Ramadan:

(Arabic:; ) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and the month in which the Quran was revealed.

Fasting during the month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The month is spent by Muslims fasting during the daylight hours from dawn to sunset.

The Quran was sent down to the lowest heaven during this month, thus being prepared for the gradual revelation by Jibreel (Gabriel) to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Furthermore, Muhammadtold his followers that the gates of Heaven would be open for the entire month and the gates of Hell (Jahannam) would be closed.[1] The first day of the next month, Shawwal, is spent in celebration and is observed as the "Festival of Breaking Fast" or Eid al-Fitr.

Taken from Wikipidia

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Purpose of Fasting

The real purpose of fasting is not to make us hungry and thirsty, or to deprive us some of our comfort and conveniences but to be conscious of Allah. It is to do one's best to live by His commandsand to avoid His prohibitions, fear of Allah, worship of Allah, sincerity in faith, and avoids the disobedience to Allah. Fasting is an invisible act. Only Allah and the person who is fasting know whether he or she is fasting or not.

Fasting teaches how to control and discipline our desires. During fasting we learn how to say "no" tothings that are otherwise permissible and good, but are forbidden during fasting. When one learns how to say "no" to that which is generally permissible, then one can easily control oneself to avoid that which is forbidden. Through fasting we tasteto some extentthe pain and suffering of those who are poor and destitute. Fasting teaches empathy and sympathy, and it takes away some of our selfishness and self-centeredness.

Taken from Islamic Foundation