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Monocots

By:Pratik

ShashankRishishWalid

Wu

Sajan

Systematic

Botany

March 2014

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Basic Info

Monocots are members of the phylum,Anthophyta, also known as

angiosperms. Monocots emerged in the MesozoicEra during the early Cretaceousperiod. With many different types of biomes,

monocots are capable of growth invarious types of soil.

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Changes in Structure and

Reproduction Angiosperms have flowers, which are a

unique reproductive structure that

facilitates pollination and seedformation. Pollinators are insects, birds, bats etc.

that withdraw pollen or nectar andtransfer it to the flower s femalereproductive parts.

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Origin and Characteristics

Monophyletic Somewhere among Magnoliids and Palaeherbs Characteristics

Parallel venation (some have reticulate venation, ?reversals)

Single cotyledon Scattered vascular bundles (also in Nymphaeaceae,

Piperaceae) Sieve cell plastids with several cuneate protein

crystals (also in paleoherbs) Adventitious roots Leaves from basal primordium Monosulcate pollen

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Lineages within monocots

Alismatales Wetland and aquatic

habitats

Lilianae Liliales Asparagales

Commelinanae Arecales (Palms) Bromeliales

(Pineapples) Juncales Typhales Commelinales

Phylidrales Zingiberales (Ginger)

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Lilianae

Liliales Nectaries at base of

tepals or filaments

Extrorse anthers Spots on tepals Lack of phytomelanin

Asparagales Nectaries in septa of

ovaries

Unspotted petals Phytomelanin Sometimes anomalous

secondary growth

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Liliales Liliaceae NEW

Bulbs or corms, contractileroots

Inflorescence terminal,determinate

Flowers conspicuous Tepals often lined or

spotted Nectaries at base of tepals Loculidal capsules T6,A6,G(3) capsule or

berry Fritillaria, Erythronium,

Lilium

Melianthaceae (DeathCamas) Bulblike rhizomes Toxic alkaloids

Inflorescence terminal,indeterminate Flowers small Anther sacs confluent,

opening by single slit Ventricidal capsules

Seeds winged orappendaged T6,A6,G(3) capsules (T

sometimes connate atbase)

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Liliales (cont). Calochortaceae

Bulbs/corms present Flowers large Capsules septicidal

Other families Trilliaceae Colchicaceae

Uvulariaceae

Rhizomes Leaves sheathing at base Inflorescence

indeterminate Tepals sometimes spotted Nectaries at base of tepals Filaments sometimes

connate

Stigmas elongate Capsules septicidal orloculicidal or berry

Prosartes [=Disporum ],

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Asparagales

Convallariaceae New Asphodelaceae New Agavaceae

Alliaceae New Hyacinthaceae New Asparagaceae New Hemerocallidaceae New

Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae Orchidaceae

Convallariaceae

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Alternation of Generations

Haploid

Diploid

FemaleMale

Dominant Life CycleStage (sporophyte)

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Orchid Morphology

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Morphology Cont.

Features Monocots

Number of Floral Parts 3

Number of Pollen Grains 1

Leaf Venation Parallel

Arrangement of VascularBundles

Scattered thru GroundTissue

Number of Cotyledons 1

Roots Adventitious

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Fertilization

Double fertilization1. one sperm nucleus

fuses with a eggnucleus to form adiploid zygote

2. Another spermnucleus fuses withboth nuclei of theendosperm.

3. The resultingnucleus is triploid nutritive tissue.

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Gametophyte Dependency

The male gametophyte consists of thepollen tube and two sperm.

The female gametophyte consists ofseven cells, one of which is the egg.The endosperm will form from anothercell.

Once a seed is formed, it is releasedand a new sporophyte grows.

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Representative Species

Lilium bulbiferum

Cocos nucifera

Saccharum arundinaceum

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Habitat

Monocots are found in all environmentswhere vegetation is possible.

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Level of Diversity

Monocots are found worldwide. There are between 50,000 and 60,000

monocot species worldwide.

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Benefits

Various species of monocots havebeen used in medicine. Alocasia macrorrhizos

Many monocots are edible andconsumed by humans daily. Pineapples

Some species are used to makeclothing, roofing, and other items. Cordyline fruticosa

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Works CitedConrad, Jim. "Monocots & Dicots." . September 5, 2007. Blossom

Basics. 7 April 2009. http://www.backyardnature.net/monodico.htm.

Doritaenopsis orchid. November 2, 2008. Orchids of Wickford. 7April 2009. www.wickfordorchids.com.

"Monocotyledon." . April 2, 2009. 7 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocots.

Monocot Life Cycle. 10 April 2009. https://

eapbiofield.wikispaces.com/file/view/399px-Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram.svg.png.

Orchid Morphology. c. . . . . 14 April 2009. http://spolo.ru/images/fig_08%20copy.gif.