + 2'1 - 2'0 3-9 11.9 + 8'0 *4 '6 + '2 263'00 233'00 +25-7 +32-0 11'4 -16'9

! 3.6 6-1 + 2'5 *4 .4 .... 713'00 659'00 +29-7 +24'1 - 7-5 -12-0

8-8 13'0 + 4'2 '1 .... -1 897'33 638-00 +18-0 +17,2 -28'9 - O'5

8'8 13'0 + 42 '1 .... '-1 897'33 638-00 +18'0 +17'2 -28'9 -309

6-4 9 4 + 3'0 '2 '2 .... 1610'33 1297'00 + 23'3 + 20'7 -19'4 -22'1

6-3 8'6 + 2'3 *7 '6 - 1 389-00 315'00 +16'4 + 72 -19'0 -10-5 3*4 5'4 + 2'0 '2 '5 + -3 235'67 210'66 + 30'8 +210 |-10'6 -14-4 'lS5 10'4 - 4'1 *5 '2 - *3 207'33 180'33 -16'9 -2607 -13'0 -14'0

7'7 8'2 + '5 *5 *5 .... 832'00 705'99 + 11'5 + 2'1 -15'1 -12-6

5-6 5-6 .... '1 '9 + '8 218-00 228'67 -13'4 +10'4 + 4'9 + 3'2

5-6 5'6 .... '1 '9 + '8 218'00 228'67 -13'4 + 10'4 + 4'9 + 3'2

7'2 7'5 + '3 '4 '6 + '2 110(000 934'66 1+ 6'0 + 4'2 -10'9 - 9'1



364 Moral and Eductional Statistics [Nov.

APPENDIX III.



DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES. of or of or Criminals. Deficiency Criminals. Deficiency

1842 1845 per (1842 1845 per to to Cent. to to Cent.

1844. 1847. 1844. 1847.

VII. Northern Agricultural and Mining Counties. VII. A. Counties of Least Instruction--

Westmoreland. 99 22-9 + 13-0 80-2 73-3 - 6-9 North Riding .265 26-1 - .4 67-2 67-7 + *5 Durham ........ .. ................. 34.3 33.3 - 1P0 61P0 62-2 + 1,2

Total-Least Instruction .............................. 29-5 29-2 - .3 64,9 657 + 8

VII. B. Counties of Most Instruction:- Cumberland ...... 28-8 22-6 - 6-2 56-4 65,4 + 9 0 East Riding, with City and Ainsty ........ 26,3 261 - .2 67-2 67-5 + *3 Northumberland ............................... 26-0 22-1 - 3 9 70 0 72-9 + 2-9

Total-Most Instruction .............................. 26-6 24-0 - 2-6 66-6 68-8 + 2,2

Total-Northern Agricultural and Mining 27-9 26-5 - 14 65-8 67 2 + ]'4 Counties.............................

VIII. Northern and Midland Mining and Manufacturing Counties.

VIII. A. Counties of Least Instruction:- Cheshire ........... ................... 30-8 35 0 + 4-2 64,0 57.5 - 6,5 Lancashire ........ . . ................. 38-3 32-6 - 5.7 55,1 61@1 + 6,0 West Riding ........ . ................. 26,4 261 - .3 67-3 67-5 + *2 Staffordshire ..,,,,,...............,.,.,,,.,,........ 30f8 30 4 - .4 55-8 57.0 + 12 Worcestershire .......... , ........... 36-3 36-5 + *2 59 6 60*3 + *7

Total-Least Instruction ............................... 33-7 31" - 2-0 59,1 613 + 2-2

VIII. B. Counties of Most Instruction:- Derbyshire ........................... 25-9 24 5 - 14 71 8 73-5 + 17 Gloucestershire ..........,,......... 28-6 26-1 - 2,5 66-3 56-7 - 9,6 Warwickshire .345 30A4 - 4-1 53-2 59.4 + 6,2 Leicestershire .280 23,5 - 5.5 59-6 59 0 - 6 Nottingham. 312 31P4 + *2 62-6 6017 - 19

Total-Most Instruction .303 27-6 - 217 615 59.7 - 18

Total-North Midtand Mining and Manufac- 32-6 30 4 - 2-2 59 9 60-8 + .9 turing Counties ............ .....

England and Wales. 313 30-2 - 1ii 59-8 60,2 + 4



1848.] of England and Wales. 365 Continued.

Proportion Read and Write well. Superior Education. Actual Number of per Cent. _________ ~~~~above andl below - _ Committals the Average l -0 Q o

Proportion Proportion on the Average England and Wales 0 per Cent. Excess per Cent. Excess the Aeverag no aite of the Ofbwoo d of of Read nor Write Criminal riminals. or Three Years. on the ; Deficiency Deficiency Three Years. ? ;; ? b

1842 1845 pe 1842 1845 p 1842 1845 1842 1845 - x Q ? to to Cent. to to Cent. to to to to o 1844. 1847. 1844. 1847. 1844. 1847. 1844. 1847. -

7-4 3-8 - 3-6 2-5 .... - 2-5 27-33 44-67 -68,4 -24,1 +63-4 +56-0 517 6-0 + *3 *6 *2 - *4 236O00 164-67 -15'4 -13-4 -30'2 -32-9 4'6 4-5 - *1 1 .... - *1 254-00 191'67 + 9 8 +104 -24'5 -28-8 5.2 5-0 - *2 *4 *1 - .3 517,33 401-01 - 6-0 - 3-3 -22-4 -26-2

14-8 12-0 - 28 .... .... .... 81P67 91-67 - 7-7 -25,3 + 12-2 + 7-4 5-8 6-0 + 2 7 4 - .3 269-33 186-67 -15'9 -13,4 -307 -33-3 3-5 4-0 + *5 *5 1-0 + *5 211P33 136-00 -17,0 -26-7 -35-6 -34-7 6,3 6-7 + *4 .5 .5 ... 56233 414-34 - 15'1 -20-4 -26'3 -27-9

5-8 6,0 + *2 *5 *3 - *2 1079,66 815'35 -106 - 12-0 -24-5 -27-0

4-1 7-0 + 2-9 1.1 *5 - *6 797-67 602-33 - 1,5 +15-8 -24-5 -27-8 6-2 5-8 - *4 *4 *5 + *1 2861P33 2324-67 + 22,6 + 8-1 -18-7 -21-1 5-7 6-0 + *3 *6 *4 - *2 1333-00 927-33 - 15'5 -13*6 -30-4 -33-0 12-5 11,7 - *8 .9 .9 .... 994-33 675,33 - 1,6 + 7 -32-0 -34-9 3 5 2 6 - *9 *6 *6 .... 532-67 454'17 + 16 0 +20 9 -14,6 -17-3 6-5 6-4 - *1 *7 *6 - *1 6519O00 4984-33 + 7,5 + 5,2 -23-5 -26-2

2'0 2-0 .... .3 .... - 3 276-67 192-67 -17,2 -18-9 -30-3 -33-6 4-8 16-4 + 11,6 *3 *8 + *5 955-33 777,67 - 8'4 -13-5 -18-6 -20-9 1111 9.1 - 2-4 1-2 1.1 - *1 829-67 693-33 + 103 + *8 -16,4 -19-3 12-3 17'5 + 5,2 *1 .... - 1 434O00 293-67 -10-5 -22-1 -32-3 -34.4 6'1 7-6 + 1.5 *1 *3 + *2 31067 248-33 - *1 + 4,2 -200 -22-4 7-7 12,0 + 4-3 *5 *7 + *2 2806-34 2205-67 - 3-1 - 8-5 -21-4 -24-0

6'9 8-2 + 1*3 *6 *6 .... 9325-34 71.90,00 + 4-4 + *9 -22,9 -25-5

8-5 9,2 + .7 .4 .



366 Moral and Educational Statistics of Enyland and WVales. rNo .

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Moral and Educational Statistics of England and Wales

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Transcript of Moral and Educational Statistics of England and Wales