We take a look at Industriel designer Konstantin Grcic’s Chair One

MONOCLEA BRIEFING ON GLOBAL AFFAIRS, BUSINESS, CULTURE & DESIGN

JOHANNESBURG AND PRETORIA IS THE NEW PLACE FOR THE CLASSICAL MODERNIST ARTIST

A 3-page MONOCLE DESIGN REPORT looking at ways to improve youryour daily lifestyle and informing you about whats current

issue 56 . volume 06SEPTEMBER 2012

A AFFAIRS Can you get by without your phone?

B BUSINESS Worksppace rivalries can be a good thing

C CULTURE Restuarants are no place for restraint

D DESIGN Design should speak for itself

e EDITS Stockholm the new luggage label to covet and George Lois’s last meal

EXPO Knowing Boeing: the birth of the new Jumbo

013 MATERIAL seats are die-cast aluminum, cataphoretically treated and painted in red, white or anthracite polyester powder.

2 PLACEMENT an exceptionally versatile indoor/ outdoor seating system

1 CHAIR ONE Kontantin Grcic

TRANSPORTATION:

04Ways of getting

around in Stockholm

CONTENTS----August 2012

002.............. Editors The writers and photographers who made this issue.

A004.............. Globally Is the era of digital sharing just a blip?

004.............. Can you get by without your phone?

005.............. Globally Make New cities need soul

005.............. Today’s city dwellers want no hassle

c

039-045...... ColombiaThe writers and photographers who made this issue.

047.............. Europe MONOCLE’S world: charting our photographers’ and correspondents’ global progress for this issue.

048.............. Asia Make the route from A to B not just smoother but also

003.............. Products PageMONOCLE’S world: charting our photographers’ correspondents’ global progress for this issue.

008..............Quality not quantity

008..............London Restaurants are no place for restraint

009..............London A new language broadens your mind

009..............Globally Celebrity chefs should stay in the kitchen

D

039-045...... Stockholm The writers and photographers who made this issue.

047.............. Pretoria and Johannesburg MONOCLE’S world:

E

ILLUSTRATOR

Stefan Mostert

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EDITORIAL----Monocle

Rational:MONOCLE MAGAZINE LAYOUT

The goal of the project was to develop a Monocle layout starting with the development of the Monocle grid system, them implementing text and imagery in a similar way. Typography played a very important role in this project, without the implementation of all the correct typefaces it wouldn’t have been successful. Attention to small details is what makes the Monocle special and I tried implementing just the right amount of details without overdoing it.

The front Cover was inspired by some of the illustrations I made for the design section, all the illustrations I did in a similar vector like style and I tried keeping to a very limited color palette to avoid the layout from feeling to cluttered.

Imagery was provided but getting the images to complement each was a complex task itself, I spend a lot of time redoing layout just because of imagery not complimenting each other. Finding a balance between the different typefaces and imagery was important for the idea of making the content look less for the reader. I also found that Monocle uses a light gray on some of their Helvetica text creating the illusion that all the text as a whole feels less.

Student InfoSTUDENT NAME

Stefan Mostert

STUDENT NUMBER

110075

CLASS TIME

Wednesday 14:00

LECTURE

Richard James Myburg

aREPORTGlobal

When the social networking site Facebook put in their staggering $1billion (€808m) bid for image sharing site Instagram back in April, one thing was clear: photos mean big business. Very little has been clear since of course, with speculation that Facebook only bought out the tiny team to dismantle the business, or the bid was simply to stall the startup until a rival in-house app could be developed. The Federal Trade Commission has even launched an investigation, with growing concerns that Mark Zuckerberg et al are planning an online photo monopoly.Images are power, especially when they’re tied to our social experiences. ----JO

I was born in the 1960s. My dad was 50. So the London he told me about living in as a young man may seem dusty and distant to you. In his twen-ties, for example, he commuted to work in London’s Holborn by train and tram; the latter a type of trans-port – like my dad – long since van-ished from London’s streets.Today by some nice coincidence I live in Holborn, an area of the city that sits between the busy shop-packed neighbourhood of Covent Garden and the Inns of Court, home for cen-turies to the country’s leading legal folk. One of the odder landmarks in Holborn is the cobblestoned exit from a subterranean tunnel. Its black metal gates are padlocked shut. Look through the gates, however, and you can see a ghostly echo of a lost world: the rusted rails that once carried the Holborn trams. Is this where my dad would have jumped off as the tram popped up out of the tunnel and back into sunlight?This entrance to a lost world is a red dot on my map of London, a place that catches me as others dash past. Like most people who find their veins entwining with their city’s streets, my map of London cannot be found on a sat nav or by turning the page of an A-Z. My London map is personal; a map made up of places where things happened to me – or people impor-tant to me.Take the Underground – literally and figuratively. I was on the tube with a

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NEW CITIES NEED SOUL

----GlobalWRITER

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If you don’t want to reveal your age in our office I suggest that you steer clear of any conversation involving cars, televisions, home phones or cameras. Anyone under 30 will probably have none of the above and, what’s more important, not lust after any of them either.We are of course talking about a particular demographic here – lots of team Monocle have come to London from other cities so they try to stay centrally if possible to make the most of the experience (so bike wins over car), they have often lived in numerous apartments (who’d want a landline?), and they are young (why stay at home and watch TV?).But the Monocle mindset is being replicated all over the western world, especially the urban one. Last week the Federal Highway Administration in the US reported that the number of 14 to 34 year olds without a driver’s licence rose to 26 per cent from 21 per cent a decade earlier. Meanwhile the use of cycling, public transport and two feet among 16 to 34 year olds rose.Sure, some of this may be down to blunt economics: if you think the chances of losing your job are high, you’re unlikely to take out a loan for a car. ----AT

Today’s city dwellers want no hassleGlobal

friend and we realised that as long-term Londoners every stop had a meaning, a reference, not hinted at by simple place names. My version of the Piccadilly line had us rat-tling through Clumsy Date, Missed Opportunity, Polish Dinners, Bad Trousers, Rainy Sunday, First Job, Flat Hunt and Book Pitch. Perhaps it should have been a jolting journey in some ways but these flashbacks are what makes a city and your memory bank fuse together.That’s how we see cities – they are our histories in bricks and mortar. And you can’t redraw them. You can understand why some people flee and some people are drawn back to the same places again and again. It’s because the best cities offer us places not just to work, play and sleep but for our lives to unfold in unexpected and colourful ways.

aREPORTGlobal

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QUALITY NOT QUANTITY----GlobalWRITERAndrewTuck

Luxury is a good thing. There, I’ve said it. I know in these straightened times it gets a bad rap – who, people ask, really needs a sleek high-end car, a bag made by artisans in an Italian village or champagne at their parties?France, the home to many of the world’s leading luxury brands, is even having its doubts. Well, at the Elysée Palace they are. President François Hollande has decreed that costs must be cut and a clear break made from the easy-with-the-euros reputation of his predecessor, Nico-las Sarkozy. So it seems the cham-pagne will remain in the cellars and instead Muscadet is the order of the day at receptions. Ministers have been told to get smaller cars – one has even opted for a bicycle.Now here’s a very different story. But stick with me, they are going to segway rather nicely. Affordable fashion – aka fast fashion – brands such as H&M, Uniqlo, Topshop and Zara have become so skilled at turn-ing out clothes that look just right for a few weeks, and are cheap enough to throwaway after the same time span, that they have changed the way a whole generation shops.In her book Overdressed: The Shock-ingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion, Elizabeth Cline says that the average American buys roughly 64 items of clothing in a year. Much of it is con-signed to the bin or rag bank within

weeks. Now we all like a bargain but look beyond the price and focus on the business models at play.What’s really more acceptable: mak-ing clothes and leather goods by hand in an atelier that the buyer will treasure for years, or creating a pile of throwaway garments?As we look at how to create new sus-tainable models, the world of luxury offers some surprisingly appealing snapshots. Hermès, for example, will repair any bag that you have bought from one of its stores – it doesn’t matter if you have owned it for dec-ades. But further down the food chain the instinct to repair, or even cherish longevity, has all but van-ished. Who, for example, even thinks of getting anything electronic mend-ed when it goes on the blink?Or how about this: 60 per cent of Porsches ever made are still on the road. Not many mainstream auto brands can compete with that. I re-cently took part in a panel discussion hosted by Volvo and they posited the idea that brands such as theirs were considering how you created a car that could be upgraded when new tech became available, extending the life of the chassis and body.

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Restaurants are no place for restraintLondon

For foodies around the world the idea of having a last meal is harrowing. It’s an existentialist conundrum that is enough to drive gourmands mad, a certainty that can’t be evaded, a halt to pleasure and taste.In every issue of Monocle we ask personalities to tell us how they would spend their final repast. Although the interviewees can choose their own restaurant and could easily spend a fortune on a feast, most of them end up opting for a small, cosy gathering of family and friends, eating dishes that are not only tasty but also take them back to memorable places and moments in their lives.After reading many of these interviews I decided to taste our own medicine and asked myself what my last meal would be.It’s not an easy question. Besides selecting who to invite (family and friends, of course), it’s a puzzle that left me with the imbarazzo della scelta – the awkwardness of choosing.Would I start with a delicate white truffle risotto? Or a mountain of deep-fried plantains and empanadas smothered with guacamole instead? Would my grandmother’s rabbit stew make the perfect main course or should I get her to make the brigadeiros for dessert? ----AT

These days, standing behind a kitchen counter is the best way to reach fame. Who wants to be a rock star when you can be a chef? Why workout for a movie when you can reach celebrity status by growing a gut?“The spatula is the new guitar,” said a comment I recently read on a food blog. And it is. What Julia Child started back in the 1960s with cooking shows in a modest kitchen set has now turned into a multimillion dollar entertainment business that has led to primetime shows like MasterChef, Hell’s Kitchen and Iron Chef, not to mention Mrs Child’s own Hollywood adaptation, Julie & Julia. There are whole TV channels – the Food Network in the US, Canal Gourmet in Latin America – that are dedicated to running back-to-back clips of non-stop chopped, baked, fried and sizzled amusement.It’s no wonder then that today parents prefer to send their young kids to cookie-making courses rather than piano lessons and young graduates are no longer told off when they decide to pursue a career in restaurants. More and more culinary schools and academies are popping up around the world to join the established ranks of le Cordon Bleu, the Culinary Institute of America or the Ecole hôtelière de Lausanne. According to the Career Education Corporation in the US – a company that manages 17 culinary academies in the country – there’s been an increase of more than 46 per cent in enrollments since 2008.This is the generation that wants to see the well-groomed chef posing as judge in a food competition, the chatty cook smirking at the camera, the buff baker flexing his muscles while working the dough. ----SRT

Drinks at a smart hotel after work. Two glasses of something chilled. And two bowls: one piled high with fat green olives, the other teeming with something roasted and nutty. After a few sips I want both and go in for the olives. My guest, a chic woman with less fat on her body than a gazelle, touches neither. Not wanting to look greedy, I leave them alone too. After 30 minutes an aproned waiter switches the bowls for fresh ones – despite them only being one olive down on their original haul.Breakfast at one of those London restaurants where trade is brisk even at 8am. This time I have been invited along to talk about a new publishing venture. I order – eggs, scrambled, and, yes, toast, please too. And coffee? Of course. My host slides the menu to one side and says, “just an orange juice for me”.Dinner with friends. It’s pudding time. The first person demures, “I’d better not”. And then it’s a cascading dominoes effect as person after person says, “no thanks”. Do I want to be the only person insisting on pie? Of course not. “I’m fine thanks,” I hear myself stuttering with inner annoyance. I wonder if I am the only person who cracks open the fridge door when they get home in search of something sweet. ----AT

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Today’s young designers are impressively versed in the art of branding across many different forms of media. Whilst in Milan recently for the annual Salone Internazi-onale del Mobile furniture fair, the stands dedicated to graduates and students were populated as much by new products as they were by videos, animations, cartoons, illus-trations, graphics and sophisticated brand-ing to promote them.Designing a chair is only half the story for a student these days – designing the mes-sage and story that comes with it is seem-ingly as important a part of the process. I’ve returned with a small forest of printed material, a library of CDs and USB sticks. And going through it in an attempt to file it all I’m struck by how obscuring it is of the designs it’s all intended to promote. I have a 32-page manga comic devised around a single chair but I can’t remember what the chair looks like. I have a rather cheesy fash-ion magazine promoting a love story around a toilet. It’s not even tongue in cheek.Sophisticated branding is of course bril-liant. But I’m a little worried it’s getting out of control as far as young designers are concerned. Does a table really need a book and a short film to explain why it’s good design? The notion of good design is that it should speak for itself.It’s not just that there’s a lot of material to wade through that’s the problem, it’s that

DBRIEFIINGDesign

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young designers feel it’s necessary – and enough – to sell their design. After watch-ing a mildly amusing animation about some dancing cutlery I asked one young graduate why his cutlery was an improve-ment on what exists already? That might sound harsh but he couldn’t answer. And if he couldn’t answer to me, how on earth would he persuade a flatware manufactur-er to invest its precious budget in putting his cutlery prototype into production. What on earth is the point of the animation and printed matter, the logo, the packaging, if the designer himself can’t speak simply about why his design is valid?Clever, creative branding should be sup-porting material, not a substitute for human communication, not something for design-ers to hide behind.I mentioned this to a friend of mine some-what further along the chain. He’s a suc-cessful designer who has recently launched his own company that’s taking the global furniture industry by storm, working with five different nationalities of designer, craftsman and producer in as many coun-tries.

Most people think that nearsightedness and farsightedness can be easily diagnosed, measured and corrected. All you need is an optometrist, an eye test and then a pair of glasses, right? But what if there were only one optometrist for every million people in your country? What if that optometrist was located in the city, and you lived in the countryside? What if a pair of glasses cost as much as you earned in two months?According to the World Health Organization, about 153 million adults need glasses and do not have them. ----HL

Design Should speak for itself----GlobalWRITER

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Adaptive Eyewear: Glimpsing the Obvious

I hope I’m not alone in having a childish, churlish, fairly instant dislike of anything designated “the next big thing”. I don’t like to have my social and consumer habits dictated to me by a merry band of self-appointed forecasters. And it seems that sticking a “next big thing” label on anything is one of the best ways to ensure said person or trend never takes off.More often than not, hyped “next big things” are to be found, decades later languishing in a pile of dead concepts. Take my old pager, the idea of phoning an operator to enter a string of numbers and a message, for it to then be sent to a friend who had to use their phone to respond, seems charming and archaic. And mad, frankly.

One current “next big thing” that I would happily see consigned to the dustbin of history is the QR code – those mangled black and white squares that are everywhere. Returning from Heathrow this week I had a terrifying awakening not unlike a scene in a sci-fi horror film.----HM

Freeze – put your logos where I can see them! London

A middle-aged man in official-look-ing clothing marches down the street. He’s determined, on a mission. He spots his target, a group of unassum-ing teenage tourists from Seoul. He approaches, gives a stern talk with a furrowed brow and sends them off (sans jumpers with a sporty swoop). A lesson learned, a rule enforced, a code maintained.

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DBRIEFIINGDesign

Service your lifestyleThe Monocle shopOur stores offer our ever-expanding selectionof callaborations,including frangrances, luggage and clothes, plus CD’s, posters and back issues of Monocle magazine.shop.monocle.com

In order to keep your food and drink perfectly fresh, Smeg has developed a collection of stunning refrigerators and freezers.Models include American-style side-by-side refrigerators, combined fridge-freezers, single and double door models and small built-in under-worktop models, all featuring the latest technology to ensure top performance and high levels of energy efficiency. With good A+ and A++ energy ratings, Smeg appliances use up to 25% less energy than class A equivalents.Smeg’s research into style trends has resulted in refrigerators whose aesthetics appeal to all, whether you prefer the minimal and rigorous design of the stainless steel side-by-side models, or the bold coloured 50’s style retro models, which have become truly iconic.----S

SmegItaly

By now you’ve heard of the Olym-pic “brand police” – that hardened and roving unit of nearly 300 officers trained and licensed to kill (the spirit of) games-goers in London. They’ll be making the rounds on the high streets and at the events themselves – all to make sure competitors of big name sponsors don’t get eyeballs or airtime. They’ll scan the crowds for groups wearing contraband logos, or for companies touting official phras-es without approval.At the risk of comparing product placement with religious freedom, I

New concepts need to be usefullTechnology

can’t help but be reminded of those famously joy-killing chaps in Saudi Arabia: the mutaween – an Orwellian outfit if there ever was one. Mem-bers of the mutaween (or the Com-mittee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice) surf the Kingdom’s urban hotspots in search of Shariah non-compliant dress and behaviour.A smart PR shop undoubtedly ad-vised the House of Saud to tweak the unit’s old name; the “Prevention of Vice” is much softer than the “Elimi-nation of Sin”. But it’s not clear what the hordes of purple-clad boys in London will be preventing – or elimi-nating. And though the bearded cops in Riyadh can arrest and imprison, their British counterparts have no such powers. It’s still unclear how the purging will happen in practice. Mixed messages from the committee haven’t helped to clarify things.During the weekend I saw a big ad-vertising display in a local storefront window. ----DK

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The spaces in which we work have a direct effect on creativity and productivity, so it is important that offices are designed for maximum

The WorkspaceHome [ORGANIZING]

DBRIEFIINGDesign

Konstantin Grcic was trained as a cabinet maker at The John Makepeace School (Dorset, England) before studying Design at the Royal College of Art in London. Since setting up his own practice Konstantin Grcic Industrial Design (KGID) in Munich in 1991, he has developed furniture, products and lighting for some of the leading companies in the design field. Amongst his renowned clients are Authentics, BD Ediciones, ClassiCon, Flos, Magis, Mattiazzi, Muji, Nespresso, Plank, Serafino Zani, Thomas-Rosenthal and Vitra. Many of his products have received international design awards such as the prestigious Compasso d`Oro for his MAYDAY lamp (Flos) in 2001 and the MYTO chair (Plank) in 2011. Work by Konstantin

Konstantin GrcicIndustriel Designer

Grcic forms part of the permanent collections of the world´s most important design museums (a.o. MoMA/New York, Centre Pompidou/Paris). Most recently Konstantin Grcic has curated a number of significant design exhibitions such as DESIGN-REAL for The Serpentine Gallery, London (2009), COMFORT for the St.Etienne Design Biennale (2010) and BLACK2 for the Istituto Svizzero, Rome (2010). Solo exhibitions of

his work have been shown at the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen (Rotterdam, 2006), Haus der Kunst (Munich, 2006) and The Art Institute of Chicago (2009). The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) appointed Konstantin Grcic “Royal Designer for Industry”, in 2010 he was fellow at Villa Massimo in Rome. Design Miami/ arwarded him the title “2010 Designer of the Year”. ----JK

inspiration. Whether it is a personal space for a home-working freelancer or a large-scale operation for an international corporation, the design and layout of an office is an essential consideration in creating a stimulating working environment. ----PK

Designers ViewLondon“Grcic is often called a minimalist but the designer himself prefers to speak of simplicity”

Home sweet homeHome

Entering a healthy home is an altogether different experience. What strikes you first is a refreshing sense of harmony and purity, which extends well beyond the body and embraces the soul as well. There is something distinctly rejuvenating about the place: You breathe easier, feel more content and go about your life with heightened energy and enthusiasm. Strange as though it may appear, this does not depend on the technologies the house is endowed with, nor does achieving it necessarily burn a hole in your pocket. In fact, the cost of creating or sustaining such a home pales in comparison with that of the indoor health hazards.The underlying principle is that what we feel in a space matters just as much as what we see. The human body

constantly interacts with various forms of energy surrounding it. The more harmonious this interaction, the greater is one’s physical and mental wellbeing. We spend between 80-95 per cent of our lives indoors. That is why the characteristics of our built environment greatly influence our health and comfort. It follows then, that healthy living spaces are integral to good living. ----HK

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1Lounge Chair and otttomanEames

The Eames Lounge Chair and ottoman, officially titled Eames Lounge and Ottoman, were released in 1956 after years of development by designers Charles and Ray Eames for the Herman Miller furniture company. It was the first chair the Eameses designed for a high-end market. These furnishings are made of molded plywood and leather.

Preface

A chair is a raised surface used to sit on, commonly for use by one person. Chairs

are most often supported by four legs and have a back; however, a chair can have

three legs or could have a different shape.

2Plywood ChairEames

Designers Charles and Ray Eames established their long and legendary relationship with Herman Miller in 1946 with their boldly original molded plywood chairs.

3Chair OneKonstantin Grcic

Chair_ONE is constructed just like a football: a number of flat planes assembled at angles to each other, creating the three-dimensional form. I think my approach was a mixture of naivety and bluntness. Given the chance to work with aluminium casting I thought that I should take it all the way. The more we worked on the models the more we learnt to understand the structural logic behind what we were doing.

4Kitchen ChairEames

You can tell it’s Eames at a glance. Lounge chair, dining chair. Both with wood or chrome-plated steel legs. Molding thin sheets of lightweight veneer into gently curved shapes gives the durable material a soft, inviting appearance.

5Eiffel DKR Wire ChairEames Inspired

Inspiration for our reproduction EIFFEL DKR WIRE CHAIR was drawn from an original work by the lauded American furniture and interior designer Charles Eames. The EIFFEL DKR WIRE CHAIR was just one of hundreds of iconic and innovative designs which Charles Eames and his wife Bernice created, and they made contributions to modern architecture design in addition to interior and furniture.

Design

Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 864,324 in the municipality (2010), 1.4 million in the urban area (2010), and around 2.1 million in the 6,519 km2 (2,517.00 sq mi) metropolitan area (2010). As of 2010, the Stock-holm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden’s population. Founded no later than c. 1250, possibly as early as 1187, Stockholm has long been one of Swe-den’s cultural, media, political, and economic centres. Its strategic loca-tion on 14 islands on the coast in the south-east of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago, has been historical-ly important. Stockholm has been nominated by GaWC as a global city, with a ranking of Beta+. In The 2008 Global Cities Index, Stock-holm ranked 24th in the world, 10th in Europe, and first in Scandinavia. Stockholm is known for its beauty, its buildings and architecture, its abun-dant clean and open water, and its many parks. It is sometimes referred to as Venice of the North. Stockholm is the site of the national Swedish government, the Parliament of Swe-den (riksdagen), the Supreme Court of Sweden (Högsta domstolen), and the official residence of the Swedish monarch as well as the prime min-ister. Since 1980, the monarch has resided at Drottningholm Palace in Ekerö Municipality outside of Stock-holm and uses the Stockholm Palace as his workplace and official resi-dence.

PrefaceStockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the mostpopulated urban area in Scandinavia.

WRITER

Micheal Richards

ILLUSTRATOR

Stefan Mostert

STOCKHOLM----Sweden

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RailwaySwedish rail

Sweden has an extensive railway network. Visitors travel smoothly and comfortably across the countryside on some of Europe’s most modern trains. Swedish rail moves between the major cities of Malmo, Helsingborg, Gothenburg and Stockholm every hour throughout the day.

BusSwedish bus lanes

There is a vast number of bus lines in Stockholm County. There are three different kinds of bus lines that differ from regular bus lines.01 Inner-city blue bus lines02 Suburban blue bus lines03 Service bus lines

BicycleMountain bike

For the enviromentalist theres always the bicyle and you’ll be sure not to miss out on any tourist attractions.

Stockholm is one of the most crowded museum-cities in the world with around 100 museums, visited by millions of people every year.[30] The most renowned national museum is the Nationalmuseum,[citation needed] with Sweden’s largest collection of art: 16,000 paintings and 30,000 objects of art handicraft. The collection dates back to the days of Gustav Vasa in the 16th century, and has since been expanded with works by artists such as Rembrandt,

TaxiVolco v50

With Taxi Stockholm´s services for private and corporate use you travel safe and secure with a well renowned taxi company. There are no administrative charges, we only debit for the actual taxi transfers. Besides Taxi Stockholm´s credit solutions we accept the following currencies and cards.

Getting aroundStockholm [TRANSPORT]

Museums andTheatre[ENTERTAINMENT]

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Gröna Lund is an amusement park located on the island of Djurgården. The Amusement park has over 30 attractions and many restaurants. It is a popular tourist attraction and visited by thousands of people every day. It is open from end of April to middle of September.----HF

and Antoine Watteau, as well as constituting a main part of Sweden’s art heritage, manifested in the works of Alexander Roslin, Anders Zorn, Johan Tobias Sergel, Carl Larsson, Carl Fredrik Hill and Ernst Josephson.The Museum of Modern Art, or Moderna Museet, is Sweden’s national museum of modern art. It has works by famous modern artists such as Picasso and Salvador Dalí.Stockholm has a vibrant art scene with a number of internationally recognized art centres and commercial galleries. Distinguished among Stockholm’s many theatres are the Royal Dramatic Theatre (Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern), one of Europe’s most renowned theatres, and the Royal Swedish Opera, inaugurated in 1773. ----HF

Pretoria is contained within the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipal-ity as one of several constituent for-mer administrations (among which also Centurion and Soshanguve). Pretoria itself is sometimes referred to as “Tshwane” due to a long-run-ning and controversial proposed change of name, which has yet to be decided, as of 2012.The Southern Transvaal Ndebele occupied the river valley, which was to become the location of the city of Pretoria, by around 1600.[5]During the difaqane in Natal, anoth-er band of refugees arrived in this area under the leadership of Mzili-kazi. However, they were forced to abandon their villages in their flight from a regiment of Zulu raiders in 1832. Pretoria itself was founded in 1855 by Marthinus Pretorius, a lead-er of the Voortrekkers, who named it after his father Andries Pretorius. The elder Pretorius had become a national hero of the Voortrekkers af-

PrefacePretoria is a city in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the country’s three capital cities, serving as the executive (administrative) and de facto national capital; the others are Cape Town, the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein, the judicial capital.

WRITER

Frank Butter

01 Francisco de Carvalho Open Theme Union Buildings02 Francisco de Carvalho Open Theme Voortrekker Monument03 Francisco de Carvalho Open Theme Daylight Pan04 Francisco de Carvalho Portrait Fashion05 Rebecca Emery Restaurant06 Stefan Mostert Johannesburg

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ter his victory over the Zulus in the Battle of Blood River. Andries Preto-rius also negotiated the Sand River Convention (1852), in which Britain acknowledged the independence of the Transvaal. It became the capi-tal of the South African Republic (ZAR) on 1 May 1860. The found-ing of Pretoria as the capital of the South African Republic can be seen as marking the end of the Boers’ settlement movements of the Great Trek.Pretoria has over the years had very diverse cultural influences and this is reflected in the architectural styles that can be found in the city. It ranges from British Colonial Architecture to Art Deco with a good mix of unique-ly South African style mixed in.Some of the notable structures in Pretoria include the Union Buildings, Voortrekker Monument, the main campus of the University of South Africa, Mahlamba Ndlopfu (the President’s House), Reserve Bank of South Africa (Office Tower) and the Telkom Lukas Rand Transmission Tower. Other known structures and buildings include the Loftus Versfeld Stadium, The South African State Theatre, University of Pretoria, and Head Quarters of the Department of International Relations and Co-Op-eration (modern architecture).The Central Business District (CBD) of Pretoria has been the tra-ditional centre of government and commerce, although today many corporate offices, small businesses, shops and government departments

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Soshanguve and east to Mamelodi.The Gautrain high-speed railway line runs from the eastern suburb of Hatfield to Pretoria Station and then southwards to Centurion, Sandton, OR Tambo International Airport and Johannesburg. Pretoria Station is a departure point for the Blue Train luxury train. Rovos Rail,[12] a luxury mainline train safari service operates from the colonial-style railway station at Capital Park.[13] The South Afri-can Friends of the Rail have recently moved their vintage train trip opera-tions from the Capital Park station to the Hercules station.Various bus companies exist in Pretoria, of which Putco is one of the oldest and most recognised. Tshwane(Pretoria) municipality provides for the rest of the bus trans-port and to view the time table please visit them at Tshwane Bus Booklet. For scheduled air services, Preto-ria is served by Johannesburg’s air-ports: OR Tambo International, 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of central Pretoria; and Lanseria, 35 kilometres (22 mi) south-west of the city. Won-derboom Airport in the suburb of Wonderboom in the north of Pre-toria services light commercial and private aircraft. There are two mili-tary air bases to the south of the city, Swartkop and Waterkloof.

are situated in the sprawling sub-urbs of the city rather than the CBD. However to bring service delivery back to the people, various Gov-ernment departments are returning to the CBD. National Departments with their Head Office in the CBD include: Department of Health, Ba-sic Education, Transport, Higher Education and Training, Sport and Recreation, Justice and Constitu-tional Development, Water and En-vironmental Affairs and the National Treasury.Commuter rail services around Pre-toria are operated by Metrorail. The routes, originating from the city cen-tre, extend south to Germiston and Johannesburg, west to Atteridgeville, northwest to Ga-Rankuwa, north to

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