Monitoring Plant Performance at Two Restored Beaches Bowman and Cornet...

MonitoringPlantPerformanceatTwoRestoredBeaches:BowmanandCornetBay

DeceptionPassStatePark,WA

By

ShannonIngebright

Athesis

submittedinpartialfulfillment

oftherequirementsforthedegreeof

MasterofEnvironmentalHorticulture

UniversityofWashington2018

ProgramAuthorizedtoOfferDegree:

SchoolofEnvironmentalandForestSciences

2

TableofContents

FigureList................................................................................................................................3

Abstract...................................................................................................................................5

Introduction.............................................................................................................................5

Objectives................................................................................................................................9

RelatedResearch.....................................................................................................................9Definition..........................................................................................................................................9Processes........................................................................................................................................11Fauna..............................................................................................................................................13Flora................................................................................................................................................14FunctionsandBenefits....................................................................................................................14Disturbance.....................................................................................................................................16

Background............................................................................................................................17SiteDescription...............................................................................................................................17

BowmanBay.......................................................................................................................................17CornetBay..........................................................................................................................................21

PlantingZones.................................................................................................................................24Zone1-Tidalinundation......................................................................................................................24Zone2-Dunegrasscommunity...........................................................................................................24Zone3-Backshoreshrubcommunity.................................................................................................25Zone4-ShorelineFringeForest...........................................................................................................25

History...................................................................................................................................25

Methodology.........................................................................................................................27

Methods................................................................................................................................29BowmanBayandCornetBay...........................................................................................................29

PlantCover..........................................................................................................................................30PlantDensity.......................................................................................................................................31SurvivorshipRating.............................................................................................................................31NaturalRecruitment...........................................................................................................................33

DataAnalysis...................................................................................................................................33PlantCover..........................................................................................................................................33PlantDensity.......................................................................................................................................33Survivorship........................................................................................................................................34DistributionofPlantSpecies...............................................................................................................34

BowmanBay...................................................................................................................................35Zone2.................................................................................................................................................35Zone3.................................................................................................................................................37

CornetBay.......................................................................................................................................41Phase1................................................................................................................................................41

Phase2............................................................................................................................................46Zone2and3.......................................................................................................................................46Zone4.................................................................................................................................................50

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Discussion..............................................................................................................................53BowmanBay...................................................................................................................................53CornetBay.......................................................................................................................................54

Phase1................................................................................................................................................54Phase2................................................................................................................................................55

CitizenScience.................................................................................................................................56

ManagementRecommendations...........................................................................................57BowmanBay...................................................................................................................................57

Zone1.................................................................................................................................................57Zone2.................................................................................................................................................57

CornetBay.......................................................................................................................................59Phase1................................................................................................................................................59Phase2................................................................................................................................................61

Conclusions............................................................................................................................63

References.............................................................................................................................65

LiteratureReviewed...............................................................................................................69

Appendix...............................................................................................................................71

FigureList Figure1:DeceptionPassStatePark,WAParkBoundaryandStudySites......................................................................6Figure2:Diagramofthenearshore..............................................................................................................................11Figure3:BowmanBayProjectSiteMapandArea.......................................................................................................19Figure4:CornetBayProjectSiteandAreaMap..........................................................................................................22Figure5:Exampleof4ft.spacingoftransects.............................................................................................................31Figure6:Survivorshipratingandcorrespondingdescription.......................................................................................32Figure7:Volunteer’sassessingheightandSurvivorshipofLathyrusjaponicusatBowmanBay.................................32Figure8:DistributionofplantspeciesinZone2atBowmanBay................................................................................35Figure9:PhotoillustrationandPlantCoverinZone2atBowmanBay.......................................................................36Figure10:Zone1StockingatBowmanBay..................................................................................................................36Figure11:PlantsurvivorshipinZone3atBowmanBay...............................................................................................38Figure12:PlantdensityinZone2and3atBowmanBay.............................................................................................39Figure13:PlantcoverinZone3atBowmanBay.........................................................................................................39Figure14:NaturalrecruitmentinZone2atBowmanBay...........................................................................................40Figure15:RecruitedGrindeliaintegrifolia....................................................................................................................40Figure16:PlantcoverinZones2and3atCornetBayPhase1....................................................................................41Figure17:PlantdistributioninPhase1,Zones2and3atCornetBay.........................................................................42Figure18:NativePlantDensityinZones2and3ofPhase1atCornetBay.................................................................44Figure19:SurvivorshipratingofplantedspeciesinZone4Phase1ofCornetBay.....................................................45Figure20:RecruitedplantspeciesinZone4ofPhase1atCornetBay........................................................................46Figure21:PlantCoverinZone2and3atCornetBayPhase2.....................................................................................47Figure22:PlantDistributioninZones2and3inPhase2atCornetBay......................................................................48Figure23:PlantdensityinZones2and3atCornetBayPhase2.................................................................................49Figure24:MortalityratingforZone4ofPhase2atCornetBay..................................................................................51Figure25:PhotoofZone2,3and4Phase2atCornetBay..........................................................................................52Figure26:NaturalrecruitmentinZone4,Phase2atCornet.......................................................................................52

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Appendix1:Originalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledatBowmanBay.....................................................71Appendix2:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledin2017atBowmanbay.....................................71Appendix3:OriginalPlantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledinPhase1atCornetBay.......................................72Appendix4:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledatPhase1ofCornetBay...................................73Appendix5:OriginalplantspeciesandquantitiesinPhase2atCornetBay................................................................73Appendix6:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledinPhase2atCornetbay...................................74Appendix7:RecommendedplantforinstallationatBowmanBay..............................................................................74Appendix8:RecommendedplantforinstallationinPhase1atCornetBay................................................................75Appendix9:RecommendedplantsforinstallationinPhase2atCornetBay..............................................................75Appendix10:Equipmentrequiredfordatacollection.................................................................................................75Appendix11:ProtocolfordeterminingplantcoveratBowmanBayandCornetbay..................................................76Appendix12:ProtocolfordeterminingsurvivorshipatBowmanBayandCornetBay................................................77Appendix13:DatasheetforquadratsamplingatBowmanBay...................................................................................78Appendix14:DatasheetforquadratsamplingatCornetBay.....................................................................................79Appendix15:DatasheetforSurvivorshipratingatBowmanBayandCornetbay......................................................80

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Abstract BackshoreplantcommunitiesinthePugetSoundregionaresubjecttodegradationduetothe

effectsofshorelinearmoringhoweverecologicalrestorationhasemergedasaviablesolutionto

thedegradationofthisecosystem,inmanycasesrequiringtheremovalofbeacharmoring,re-

gradingofbeachslopesandtheinstallationofmarineriparianplantspeciestorestore

ecosystemprocesses.Thisresearchutilizedacitizenscienceprogramtogatherdatafromtwo

recentrestorationprojects,BowmanBayandCornetBay,inDeceptionPassStatePark,WAto

determinetheprogressandstateofinstalledvegetationandtoproviderecommendationsfor

futuremanagement.Dataweregatheredonseveralparametersincludingplantcover,density,

andsurvivorship.ThisstudyfoundthatbothBowmanandCornetBayhaveasignificant

percentageofbareground,indicatingthatre-plantingshouldoccurinwinterorearlyspringof

2018.Additionally,non-nativeinvasivespecies,thoughpresentinlownumbers,needtobe

addressedthroughcontinuedon-sitemaintenanceactions.Overall,monitoringshouldcontinue

inordertofurtheridentifyandevaluateplantperformanceandprovideapointofreferenceto

developadaptivemanagementsolutionstopotentialchallenges.

Introduction

PugetSoundnearshoreenvironmentsaredynamicandcomplex,constantlyevolvinginresponse

tonumerousabioticfactorssuchasthecomplexitiesoftidalcurrents,windinfluencedwave

patternsandhumandisturbances(WDNR2014).Anthropogenicimpactssuchasdeforestation

alongmarinewatersandshorelinemodificationssuchasbeacharmoringhavereducednatural

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sedimentdepositionprocessesandthreatenhabitatforsalmonids(Lynn1998).Thus,the

survivalofnearandbackshorecoastalecotonesandmanyoftheirassociatedspeciesdependon

preservation,restorationandpropermanagement.Thepurposeofthisstudyistogatherdata

onplantperformanceandprogressoftwonearshorerestorationsites,BowmanBayandCornet

BayatDeceptionPassStatePark,WAinordertopreparerecommendationsforfuture

management(Figure1).

Figure1:DeceptionPassStatePark,WAParkBoundaryandStudySites

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NearshoreecosystemsofthePugetSoundarecurrentlyexperiencingavarietyofthreats.Many

factorshavecontributedtothisdeclineincludingdevelopment,whichdisruptsnatural

hydrologicprocesses,non-pointsourcepollutionfromstormwaterrunoffandhabitatlossinthe

uplandandadjacentmarineareas(Lynn1998).Thesignificantlossofnearshorehabitathas

especiallyimpactedmarineriparianareasandadjacentmarshes(LevingsandThom1994).This

isevidentthroughthelistingofPugetSoundspeciesundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA)as

approximately9outofthe10specieslistedinhabitthenearshore(Freshetal2011).

Asthistrendcontinues,increasedattentionisbeingpaidtothenaturalprocessesthatshape

PugetSound,includingtheimportanceofthebackshoreanditsfunctions.Thisincludes

sedimenttransportandmaterialexchangefromtheuplandstotheintertidalzoneaswellas

interruptionstothoseprocessesbyanthropogenicforces(Freshetal.2011).Asresultofthis,

ecologicalrestorationtechniqueshaveemergedasaviablesolutiontothedegradationofthis

ecosystem,inmanycasesrequiringtheremovalofbeacharmoring,regradingofbeachslopes

andtheinstallationofmarineriparianplantspeciestorestorenaturalecosystemprocesses.

Thishasresultedinincreasedawarenessofthepublic,landmanagersandpolicymakersofthe

issue,culminatinginpreservationandrestorationeffortsconcentratedwithinthePugetSound

nearshoreenvironment.

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Objectives

Sincecurrentprojectsoftenusepastprojectsasmodels,determiningtheperformanceofpast

projectsintermsofstatedmanagementobjectivesisimportant.Ifthesepastprojectshavenot

mettheirgoal,understandingwhyisessentialtoimproverestorationmethodsandtechniques.

Thisstudywillprovidenecessarydatatodetermineifplantsurvivalmanagementobjectivesfor

BowmanandCornetBayhavebeenmetandwillproducerecommendationsforthefuture

managementoftheserestorationprojects.

Thisstudyevaluatedeachrestoredareabymeasuringplantcover,densityandsurvivorship.This

researchaddressedseveralquestionsincluding:1)Wastherestorationeffortsuccessfulin

meetingthegoalsfornativeplantspeciesestablishmentonsite?2)Islongtermmonitoring

necessary?3)WhatrecommendationsforfuturePugetSoundnearshorerestorationprojects

canbedrawnfromdatagatheredonplantsurvivalandprogressatBowmanandCornetBay?

RelatedResearch

Definition

Locatedattheinterfacebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystems,thenearshoreextends

offshoretothephoticzoneandlandwardtoextremeMHHW,whichincludesbothintertidaland

subtidalareas(Cereghinoetal2012).Thiszoneincludesunvegetatedrockyandsandyshores,

mudflatsaswellaseelgrass,kelpandintertidalalgalbeds(Lynn1998).Incontrast,the

backshorezoneislocatedwithinthesupratidalzone,whichreceivesoccasionalsaltsplashandis

inundatedonlyduringextremetideandstormevents.Thiszoneiscomposedofmarineriparian

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vegetationwhoseroleprovidesvaluedecosystemsservicesandecologicalfunctions(Figure2).

Despitethecomplexrolebackshoreplantcommunity’splayinnearshoreecosystemprocesses,

theroleofmarineriparianvegetationhasreceivedscantresearchattention(Brennon&

Culverwell2004).Muchinformationonthesubjectcomesfromstudiesofouter-coastaland

duneenvironments,whicharegenerallydifferentsystemsthanthemoreprotectedPugetSound

backshore.Ifmarineriparianplantcommunitiesarediscussed,itisusuallyasanasidetomore

centralresearchquestions,suchasgeomorphologyoreffectsonfishhabitat.Untilrecently,the

definitionofariparianareadidnotincludemarinewaters.Duetothelackofaconsistent

definition,whichwasidentifiedasamajorproblemoffederalandstateprogramsthatmight

manageandprotecttheseareas,theNationalResourceCommittee(NRC2002)developedthe

followingdefinition:

“Riparianareasaretransitionalbetweenterrestrialandaquaticecosystemsandare

distinguishedbygradientsinbiophysicalconditions,ecologicalprocesses,andbiota.Theyare

areasthroughwhichsurfaceandsubsurfacehydrologyconnectwaterbodieswiththeiradjacent

uplands.Theyincludethoseportionsofterrestrialecosystemsthatsignificantlyinfluence

exchangesofenergyandmatterwithaquaticecosystems(i.e.,azoneofinfluence).Riparian

areasareadjacenttoperennial,intermittent,andephemeralstreams,lakes,andestuarine-

marineshorelines”(NRC2002).

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Figure2:Diagramofthenearshore

Source:(JohannessenandMacLennan2007)

Backshoremarineriparianareascanbefurtherdefinedastheaccretionzone,thearealocated

justaboveMHHW,whichterminatesinanuplandedge.Sedimentsandwindblownmaterial

accumulateovertimeprovidingasoilsubstratethatisfastdrainingandusuallylackingin

organicmatter(NRCS1989).Vegetationcolonizingtheareacanwithstandsaltsprayandperiods

offloodingduringextremetideandinundationevents.

Processes

Backshoremarineriparianvegetationisatransitionalareainfluencedbybothuplandand

marinehabitats.Thiszoneismarkedbytheaccumulationoforganicmatterandoverhanging

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vegetation,suchasArbutusmenziesiiandPseudotsugamenziesiiwhichprovideshabitatand

coverforbothterrestrialandmarineorganisms(Brennon2007).

Mixedsemidiurnaltides,meaningtwohighandtwolowtidesinfluencehydrologyinthe

nearshoreeachlunarday,rangingfrom10ft.to-1footatlowtideinthenorthPugetSound

region(WDNR2014).Initsnaturalstate,waveactioncanbeabsorbedbyvegetationandlarge

woodydebris(Brennon&Culverwell2004).Groundwaterdischargealsoplaysaroleinthis

system,asunconfinedaquifersareconnectedhydraulicallytotheseathroughpermeablebeach

sediments(McLachlan&Brown2006).

Thegeneralgeologicalprocesses,whichhelptoshapethebackshore,areprimarilysediment

depositionanderosionalprocesses.Thisinvolvesthegradualaccumulationofwaveandwind

generatedsedimentintheareaaboveMHHW(WDNR2014).Bermscanformintheseareasbya

combinationofforces.Forinstance,Finlayson(2006)attributeslargewoodydebrisand

backshorevegetationastheprimarydriversinbermformationduetotheirabilitytotrapand

accumulatesubstratetherebybufferingwaveenergyaboveMHHWthuspreventingerosionof

habitat.Additionally,winterstormsandspringhightidesalsocontributetobermformation

(Downing1983).

Thesubstratesofthebackshorearegenerallycomposedofvarioussizedcobbleandsand

particles(Dethieretal.2010).Soilstendtobelowinorganicmatterandareprimarilycomprised

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ofbeachsandparentmaterial(NRCS1989,NRCS2008,Soilwebapp2017).Soilinfiltrationrates

arequickduetosandytexturesthatlimittheabilitytoretainwater.

Fauna

Organicdetritussuchasleavesandoverhangingvegetationfromterrestrialplantsfallontothe

backshoreformingthebasisformultipleterrestrialandaquaticfoodwebs.Thebackshore

receivesimportantinputsofseaweedsandmarine-baseddetritus,whichareconsumedby

terrestrialandsemi-terrestrialinvertebrates(Duganetal.2011).Thisinturnisconsumedby

manyspeciesofbirds,transferringmuchofthatenergytotheuplands(Downing1983;Brennan

2007;Duganetal.2008).Forinstance,severalbirdspeciesnest,roost,and/oroverwinterinthe

backshorezoneincludinggulls,seabirdssuchasplover,andsmallerbirdslikelongspursand

buntings(Dethieretal.2010).

Importantdecomposersinthenearshoresystemfornutrientcyclingarethetalitrid,beach

hopperamphipod(Dethieretal.2010). Tonnes(2008)foundthatamphipodsarestrongly

associatedwithdriftwoodalsoknownaslargewoodydebris(LWD)sinceitprovidesprotection

frompredators,favorabletemperatureandmoistureconditions.Organicmatterisalso

abundantforconsumption.Otherwildlifemayonlyusemarineriparianareasaspathsfor

migrationoratcertainlifestages.

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Flora

AccordingtoMachalachenandBrown(2006),thefloraofmarineriparianareascanbe

characterizedbydegreesofzonation.Zone1istheareaclosesttothesea,referredtoasthe

pioneerzone.Grassesandsucculents,whichprimarilyrelyonrhizomatousandstoloniferous

growthforms,dominatesincetheycanwithstandthehighlevelofdisturbanceinthenearshore.

Thisincludesshiftingsand,temperatureextremesandhighsaltloads.Seeddispersalisprimarily

achievedthroughwindandwater.Zone2istheshrubcommunity,whichincludesannualsand

perennialsbutwhichalsoincludesforbs,creepersandsucculents.Seeddispersalisprimarily

achievedthroughbirdsandwindalthoughbird-dispersedseedincreasinglyinvadesthiszoneas

itages.Zone3isreferredtoasthethicketzoneandismadeupofdwarftreesandshrubs.This

zoneisshapedbywind,yieldingaflatcanopy,knownaswindpruning.Thiszonedevelopsin

areasthatreceiveatleast250mmofrainfallayearandbirdsaretheprimarymodeofseed

dispersal.Zone4isreferredtoastheforestzoneandisdefinedbyaclosedcanopywithshrubs

and/orthicketspeciesdominatingtheunderstory.Thiszonethrivesinareasthatreceiveannual

rainfallsofupto700mm.Birdsrepresenttheprimarymodeofseeddispersal.

FunctionsandBenefits

Marineriparianareasprovidefundamentalecologicalfunctionsthatassistintheprotectionand

healthofadjacentmarinewaterbodies.Thisisbasedontheextensiveresearchofthefunctions

offreshwaterripariansystems.Inmanyways,thefunctionsofthesetwosystemsaresimilar,

howevermarineriparianvegetationprovidesfunctionsthatareuniquetonearshoreecosystems

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suchasbiogeochemicalprocesses,oceaninfluencesanddifferencesinthebiotabetweenfresh

andmarineenvironments.

Waterqualityfunctionsarefacilitatedbysoilsandvegetation.Vegetationamelioratesnutrient

andpollutantinputsintoadjacentwatersbystabilizingsoilstherebyreducingerosion,

transformingnutrientsandtrappingsediment(Brennon2007).Finesedimentsbecomeexposed

andthereforesubjecttoerosionduetovegetationremoval,excavationandcompactionofsoils.

Thereforetheinstallationofmarineriparianvegetationslowstheflowofsurfacewater,

contributingtohigherresidencetimes,decreasingsurfaceflowsandthechanceoferosion(May

2003).

Terrestrialandmarinevegetativeinputsprimarilyfuelnutrientcyclinginthissystem.This

influencesboththespeciespresentandtheirecologicalfunction(Valiela2015).Formsoforganic

debrisfromterrestrialvegetationthatsupportthesefunctionsincludewood,leaflitterand

otherorganicmatter,whichistransformedintonutrientsthatsupportthemarinefoodweb

(Brennon2007).

Thevalueofshadingisalsoanimportantfunctionwithinthemarineripariansystem.Foliage

interceptssolarinputscreatingmicroclimaticconditions,whichaffectairtemperature,soil

moisture,windspeedsandhumidity(May2003,Chenetal1999).Terrestrialandaquatic

microclimatesareinfluencedbyshadeandtemperaturefluctuationsthatcannegativelyimpact

bothaquaticandterrestrialorganisms,particularlythosethatcanonlysurvivewithinarelatively

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narrowrangeoftemperatureandmoistureconditions(Brennan2007).Forinstance,lackof

shadeonsurfsmeltspawningbeachesresultsinhighertemperatures,drierconditionsand

increasedeggmortality(Pentilla2001;Rice2006).

InmarineecosystemsLWDisrecruitedfromwindstorms,waveactionandlandslides(NRCS

1996).Theseinputsprovideimportantbenefitssuchastheaccumulationofdetritusservingasa

foodsourceandhabitatforinvertebrates.Thisinturnsupportsterrestrialvegetation(similarto

thefunctionofnurselogsintheupland),providingstructuralcomplexityforfishandwildlife

habitat.Additionally,LWDalsotrapssediment,whichassistsinstabilizingbanksthusproviding

erosioncontrol(Tonnes2008).

Disturbance

Roughly4millionpeople,or65percentoftheWashingtonStatepopulation,liveinthePuget

Soundwatershed(OFM2017).Thisillustratestheextenttowhichhumanshavechosentolive

nearaquaticresourcesandasaresult,backshoreareastendtobehighlymodified(Broadhurst

1998).

Shorelinearmoring,thepracticeofconstructingbulkheads(seawalls)androckrevetments,

interfereswithsedimentdepositionprocesses,accumulationofbeachwrackandnaturalerosive

processes(Duganetal.2011).ThePugetSoundPartnershiphasidentified666milesofPuget

Soundshorelinethathasbeenarmored,or27%ofthetotalshorelinelength(PSP2017).By

installingbeacharmoring,naturalvegetationmustbeclearedwhichdestroysbackshorehabitat

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andincreaseserosion.(Broadhurst1998).Additionally,thesestructuresphysicallydestroy

reproductivehabitatforSurfsmelt(Hypomesuspretiosus)anddecreasehabitatforjuvenile

salmonids(Beamer&Fresh2013).Thehighlymodifiedenvironmentthatremainsincreasesthe

threatofinvasiveplantspeciessuchasSpartinaspp.(cordgrass).Suchspeciescancause

extensiveecologicaldamageandeconomiccostswhiledecreasingpopulationsofnativespecies

(Brennon2007).

Background

SiteDescription

BowmanBay

BowmanBayisadayuseandcampingareainDeceptionPassStatePark,whichislocatedonthe

southwesternshoreofFidalgoislandonRosarioStrait.Thedeep,narrowchannelofDeception

Passislocatedjustsouthofthesite,whichbringsstrongtidalcurrentsandnutrientupwellingto

thearea(Blue,Johannessen&MacLennan2014).Thebayitselfisa2,100-footpocketbeach

whichfaceswest-southwestandisexposedtoapproximately70milesoffetch(openwater

distancefromwhichwavesform).Thisexposesthesitetowindgeneratedwavesoverahigh-

energyexposureinadditiontooceanswellthathasbeenslightlydiminishedasitgoesthrough

theStraitofJuandeFuca.Thebeachiscomposedprimarilyofgravelandistermedaswash

alignedbeachmeaningwavesbreakinlineandparalleltothecoast.Thus,waveenergymoves

materialupanddownthebeach,formingasteepgradientduetosedimentdeposition

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processes.Thebeachhasamoderatelysteepslope(5:1to6:1;H:V)forabeachinthePuget

Soundregion(Blue,Johannessen&MacLennan2014).Astormberm,anaccretionaryfeature

comprisedofcoarsegravel,ispresent100feetfrommeanhigherhighwater(MHHW).The

beachfaceiscomposedofsandandgravel.Awoodenpierextendsintothewaterfor450feetto

providerecreationalaccessandaconcreteboatrampisalsopresent(Figure3).Incontrast,the

uplandareaiscomposedofagravelparkinglot,playground,expansivelawnandanetworkof

trails.

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Figure3:BowmanBayProjectSiteMapandArea

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Thetwomainissuesspecifictothisprojectweretheeffectsofbeacharmoringandlossof

marineriparianvegetation.Beacharmoringwasinstalledtoprotectamarinebiologicalstation

inthe1970’s.Thisinhibitedbeachprocessessuchassedimentdynamics,whichdecreased

moistureretention(Blue,Johannessen&MacLennan2014).Additionally,thebeacharmorwas

dissipatingwaveenergy,negatingtheabilityoflargewoodydebris(LWD)andbeachwrackto

accumulate.Thisresultsinacoarseningofbeachsediment,whichminimizesreproductive

habitatforSurfsmelt(Hypomesuspretiosus)(BeamerandFresh2013).Pocketbeaches,suchas

BowmanBay,havebeenfoundtobehighlyutilizedbyjuvenilesalmonids,Chinooksalmon

(Oncorhynchustshawytscha),Chumsalmon(Oncorhynchusketa)andjuvenileforagefish such

asSurfSmelt(Hypomesuspretiosus)(Beamer&Fresh2013).Physicalandecologicalfunctions

werealsobeingimpactedbybeacharmoringsuchassedimenttransportanddeposition,salmon

production,foragefishspawning,clamproduction,eelgrassandinsectgrowth(Blue,

Johannessen&MacLennan2014).Thegoaloftherestorationwastoremovetheriprapandre-

gradethebeachthusimprovingsedimentdeposition,largewoodydebrisandbeachwrack

accumulation.Additionally,theinstallationofmarineriparianvegetationwillassistinproviding

erosioncontrolandwildlifehabitat.

Afterthebulkheadremovalandsubsequentbeachregrading,plantinstallationwasinitiatedin

2015andcompletedwiththeassistanceofaschoolworkpartyonEarthDayin2016.Thetotal

areare-vegetatedwas.26acreswithatotalof2,473plantsinstalled(Appendix1).Additional

plantswereinstalledinthewinterof2017(Appendix2).Theplantingareawasdividedintotwo

distinctzones.Zone2isdesignatedasabeachgrasscommunityandthusexpectedto

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experiencetidalinundationduringextremetideandstormevents.Zone3isthehighest

elevationplanting,characterizedbyabackshoretreeandshrubcommunity.TheBowmanBay

sitewasmonitoredbySkagitFisheriesEnhancementGroupstaff,aUWgraduatestudent,

vegetationmonitoringinternsandcitizenscientistonJune3rd,13thand14th2017.

CornetBay

CornetBayisadayuserecreationareawithinDeceptionPassStatePark,whichislocatedonthe

northernmostendandontheeasternsideofWhidbeyIsland.Thebayitselfisapocketestuary

orembaymentthatconnectsSkagitBaytotheStraitofJuandeFuca.Thebayextendsoutto

HoypusPointinthenortheastandisboundedinthenorthbyBenUreIslandandGooseIsland

(HerreraEnvironmentalconsultants2009).Thedeep,narrow,channelofDeceptionPassis

locatedjustnorthofthesite.ExtensivemudflatsarepresentattheheadofCornetBayandboth

sidesofthebayareforested.Thebeachslopeatthefocalsiteisbetween7:1and8:1(H:V)

whichistypicalofPugetSoundbeaches(HerreraEnvironmentalConsultants2009).Thebeach

substrateisgravelsand.Aseriesofin-waterstructuresarepresentsuchasaconcreteboat

ramp,asmallprivatemarinaandamarinemaintenanceandfacilitiesdock,whichextends300

feetintothebay(HerreraEnvironmentalConsultants2009)(Figure4).Incontrast,theupland

areaiscomprisedofanexpansiveparkinglot,picnicareas,restroomfacilitiesandalarge

networkoftrails.

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Figure4:CornetBayProjectSiteandAreaMap

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Thetwomainissuesspecifictothisprojectweretheeffectsofthebulkheadandlossofmarine

riparianvegetation.Thebulkheadwasconstructedtoprotectthefillinstalledonthebackshore

tocreateanelevatedday-useareaandparkinglot(HerreraEnvironmentalConsultants2009).

LikeothershorelinearmoringinPugetSound,thisbulkheadresultsinacoarseningofbeach

sedimentinfrontofthebulkheadbyincreasingturbulence,thusmobilizingandwashingaway

finersediment(HerreraEnvironmentalConsultants2009).Thisdecreasesthetotalvolumeof

beachsedimentandcreatesamixtureoffineandcoarsesediments,unsuitableforforagefish

spawningsuchasSurfsmelt(Hypomesuspretiosus)(Johannsen&Maclennon2007).Increasing

turbulenceandwaveenergyalsodegradesthenearshorehabitatforjuvenileChinooksalmon

(Oncorhynchustshawytscha),whichfavornearshorehabitatswithlowwaveenergy,shallow

waterandfine-grainedsubstratessuchassiltsandmud(Freshetal2006).Lackofriparian

vegetationalongmostoftheprojectlengthdecreasedthevalueoftheshorelineforavarietyof

marineandintertidalspecies(HerreraEnvironmentalConsultants2009).Forinstance,the

presenceofriparianvegetationcreatesmorefoodchoicesforsalmonbyhostinginsectsupon

whichsalmonprey.Thegoaloftherestorationprojectwastoremovethebulkhead,regradethe

beachtoamorenaturaltopographyandinstallmarineriparianvegetation.

TheCornetBayRestorationProjectwasdividedintotwophases.Phase1wascompletedin2013

whilethefinalinstallationofPhase2wascompletedinthespringof2016.Thetotalareare-

vegetatedinPhase1wasjustover1acrewithatotalof6,067plantsinstalled(Appendix3).

Additionalplantswereinstalledinwinter2017(Appendix4).InPhase2,thetotalareaofre-

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vegetationwas.4acresorapproximately300feetofshoreline.Approximately1,265native

plantswereinstalled(Appendix5).Additionalplantswereinstalledinwinter2017(Appendix2).

IneachPhase,4zonescomprisedofdistinctplantcommunitieswithsimilarplantingschemes

weredelineated.SkagitFisheriesEnhancementGroupstaff,aUWgraduatestudent,vegetation

monitoringinternsandcitizenscientistsmonitoredvegetation.Phase1ofCornetwasmonitored

onJuly27th,August9th,16thand17th,andSeptember5thand7th.Phase2wasmonitoredonJuly

25th-27th.

PlantingZones UsingacombinationofMcLachlan&Brown(2006),as-builtreportsforeachprojectand

personalobservationsthefollowingdescriptionscharacterizeeachplantingzoneandthe

generalconditionsfoundthereinatbothBowmanBayandCornetBay.

Zone1-Tidalinundation Thisistheintertidalzone,ahighenergy/hightrafficareathatisun-vegetatedandnotexpected

tosupportplantgrowth.Thereforethiszonewasnotplanted.

Zone2-Dunegrasscommunity Thiszoneislocatedclosesttotheseaandisthelowestelevationplanting.Duetothis,periodsof

tidalinundationduringextremetideandstormeventsisexpected.Plantsconsistprimarilyof

LeymusmollisandArgentinaegedii.YetsucculentssuchasSalicorniavirginicaandCakile

maritimaarealsopresent.Plantsinthiszonearecharacterizedbyrapidgrowthinorderto

25

outpacesandaccumulation,succulencetostorewater,cuticularprotectionagainstsaltloading

andglandstoexudesalt(McLachlanandBrown2006).Theelevationofthisplantinginrelationo

MLLWis10.1feet-10.7feet.

Zone3-Backshoreshrubcommunity ThisareaislocatedwithintheextremehightiderangeatbothBowmanBayandCornetBay.

Vegetationinstalledwasplantedwithspeciesthatcanwithstandsaltsprayandoccasional

inundationbyextremetideandstormevents.Plantsarecomposedoflowgrowingshrubs,

sedges,rushesandforbs;forinstanceGaultheriashallon,Scirpusamericanus,Juncusbalticus

andGrindeliaintegrifolia.TheelevationofthisplantinginrelationtoMLLWis11.5feet-12.5

feet.

Zone4-ShorelineFringeForest Theforestzoneisthehighestelevationplantingandisnotexpectedtoreceivesaltwaterinputs.

Thiszoneblendswiththeupperedgeofzone3.PlantspeciesinstalledincludeThujaplicataand

Piceasitchensis.Theelevationofthisplantingismorethan12.5feet.

History

DeceptionPassStateParkresidesinthetraditionalterritoryoftheSamishIndianNationand

SwinomishTribalCommunity,bothofwhicharefederallyrecognizedbytheUnitedStates

26

DepartmentoftheInterior.(TheresaTrebon,personalcommunication2018).Culturalpractices

aresimilartootherCoastSalishpeople,insofarastheimportanceofnaturalresourcesare

recognizedinactionssuchashuntingandgatheringfromforests,seaandland(TheresaTrebon,

personalcommunication2018).BowmanBayisanareaofextremeimportanceforbothtribes,

withculturalcelebrationsheldatthebeacheveryyear.TheMaidenofDeceptionPassisa

totem,whichrepresentsthestoryofKo-Kwal-alwoot,alegendoftheSamishpeople.Thislegend

isnotacreationstorybutratheradefiningstory,whichtiestheSamishpeopletoFidalgoIsland,

andtherichresourcestheSalishSeahastooffer(KarsenandRector2015).BoththeSamish

IndianNationandSwinomishTribalCommunityareessentialtotherestorationofBowmanand

CornetBay,astheyareco-managersoftheStateParkresource.Additionally,bothtribesplaya

criticalroleintherestorationofsalmonruns.

CaptainSalvadorFidalgoofSpaindescribedthefirstwrittenrecordofDeceptionPassin1792.

ThelegacyofthisexpeditionisimmortalizedthroughSpanishnamesintheparkvicinitysuchas

FidalgoIslandandRosarioBeach(WashingtonStateParks2018).CaptainGeorgeVancouverof

Englandalsoexploredtheregionataboutthesametime,givingthename“Deception”tothe

passthatseparatesFidalgoIslandfromWhidbeyIsland.Thiswasduetohisbeliefthatthepass

wasarivermouth.Itwasn’tuntilhislieutenant,JosephWhidbey,sailedthroughthenarrow

passandthensouththathediscoveredthelandformwasactuallyanisland.Thus,Vancouver

realizedhehadbeendeceivedandDeceptionPasswasnamed(WashingtonStateParks2018).

TheadjacentlandformwascalledWhidbeyIslandafterhislieutenant,JosephWhidbey.

27

Priortobecomingastatepark,theareaofDeceptionPasswassetasidebythegovernmentfor

useasamilitaryreservationintheearly1900’s(DeceptionPassParkFoundation2018).

PresidentCalvinCoolidgeofficiallysignedthedeedtotheparkandDeceptionPassStatePark

wasofficiallydesignatedasapublicpropertyforrecreationin1923(WashingtonStateParks

2018).Althoughtheareawasregularlyvisited,noinfrastructureexistedattheparkuntilthe

beginningofthe1930’s,whentheCivilianConservationCorps(CCC)beganconstructiontomake

theparkareality(DeceptionPassParkFoundation2018).TheCCCbuiltroads,theconstruction

ofbathroomandpicnicfacilities,trailbuildingandotherinfrastructure.TheDeceptionPass

BridgewascompletedinJuly1935,whichconnectsFidalgoIslandtoWhidbeyIsland.

Currently,DeceptionPassStateParkisthemostvisitedStateParkinWashingtonState

(WashingtonStateParks,2018).

Methodology VegetationmonitoringprotocolsforBowmanBayandCornetBayweredevelopedandexecuted

bySkagitFisheriesEnhancementGroup(SFEG),anon-profitorganizationlocatedinMount

Vernon,WA.SFEGmanagesthevegetativecomponentofvariousrestorationprojectsinSkagit

Countyandthevicinity,whichincludesnativeplantinstallation,monitoringandevaluation.

Monitoringisexecutedwiththeassistanceofvolunteers,knownascitizenscientists,inaddition

tostudentinterns.Howeverparticipationisreliantoncompletionofamandatorytraining

program.

28

Thevegetationmonitoringtrainingprogramforthe2017fieldseasonwasheldonJune3rdat

BowmanBayinDeceptionPassStatePark.Thisprovidedpotentialvolunteerswiththebasicsof

botanicalterminologyandanoverviewofmonitoringmethodsusedatvariousplantmonitoring

sitesmanagedbySFEG.Volunteersthenpracticedusingbotanicalkeysandidentifying1-gallon

nativenurseryplants.Theoptionwasthengiventopracticetheirskillsinthefieldbyidentifying

plantsattheBowmanBayrestorationsitebymeasuringheightandapplyingasurvivorship

ratingtoindividuallyinstalledplants.Thetrainingsessionlastedaboutthreehoursatwhich

pointvolunteerscouldstaytocontinuetocollectdatainthefieldatBowmanBay.

Currently,theuseofcitizenscientistsindatacollectionrepresentsaburgeoningfieldwherein

thepublicisenlistedforscientificresearch.Thisallowsunprecedentedaccesstolocations,

interactionswithpeopleinthesubjectareaandatscalesotherwisenotpossible;rendering

citizenscienceprogramsincreasinglyimportanttoenvironmentalresearch(Dickinson2012).

Yetquestionsondatavalidityandstrategiestoimproveaccuracyandprecisionofcollecteddata,

representstheprimaryconversationonthesubject.Aneducationalcomponentmostoftenin

theformoftrainingsessionsallowscitizenscientiststobecomefamiliarwiththesubjectwhile

practicingfieldtechniques.Lukyanenko(2016)reportsthattheuseofflexibleprotocolsallows

formore“discoveries”orprecisioninreporting.Forinstance,avolunteerwhowentbeyondthe

definedtaskwasabletocontributevaluableinformationtotheprojectthusraisingthequestion

ofhowmanyothervolunteersnoticedthesamethingbutfailedtoreportit.Inthiscase,relaxing

29

instructionsandprovidinganarenaforpersonalobservationmayimprovetheprecisionof

collecteddata.Theuseofpairedsamplingisalsoatechniquecurrentlyinusetocheckthe

accuracyofdatacollected.AccordingtoCohn(2008)volunteersarepairedwithascientistor

staffmembertocollectthesamedata,allowingacomparisonofaccuracy.

Methods

BowmanBayandCornetBay

PlantmorphologyanddensitydifferedsignificantlybetweeneachzoneatbothBowmanBayand

CornetBayleadingtotheuseofdifferentmonitoringmethods.InZone2atBowmanBayand

Phase1and2ofCornetBay,plantingsarecomprisedofrhizomatousgrassesandforbs

representingabeachgrasscommunityandweresubsampledforplantcoverusinga4ft.x4ft.

quadrat.InZone3atBowmanBayandPhase1and2atCornetBay,installedvegetation

representsthebackshoreshrubzoneandwasevaluatedindividuallywithasurvivorshiprating

andameasureofheight.Thesezoneswerealsosub-sampledwitha4ft.x4ft.quadrat.InZone

3atBowmanBayandZone4atCornetBayPhase1and2,installedvegetationrepresentsthe

shorelinefringeforestzoneandwasagainevaluatedusingasurvivorshipratingandsubsampled

witha4ft.x4ft.quadrat.Resourcesusedforplantidentificationinclude:PlantsofthePacific

NorthwestbyPojarandMckinnion,WildlfowersofthePacificNorthwestbyMarkTurnerand

PhyllisGustafsonandWeedsoftheWest,byTomWhitson.

30

PlantCover

InZones2and3atBowmanBayandPhase1and2ofCornetBay,anassessmentofcoverage

wasutilizedbyrunningtransectsthroughtheplantingareaandparalleltotheshoreline.

Transectswerelocatedevery4feetuntiltheendoftheplantingareawasreached.Alongeach

transect,a4ft.x4ft.quadratwasplacedatintervalsof16ft.,creatinga25%samplesize.For

eachquadratsampled,thesurveyorsidentifiedallplantsanddeterminediftheywereliveor

dead.Thenumberofliveplantsdeterminedthedensityofnativeplantsineachquadrat.

PlantCoverwasestimatedforeachquadratinthreecategories:nativevegetation,non-native

vegetation,andbareground.Nativevegetationwasdefinedbyanyplantthatwouldoccurand

grownaturallyintheareawithouttheneedofhumanintervention.Non-nativevegetationwas

deemedanyplantthatisintroduced,orknownasaninvasivespecies.Plantcoverwasestimated

bycountingverticeswithinthequadratgridforeachcoverclass.Eachquadratwascomprisedof

121verticescreatedbycrossing11linesofstringspaced4’’apartby11perpendicularlinesof

thesamespacing.Ateachvertex,thecoverclasswasrecorded.

Foracompleteprotocolonhowtomeasureplantcoverandsurvivorshipinthefieldincludinga

materialslistanddatasheetsseeAppendix10-14.

31

Figure5:Exampleof4ft.spacingoftransects

PlantDensity

Todetermineplantdensity,thenumberofnativeplantsineachquadratwascounted.

ThresholdsforplantdensityweredeterminedbySkagitFisheriesEnhancementGroupand

differedateachsite.AtBowmanBay,7nativeplantsperquadratwereconsideredtheoriginal

densityofinstalledplantswhileinbothphasesatCornetBay,3nativeplantsperquadratwere

consideredtheoriginaldensityofinstalledplants.

SurvivorshipRating

InZone3atBowmanBayandZone3and4atCornetBay,allinstalledandrecruitedplant

specieswereassessedbyheighttakenfromtherootcrowntotheapicalbudusingastadiarod.

Anevaluationofsurvivorshipwasalsoutilizedtoevaluatethehealthandvigorofeachplant

(Figure5)(Figure6).

32

Figure6:Survivorshipratingandcorrespondingdescription.

SurvivorshipRating Description 1 Deadornearlydead 2 Liveplantwithdeadportionsand/orsignsofstress 3 Signsofnewvegetativegrowthwithoutreproduction 4 Poorreproduction(fewandpoorlydevelopedflowers/fruit) 5 Healthyreproduction(manywell-developedflowers/fruit)

Figure7:Volunteer’sassessingheightandSurvivorshipofLathyrusjaponicusatBowmanBay

33

NaturalRecruitment

Thecriteriausedfordeterminingnaturalrecruitmentwerebasedonspeciesidentity,proximity

tootherinstalledplants,andoriginalplantedspecieslist.Thesourceofnaturallyrecruited

plantscouldoriginatefromseedrainofinstalledplantsorfromexistingadjacentvegetation.It

couldalsooriginatefromrhizomatousplantgrowthorseedblowninfromadjacentareas.For

example,Gaultheriashallonplantswereconsiderednaturallyrecruitedifvegetationwasmore

thanafootawayanddistinctfromtheparentplant.

DataAnalysis

PlantCover

PlantcoverforZones2and3atBowmanBayandPhase1and2atCornetBaywasdetermined

bysummingtheverticesofeachcoverclassforallquadratswithineachzone.Thiswasthen

convertedtoapercent.

PlantDensity

Plantdensitythresholdsforeachprojectvariedduetodifferentperformancethresholds.At

BowmanBay,originalplantdensitywasdeemed7nativeplantsperquadrat,whichisan

estimationofplantdensityperquadratatthetimeoforiginalinstallation.AtCornetBay,plant

densitywasestimatedat3nativeplantsperquadrat.Plantdensitywasdeterminedbycounting

thenumberofnativeplantswithineachquadrat.Apercentageofwell-stockedquadratswas

34

foundbysummingthetotalnumberofquadratsthatmetminimumrequirementsforplant

densitypersiteanddividingthatnumberbythetotalnumberofquadratssampled.

Survivorship

SurvivalforZone4atBowmanBayandZone4ofPhase1and2atCornetBaywascalculatedby

dividingthenumberofliveplants(i.e.plantswithhealthratingsfrom2to4)bythenumberof

plantsinstalledinZone4duringtheproject.

DistributionofPlantSpecies

Plantspeciesdistributionwasquantifiedusingdatagatheredfroplantcover.AtBowmanBay,

thenumberofliveplantspeciespresentacrossallquadratsforZone2wassummedthen

convertedtoapercentbydividingthenumberofliveplantsbythetotalnumberofplants

present.AtCornetBay,thenumberofliveplantspeciespresentacrossallquadratsforZone2

and3forPhase1and2weresummedandthenconvertedtoapercentbydividingthenumber

ofliveplantsbythetotalnumberofplantspresent.

35

Results

BowmanBay

Zone2

Atotalof45quadratsweresampledinZone2forplantcoveranddensity.Leymusmolliswas

themostwidelydistributedplantspeciesinZone1at78.40%(Figure8)whilethemajorityof

groundcoverconsistedofbaregroundat93%(Figure9).StockingwaspoorinZone2.Of45

quadrats,33wereunder-stockedwith6orfewernativeplantsperquadrat.11quadratswere

wellstockedat7-21nativeplantsperquadrat;thereforenoquadratshad21ormorenative

plants(Figure10).

Figure8:DistributionofplantspeciesinZone2atBowmanBay

Commonname Latinname No.Live %ofTotal DuneWildRye Leymusmollis 127 78.40% PacificSilverweed Argentinaegedii 35 21.60% Total 162 100.00%

36

Figure9:PhotoillustrationandPlantCoverinZone2atBowmanBay

Figure10:Zone1StockingatBowmanBay

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0-6 7-21

No.ofQ

uadratSam

pled

NamvePlantsperQuadrat

Zone1PlantDensity

No.Quadrats

37

Zone3

Atotalof76quadratsweresampledforplantcoverinZone3.ThesurvivalofplantsinZone3

onefullyearafterplantingwas65%(Figure11).Notethat98plantshadasurvivorshipratingof

1(plantswhicharedeadornearlydead).ThiscouldrepresentSambucusracemosa,Lupinus

littoralis,Malusfusca,PolystichummunitumorAmelanchieralniflorawhichallhadsurvivalrates

of0%inyearone.Theplantspecieswiththehighestsurvivalrateswere:Gaultheriashallon,

Lathyrusjaponicus,Ribessanguineum,RosanutkanaandSpireadouglasii.Additionally,398

plantshadahealthratingof2(Liveplantswithdeadportionsand/orsignsofstress)(Figure11).

Severalspecies,suchasLathyrusjaponicusandRosanutkana,bothofwhichspreadeasilydueto

rhizomatousreproductivestrategies,arepresentinsubstantiallyhighernumbersthanwere

originallyinstalled.Othernativeplantspecies,suchasGrindeliaintegrifolia,Alnusrubraand

nativeconiferspeciesareactivelycolonizingthearea.

38

Figure11:PlantsurvivorshipinZone3atBowmanBay

Figure 11: Plant survivorship in Zone 3 at Bowman Bay

StockingwasmoderateinZones2and3.Of75totalquadratssampled,12quadratswereunder-

stockedwith6orfewernativeplantsperquadrat.47quadratshad7-21nativeplantsper

quadratand16had22-130nativeplantsperquadrat(Figure12).Therefore,thepredominate

coverclassinZone2and3isbareground(Figure13).Notethatnon-nativeplantcoverwas

measuredat0%.

S. Rating

Com

mon

N

ame

Latin

Nam

e

1 2 3 4 5

Tota

l

Inst

alle

d O

rigin

ally

Live

201

7

% S

urv.

Ave

rage

of

Hei

ght (

ft)

Pearly Everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea 5 4 2

8 150 6 4% 0.3 Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

0 2 0 0% 0.0

Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa

1 3

3

80 7 9% 0.2 Coastal strawberry Fragaria chiloensis

16 1 2 2 21 150 21 14% 0.1

Salal Gaultheria shallon 2 106 53 7

168 169 168 99% 0.3 Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 1 1

2 4 1 25% 2.1

Beach Pea Lathyrus japonicus

107 23 21 90 241 50 241 482% 0.3 Tall oregon grape Berberis aquafolium 5 18 4

27 55 22 40% 0.4

Pacific crabapple Malus fusca 2

2 2 0 0% 5.5 Dull oregon grape Berberis nervosa

1 1 1

3 80 3 4% 0.4

Sword Fern Polystichum munitum 2

2 50 0 0% 0.2 Red Flowering Currant Ribes sanguineum 9 11 2

22 8 13 163% 2.0

Nootka rose Rosa nutkana 5 54 16

75 58 70 121% 1.6 Hardhack Spirea douglasii 20 50 2 1

73 55 53 96% 1.6

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 6 26 6

38 58 32 55% 1.0 Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

0 2 0 0% 0.0

Beach lupine Lupinus littoralis

0 6 0 0% 0.0 Unknown

41 3

44 n/a 3 n/a n/a

Total 98 398 113 32 95 726 979 640 65% 0.9

39

Figure12:PlantdensityinZone2and3atBowmanBay

Figure13:PlantcoverinZone3atBowmanBay

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0-2 3-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200+

No.Quadrats

PlantsperQuadrat

Zone3PlantDensity

No.Quadrats

40

Atotalof81plantsweremeasuredasnaturallyrecruitedinZone2(Figure14).Thisincluded

manyconiferandAlnusrubraseedlingsinadditiontoGrindeliaintegrifolia(Figure15).

Figure14:NaturalrecruitmentinZone2atBowmanBay

S. Rating

Common Name Latin Name 1 2 3 4 5 Total Average

of Height (ft)

Alder Alnus rubra 1 31 2

3 36 0.20 Hookers willow Salix hookeriana

1 1

2 2.40

Western red cedar Thuja plicata

1

1 5.50 Gumweed Grindelia integrifolia 1

2

3 0.40

Conifer Seedling

37 1 1 39 0.10 Total 2 32 42 2 4 81 1.72

Figure15:RecruitedGrindeliaintegrifolia

41

CornetBay

Phase1

Zone2and3

268quadratsweresampledforcoverageandstockinginZones2and3ofPhase1.Atotalof

4,850plantswereoriginallyinstalledinthe0.63acrearea,ataspacingofapproximately2foot

centers.Thereisstillasignificantpercentageofbaregroundcoverat43%(Figure16).Native

vegetationcovers41%oftheareaandnon-nativegroundcoverisat16%.Nativecoverslightly

decreasedfromthepreviousyear(from51%to41%).

Figure16:PlantcoverinZones2and3atCornetBayPhase1

42

ThemostwidelydistributednativeplantspecieswasGrindeliaintegrifolia,Argentinaegediiand

EquisteumarvensefollowedbyScirpusamericanus,LeymusmollisandCarexobnupta(Figure

17).Non-nativespeciesthatareactivelycolonizingthesiteincludeEuropeanpasturegrasses

andspeciesofclover.

Figure17:PlantdistributioninPhase1,Zones2and3atCornetBay

CommonName LatinName No.Live %Redalder AlnusRubra 491 2.94%Asterspp. Asteraceaespp. 18 0.11%Balticrush Juncusbalticus 156 0.93%Beachpea Lathyrusjaponicas 1 0.01%Bigleafmaple Acermacrophyllum 1 0.01%Blackmedic Medicagolupulina 21 0.13%

Brackenfern Pteridiumaquilinum 1 0.01%Cloverspp. Trifoliumspp. 732 4.38%Coastalstrawberry Fragarachiloensis 4 0.02%Commonhorsetail Equisetumarvense 829 4.96%ConiferSeedling N/A 211 1.26%Cowparsnip Heracleumlanatum 7 0.04%Crabapple Malusfusca 5 0.03%Dandelion Taraxacumofficinale 234 1.40%DouglasFir Pseudotsugamenziesii 13 0.08%Dovefootgeranium Geraniummolle 14 0.08%Dulloregongrape Berberisnervosa 2 0.01%Dunewildrye Leymusmollis 628 3.75%Englishplantain Plantagolanceolata 324 1.94%Erectknotweed Polygonumerectum 17 0.10%Glasswort Salicorniavirginica 5 0.03%Grandfir Abiesgrandis 1 0.01%Gumweed Grindeliaintegrifolia 7275 43.50%HairyWillowherb Epilobiumminutum 309 1.85%Himalayanblackbery Rubusarmeniacus 30 0.18%Hookerswillow Salixhookeriana 2 0.01%Lambsquarter Chenopodiumalbum 49 0.29%Lygnby'sSedge Carexlyngbyei 7 0.04%Marigold Tagetesspp. 1 0.01%Nootkarose Rosanutkana 45 0.27%

43

Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 14 0.08%Osoberry Oemleriacerasiformis 7 0.04%PacificSilverweed Argentinaegedii 1651 9.87%PastureGrass N/A 1599 9.56%PearlyEverlasting Anaphalismargaritacea 248 1.48%PineappleWeed Matricariadiscoidea 8 0.05%Queenanne'slace Daucuscarota 10 0.06%Salal Gaultheriashallon 56 0.33%Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 21 0.13%Seaplantain Plantagomaritima 13 0.08%Seathrift Armeriamaritime 9 0.05%ShorePine Pinuscontorta 3 0.02%SitkaSpruce Piceasitchensis 215 1.29%Sloughsedge Carexobnupta 482 2.88%Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 47 0.28%Spottedcatsear Hypochaerisradicata 29 0.17%Sweetgale Myricagale 1 0.01%SwordFern Polystichummunitum 2 0.01%TallOregonGrape Berberisaquafolium 11 0.07%Thimbleberry Rubusparviflorus 3 0.02%Thistlespp. Cirsiumspp. 32 0.19%Threesquaresedge Scirpusamericanus 681 4.07%TrailingBlackberry Rubusursinus 21 0.13%TuftedHairgrass Deschampsiacespitosa 54 0.32%Twinberry Lonicerainvolucrate 1 0.01%Vetchspp. Viciaspp. 25 0.15%WesternHemlock Tsugaheterophylla 2 0.01%WesternRedCedar Thujaplicata 13 0.08%WildLettuce Lactucavirosa 4 0.02%Willow Salixspp. 30 0.18%Yarrow Achilleamillefolium 1 0.01%Total 16,726 100.00%

Zones2and3arewellstocked.98%ofquadratssampledhad3ormorenativeplantsper

quadrat.6quadratswerepoorlystockedwith0-2nativeplantsperquadrathowever;the

majorityofsampledquadratshad20-49nativeplantsormoreperquadrat(Figure18).

44

Figure18:NativePlantDensityinZones2and3ofPhase1atCornetBay

Zone4

In2017,Zone4hadanestimatedsurvivalrateof72%(Figure19).RibessanguineumandPicea

sitchensiswerethemostabundantplantspecieswithsurvivalratesof154%and115%,

respectively.Themostfrequenthealthratingwas“3“,(exhibitingpoorreproduction

characterizedbyfewandpoorlydevelopedflowersand/orfruit)followedbyahealthratingof

“2”(liveplantwithdeadportionsand/orsignsofstress).Thissignifiesthatmanyplantsspecies

arestrugglingtoestablishonsite.Approximately54specieswereassignedahealthratingof"1"

(Deadornearlydead).Thereforethe“unknown”specieslistedwereunidentifiable

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0-2 3-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200+

No.Quadrats

PlantsperQuadrat

Zones2and3PlantDensity

No.Quadrats

45

Figure19:SurvivorshipratingofplantedspeciesinZone4Phase1ofCornetBay

S. Rating

Com

mon

Nam

e

Plan

t Cod

e 1 2 3 4 5

Tota

l

Inst

alle

d O

rigin

ally

Live

201

7

% S

urv.

Ave

rage

of H

eigh

t (ft)

Pacificmadrone Arbutusmenziesii 1 1 2 1 50% 1.10Salal Gaultheriashallon 2 11 46 132 36 227 420 225 54% 0.67Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 1 29 58 1 1 90 100 89 89% 1.81BlackTwinberry Lonicerainvolucrata 11 18 2 2 33 50 33 66% 3.69Talloregongrape Berberisaquifolium 3 12 69 5 4 93 115 90 78% 1.98Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca 21 4 25 37 25 68% 1.45LoworegonGrape Berberisnervosa 3 8 1 12 50 12 24% 0.83Osoberry Oemleriacerasiformis 6 19 6 31 60 25 42% 1.84Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 2 61 3 66 57 66 116% 4.52Swordfern Polystichummunitum 1 8 2 11 50 10 20% 0.56RedFloweringCurrant Ribessanguineum 3 12 23 6 4 48 30 45 150% 2.64Nootkarose Rosanutkana 4 47 99 15 9 174 200 170 85% 1.30Salmonberry Rubusspectablis 5 32 1 38 50 38 76% 1.71Willow Salixspp. 1 19 20 70 21 30% 4.90Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 9 46 144 75 20 294 300 285 95% 2.02Westernredcedar Thujaplicata 2 6 29 1 38 57 36 63% 5.41Unknown

26 11 2 39 N/A 13 n/a n/a

Total 57 244 621 240 78 1240 1648 1184 72% 2.3

1,443plantsarerecordedasnaturallyrecruited(Figure20).ThisincludesanabundanceofPicea

sitchensis,Symphoricarpusalbus,GaultheriashallonandRosanutkana,whichwereoriginally

installedonsite.Recruitedspecieswhichwerenotoriginallyplantedbutwhichbringdiversityto

thesiteareMyricagale,RibeslacustreandRubusursinus.

46

Figure20:RecruitedplantspeciesinZone4ofPhase1atCornetBay

CommonName LatinName Total

Grandfir Abiesgrandis 2Redalder Alnusrubra 109Kinnick-kinnick Arctostaphylosuva-ursi 1Salal Gaultheriashallon 303Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 73Englishholly Illexaquifollium 1Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca 13Talloregongrape Berberisaquifolium 48SweetGale Myricagale 3Shorepine Pinuscontorta 8Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 500Douglasfir Pseudotsugamenziesii 29Blackgooseberry Ribeslacustre 7Redfloweringcurrant Ribessanguineum 3Nootkarose Rosanutkana 145Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 9Trailingblackberry Rubusursinus 7Hookerswillow Salixhookeriana 3Pacificwillow Salixlucida 2Hardhack Spireadouglasii 6Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 152Westernredcedar Thujaplicata 12Westernhemlock Tsugaheterophylla 7Total 1,443

Phase2

Zone2and3

Atotalof126quadratsweresampledinZones2and3ofPhase2.Nativegroundcoverwas

measuredat5%(Figure21).BaregroundwasthepredominantcoverclassinZones2and3at

approximately93%.Alnusrubraandconiferseedlingplantrecruitmentswerethemost

47

abundantspeciessampledinthiscoverclassat23%and26%,respectively(Figure22).However,

theprobabilityofallrecruitedseedlingssurvivingtheharshconditionsofthesiteisunlikely.

Non-nativeEuropeanpasturegrasseswerethemostabundantspecieswithinZones2and3,

representing11%oftheplantscounted.

Figure21:PlantCoverinZone2and3atCornetBayPhase2

48

Figure22:PlantDistributioninZones2and3inPhase2atCornetBay

Commonname LatinNameNo.Live %

Aster Asteraceaespp. 2 0.04%Balticrush Juncusbalticus 1 0.02%Beachpea Lathyrusjaponicus 1 0.02%Blackmedic Medicagolupulina 92 1.98%Himalayablkberry Rubusarmeniacus 6 0.13%Cowparsnip Heracleumlanatum 1 0.02%Clover Cirsiumspp. 336 7.24%Coastalstrawberry Fagariachiloensis 9 0.19%Commongroundsel Seneciotriangularis 2 0.04%Coniferseedling N/A 1235 26.61%Crabapple Malusfusca 3 0.06%Dandelion Taraxacumofficinale 50 1.08%Dunewildrye Leymusmollis 223 4.80%Erectknotweed Polygonumerectum 122 2.63%Spottedcatsear Hypochaerisradicata 22 0.47%Willowspp. Salixspp. 1 0.02%Horsetail Equisetumarvense 186 4.01%Lambsquarters Chenpodiumalbum 25 0.54%Nootkarose Rosanutkana 4 0.09%Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 8 0.17%Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii 32 0.69%Pasturegrass N/A 556 11.98%Pearlyeverlasting Anaphalismargaritacea 1 0.02%Plantain Plantagolanceolata 177 3.81%QueenAnne'slace Daucuscarota 1 0.02%RedAlder Alnusrubra 1,090 23.49%Redfloweringcurrant Ribessanguineum 3 0.06%Salal Gaultheriashallon 33 0.71%Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 6 0.13%Seaplantain Plantagomaritima 21 0.45%Searocket Cakilemaritima 3 0.06%Selfheal Prunellaspp. 4 0.09%Sheepsorrel Rumexacetosella 142 3.06%Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 2 0.04%Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 13 0.28%Thistle Cirsiumspp. 158 3.40%Talloregongrape Berberisaquafolium 7 0.15%Vetch Viciaspp. 7 0.15%

49

Westernredcedar Thujaplicata 1 0.02%Wildlettuce Lactucavirosa 20 0.43%Willowherb Epilobiumciliatum 35 0.75%Total 4641 100.00%

Plantdensityatthetimeofplantinstallationwasestimatedtobe3nativeplantsperquadratby

SFEG.Therefore,quadratsampleswith3ormoreplantswereconsideredwellstockedatan80%

survivalrate.Zones2and3ofPhase2arefaringwell,withonly3of23quadratsunder-stocked

(i.e.0-2plantsperquadrat)(Figure23).14quadratsarewell-stockedwith3-19plantsper

quadratand5havemorethan20plantsperquadrat.93%ofallsampledquadratswereabove

the80%thresholdforplantdensity.

Figure23:PlantdensityinZones2and3atCornetBayPhase2

010203040506070

0-2 3-19 20-49 50-99No.ofQ

uadratsS

ampled

NamvePlantsperQuadrat

Zone2and3PlantDensity

NoQuadrats

50

Zone4

PlantsurvivalinZone4ofPhase2wasover100%(Figure24and25).Thisisanincreasefrom

74%thepreviousyear.However,notethat196plantsweregivenamortalityratingof2(live

plantwithdeadportionsand/orsignsofstress).Thissignifiesthatthoughoverallplantsurvivalis

highmanyplantsarestruggling.Willowspecieshadthepoorestsurvivalrateat14%,however

thisisanincreasefrom0%thepreviousyear.Incontrast,Gaultheriashallonisthemost

abundantplantspecieswithasurvivalrateofover100%.Thissignifiesthisspecies’abilityto

activelycolonizethesitewithrhizomes,producingplantrecruitments.Atotalof35plantswere

recordedasnaturallyrecruited(Figure26)includingRibeslacustreandRubusursinus.

Additionally,allAlnusrubraplantrecruitmentswereseedlings.

51

Figure24:MortalityratingforZone4ofPhase2atCornetBay

M.Rating

Common

Nam

e

Plan

tCod

e1 2 3 4 5

Total

InstalledOrig

inally

Live201

7

%Surv.

AverageofHeight(ft)

Salal Gaultheriashallon 4 27 46 1 78 50 78 156.0% 0.6Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 3 29 8 40 30 27 90.0% 1.6Talloregongrape Berberisaquafolium 1 38 15 3 3 60 30 29 96.7% 1.0Osoberry Oemleriacerasiformis 3 18 2 23 0 20 n/a 2.5Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 6 6 5 6 120.0% 3.8Douglasfir Pseudotsugamenziesii 4 4 5 4 80.0% 5.0Redfloweringcurrant RibesSanguineum 14 4 18 12 18 150.0% 2.0Nootkarose RosaNutkana 27 27 2 56 43 56 130.2% 1.6Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 4 17 5 26 30 22 73.3% 1.1Willowspp. Salixspp. 7 7 50 7 14.0% 2.1Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 35 23 3 61 30 61 203.3% 1.5Westernredcedar Thujaplicata 2 2 4 5 5 100.0% 4.7Unknown

5 2 1 8 n/a 3 n/a 2.0

Total 16 196 123 54 4 5 290 336 115.9% 2.28

52

Figure25:PhotoofZone2,3and4Phase2atCornetBay

Figure26:NaturalrecruitmentinZone4,Phase2atCornet

CommonName LatinName Total

Redalder Alnusrubra 3Salal Gaultheriashallon 2SitkaSpruce Piceasitchensis 1Nootkarose Rosanutkana 1Blackcapraspberry Ribeslacustre 1Salmonberry Rubusspectablis 3TrailingBlackberry Rubusursinus 4Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 5Total 35

53

Discussion

BowmanBay

PlantCoverinZones1and2intermsofnativespeciesispoor.Themajorityofgroundcoveris

bareground(Figure9and13).Howevertheseresultsarenotsurprisingconsideringtheageof

therestorationproject.Plantestablishmentandanincreaseinaerialcovertaketime.Thisis

reinforcedbytheliteratureonthesubject,whichindicatesthatplantestablishmentratesdo

increasethroughtime(Scotton2016).

Inthenearshoreenvironment,poorestablishmentandthusincreasednumbersofplant

mortalityismostlikelyduetothemanychallengesfoundonsitesuchashighwaterinfiltration

ratesduetosandysoils,pedestriantrafficwhichleadstosoilcompactionandplanttramplingas

wellaserosiveprocesses.Thoughnativeplantcoverislow,thisisonparwithrestoration

trajectoriesintermsoftheabilityofnativespeciestoincreaseestablishmentratesovertime

(Pywell2007).

Lathyrusjaponicas,GaultheriashallonandRosanutkanaweremeasuredathigheramountsthan

installednumbers,signifyingthattheseplantspeciesarereproducingandcolonizingthesite.

Thisisconsistentwithstudies,whichindicatethatplantspeciesdiversitydoesinitiallydecrease

inyears2-5butrecoversrapidlyinyears5-15(Nilssonetal.2016).

54

Plantdensity(Figure10and12)inthebeachgrasscommunityislowsignifyingthatplantsare

stillstrugglingtobecomeestablished.Thisisthefirstfullyearsinceplantinstallationanddueto

theharshconditionsfoundon-site;plantmortalityinthisareaispalpable.Yetascomparedto

lastyear,LeymusmollisandArgentinaegediiindividualsinZone1(Figure8)areincreasing,from

138totalliveplantsinZone1thepreviousyearto162plantsin2017.Thisisconsideredtobean

upwardtrend,partlyduetoexclusionaryfencinginstalledonanephemeraltrail,whichismost

likelydiscouragingparkvisitorsfromtramplingvegetation.

CornetBay

Phase1

BrowsingbydeercontinuestobeaproblemaestheticallyinZone4,howeverthisdoesn’tseem

tobeeffectingoverallsurvival.Deerexclusionfencingaroundindividualconiferoustreeshas

beeneffectiveindeterringbrowsingoverthelastfouryears.Thepurposeofdeerexclusion

fencingwastominimizefoliageloss,thereforeincreasingtheprobabilityoftreesurvival.In

2017,coniferoustreeswerebeingoutcompetedbyplantrecruits,AlnusrubraandSalixspp.,

withintheexclusionaryfencing.

Overallthemajorityofplantssampledareexhibitingahealthysurvivorshipratingbetween“3”

and“5”asopposedtoapoorsurvivorshipratingof“1”and“2”(Figure16)(seesurvivorship

rating)(Figure5).Thisismostlikelyduetotheageoftherestorationprojectandthefactthat

plantsareestablishingthemselvesandactivelyrecruitingthesite(Figure17).

55

Nativeplantcoverhasdecreasedthisyearby10%(Figure18).Thismaybeduetograzing

pressurefromdeerortramplingfromparkvisitors,bothofwhichwouldhaveimpactedaerial

cover.

TheinstallationofadditionalplantsinZones2and3inthewinterof2017appearstohave

helpedimproveplantdensitiesbyreducingthenumberofunder-stockedquadrats.Since

originalplantinstallationin2013,plantdensityhasincrementallyimproveddownfromabout

40%in2013to11%in2014,9%in2015,7%in2016andnow2%in2017(Figure20).Many

plantsarespreadingreadilythroughrhizomatousreproductivestrategiesandcolonizingopen

spaces.

Yetwithagecomespressurefromweedsandinvasivespecies,thusanincreaseinnon-native

coverispalpableaswell.Non-nativespeciescoveratCornetBayisincreasing,from4%the

previousyearto16%in2017.Thisisin-linewithrestorationtimelines,asnon-nativespecies

needcontinualmanagementtocurboverallnumbersanddensity.Asthefirstfullyearsince

installation,theseedbankismostlikelyreboundingfromrecenton-sitework,pairedwithnon-

nativespeciesinthevicinitysenescingandcolonizingthesite.

Phase2

PlantsurvivalinZone4isover100%.Thecurrentmonitoringyearof2017representsthefirst

fullyearsinceplantinstallation.Howevernotethat196plants,themajorityofplantssampled,

weregivenahealthratingof“1”(Deadornearlydead)or“2”(Liveplantwithdeadportionsor

signsofstress)(Figure22).Thissignifiesthatmanyplantsarestrugglingtobecomeestablished.

56

Incontrast,naturalrecruitmentforyear1wasmeasuredat35nativeplants(Figure23).For

instance,SymphoricarposalbusandAlnusrubraarereadilycolonizingthesite,signifyingthese

plantspeciesfindthesiteconditionsadequateandarenaturallyspreading.

Nativeplantcoverislow.Thepredominatecoverclassrepresentedisbareground(Figure24).

Thissignifiesthatplantsarestillstrugglingtoestablishonsite.Thisismostlikelyduetothe

harshconditionsofthenearshoreenvironmentsuchassoilsthatdonotretainwaterand

anthropogenicimpactssuchaspedestriantrafficwhichcontributetosoilcompaction.Non-

nativeplantsspeciescoveragewasmeasuredat2%,whichsignifiesnon-nativespeciesare

presentlynotanissueinthesezones.

MostquadratsarewellstockedinPhase2,whichsignifiesnativespeciesarecolonizingthesite

(Figure26).Howevertheseplantsaremostlikelyrepresentativeofamixtureofnativeinstalled

andrecruitedplants(Figure26).

CitizenScience

Theuseofvolunteers,orcitizenscientists,indatacollectionrequiresanacknowledgementof

thepossibilityoferror.Whenmonitoringinstalledvegetation,plantidentificationisofthe

utmostimportance.Thereforecommunicationsbetweenvolunteersandmyselfemphasizedthe

importanceofaskingforhelpwithplantidentificationincludingtheuseofbotanicalkeysif

identificationwasnotcompletelypositive.Observationsinthefieldrevealthatwhenvolunteers

wereunsureofaspeciesidentitytheyaskedforassistanceinidentification.

57

ManagementRecommendations

BowmanBay

Zone1

Replantingshouldoccurinordertoincreaseaerialplantcoveranddensity(Figure26).Since

LeymusmollisandArgentinaegediiindividualsweretheonlyvegetationtobeinstalledinthis

zonereplantingshouldoccurwiththeseplantspeciesinadditiontoSalicorniavirginica.Thisis

recommendedforinstallationasindividualsofS.virginicawereobservedonsiteduring

sampling.Non-native,Cakilemaritima,hasnaturallyrecruitedthearea.Thisspeciesshouldbe

removedandreplacedwiththenative,Cakileedentula.Eradicatingthenon-nativespeciesand

replacingitwiththenativespecieswillpreserveecologicalfunctionsthisplantwasproviding

withinthesystem.

Althoughresultssignifythatnon-nativeplantcoverhasyettobeanissueonsite,thisisstillan

aspectoftheprojectthatneedstobeaddressed.Onsitemaintenanceactivitiestocurboverall

numbersanddensityofinvasivespeciesandweedpopulationswillbecomeincreasingly

importantgoingforward.

Zone2

ReplantingshouldoccurinZone2inordertoincreasethenumberofnativeplantspresenton

siteandfacilitatevegetationfillingin(Figure26).Plantsthathavenaturallyrecruitedshouldalso

beinstalled,asnaturalrecruitmentisanindicatorthatsiteconditionsarewelladaptedtothis

58

species'lifehistorytraits.Forinstance,Grindeliaintegrifoliahasnaturallyrecruitedonsiteand

showsgreatpromise.Otherplantsthatwereoriginallyinstalledbuthadrelativelylowsurvival

ratesandarerecommendedforinstallationtoincreaseoverallnumbersanddensityare

HolodiscusdiscolorandSymphoricarposalbus.Additionally,Anaphalismargaritaceaand

Fragariachiloensisshouldalsobereplanted.Plantswhichhadsurvivalratesof0%andshould

notbereplantedinclude:Polystichummunitum,MalusfuscaandAmelanchieralnifolia.

Deerexclusionfencingisstillinstalledontheprojectsitearoundtargetconiferoustreespecies

suchasThujaplicataandPiceasitchensis.Currently,exclusionaryfencingisnotposingany

problemsandshouldremaininplace.

SFEGhasobservedlowestablishmentratesofSambucusracemosaatBowmanBayinaddition

tootherrestorationsites.Thereforethisspeciesshouldbedirectseededandmonitoredto

detectifthismethodisanadequatestrategyforimprovingestablishment.Alternatively,the

installationofpottedstockmaybeintroducedtoZone4afteraconiferouscanopyhasbeen

achieved.

59

Figure26:RecommendedplantsforinstallationatBowmanBay(Appendix6)

Common name Latin name Form Qty. Zone Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareoot 200

1Pickleweed Salicorniavirginica 1gal 100

Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 150

AmericansearocketCakileedentula 1gal 25

Coastalstrawberry Fragariachiloensis Bareroot 50

Coastalgumweed Grindeliaintegrifolia Bareroot 50

2

Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor Bareroot 25

Snowberry SymphoricarposalbusBareoot 25

Hardhack Spireadouglasii Bareroot 25

SitkaSpruce Piceasitchensis Bareroot 10

CornetBay

Phase1

Zone4

Deerexclusionfencinghasbeeneffectiveinprotectingplantedconiferoustrees;howeverthe

Thujaplicataindividualslocatedwithinthedeerexclusionaryfencingarenowbeing

outcompetedbyrecruitedAlnusrubraandSalixspp.Theserecruitedtreespeciesarenowthe

sameheightortallerthanconiferoustreeslocateintheexclusionaryfencing.Howeverthe

purposeofplantedtreespeciesistofacilitateacanopy.ThereforeAlnusrubraandSalixspp.

shouldbeleftinplaceastheirfastgrowingnaturewillprovideacanopyquickerandprovide

necessaryshadingfortheshade-resistantThujaplicata.

60

AdditionalplantstobeconsideredforinstallationinthiszoneareMyricagaleandArbutus

menziesii(Figure27).M.galewasnotoriginallyinstalledonsiteandisthereforeanaturally

recruitedspecies.Thissignifiesit’snaturalinclinationforthesiteandshouldbeencouragedto

growthroughtheinstallationofmoreindividuals.Originally,twoA.menziesiiwereinstalledon

site,yetonlyonehassurvived.Thereforeadditionalplantsofthisspeciesshouldbeinstalledas

replacements.

Additionallyduetoanincreaseinnon-nativecoverage,continuedmaintenanceofthesiteto

reduceinvasivespeciesandweedpopulationswillbeimportantinthefuture.Forinstance,

invasiveplantspeciessampledonthesiteincludeRubusarmeniacus.

Zone2and3

Nativegrassesandforbsareflourishinginthisarea;themostabundantnativespeciesArgentina

egediiandGrindeliaintegrifoliaisgrowingprofuselyandcompetingwellwithweeds.However

additionalplantsspeciesshouldbereplantedtofacilitatevegetationfillingin(Figure27).For

example,LeymusmollisandArgentinaedgeiiarerecommendedforinstallation.Plantago

maritimashouldalsobereplantedasitwasfoundgrowingprofuselyonsite.Personal

observationshavefoundapotentialassociationofthisplantspecieswithG.integrifolia.To

promotethisassociation,P.maritimashouldbeplantedinareaswhereitisabsentunderneath

G.integrifolia.Ribeslacustreisanaturallyrecruitedplantspeciesinthiszoneandshowsgreat

promiseforthefuture.Duetoit’sthornynaturethiscouldbeaplantinstallednearpathwaysto

discourageparkvisitorsfromenteringvegetatedareas.Additionallyshrubswhichhadlower

61

survivalratesandshouldbeinstalledtoincreaseoverallplantnumbersanddensityinclude:

BerberisnervosaandGaultheriashallon.

Thusfar,inthisearlyinitialphase,weedsareposingminimalissuesthoughcontinualmonitoring

ofweedsandinvasivespecieswillbeincreasinglyimportantinthefuture.SFEGmonthly

volunteerweedingpartiesduringthegrowingseasonwillcontinuetobeimportanttocurb

overallnumbersanddensityofweedsandinvasivespecies.

Figure27:RecommendedplantsforinstallationinPhase1CornetBay(Appendix7)

Commonname Latinname Form Qty. Zone

Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareroot 1002


Seaplantain Plantagomaritima Bareroot 502-3

Coastalgumweed Grindeliaintegrifolia Bareroot 50

Blackgooseberry Ribeslacustre bareroot 20 3

Sweetgale Myricagale Bareroot 54

Pacificmadrone Arbutusmenziesii Bareroot 10

Phase2

Zone4

Thoughoverallmortalityinthiszoneislow,replantingshouldoccurtoincreaseplantcoverand

density(Figure28).Plantsthatexhibitedahighsurvivorshipratingandshouldbereplanted

includeGaultheriashallon,Ribessanguineum,RosanutkanaandSymphoricarpusalbus.Though

62

weedsandinvasivespeciesdonotposeasignificantissueon-sitecurrently,maintenance

activitieswillbeimportantinthefuture.

Zones2and3

RecommendationsforZone2and3includetheinstallationofmoreplantspeciesinorderto

meetperformancestandardsforplantcoverinthefuture,whichwillmostlikelyleadtoa

decreaseinthepercentageofbareground(Figure28).Plantspeciesthatshouldbeconsidered

forreplantingincludeLeymusmollisandArgentinaegedii.Additionally,Holodiscusdiscolor,

Berberisaquifoliumandcuttingsofon-siteSalixspp.shouldbeinstalled.Thislistrepresents

plantsthataredoingwellbutnotnaturallyrecruiting.Thisindicatestheseplantspeciesare

survivingbutneedextraindividualstoincreaseinnumberstofacilitatenaturalrecruitment.

Figure28:RecommendedplantsforinstallationinPhase2CornetBay(Appendix8)

Commonename Latinname Form Qty. Zone



Salal Gaultheriashallon Bareroot 20

4RedfloweringcurrantRibessanguineum Bareroot 20

Snowberry SymphoricarposalbusBareroot 20


Talloregongrape Berberisaquifolium Bareroot 20

63

Conclusions

Thisstudyevaluatedeachrestoredareabymeasuringplantcover,densityandsurvivorship.This

researchaddressedseveralquestionsincluding:1)Wastherestorationeffortsuccessfulin

meetingthegoalsfornativeplantspeciesestablishmentonthesite?2)Islongtermmonitoring

necessary?3)WhatrecommendationsforfuturePugetSoundnearshorerestorationprojects

canbedrawnfromdatagatheredonplantsurvivalandprogressatBowmanBayandCornet

Bay?

ManagementobjectivesforplantperformanceforbothBowmanBayandCornetBaywerenot

explicitlystatedinamonitoringplanthusnobenchmarksforplantperformanceexist.This

absencerepresentsamajorfailinginecologicalrestorationprojects,asthetemptationtoskip

thisstepandgoabout“moreimportant”worksuchasdatacollectionisgreat(Elzingaetal

1998).Howeveramonitoringplaniscriticaltolong-termimplementationofmonitoring

programs.Welldesignedmonitoringprogramswhichincludemanagementobjectivescan

demonstratethatcurrentmanagementtechniquesareworkingandprovideevidencewhich

supportsthecontinuanceofacertainmanagementregimewhereasthelackofmanagement

objectivesmakesitimpossibletoconcludewhethertherestorationresultedinthedesired

outcomes(Elzingaetal1998).Thisalsoimpactsadaptivemanagementstrategiesbecauseno

alternativemanagementsolutionscanbeimplementedifanobjectivewasnevercreated.

Despitethelackofclearlystatedmanagementobjectivesforplantperformance,monitoring

shouldcontinuelongterm.Thiswillaidintheidentificationandevaluationofplantsandtheir

64

survivorship,whichcanbeusedtodeterminetheplantspeciesthatneedtobere-installed,

basedonlowsurvivorship.Thisdatacanalsobeusedtoinformfuturenearshorerestoration

projectsbyassessingtheplantspeciesatbothBowmanBayandCornetBaythatdidwell,based

onoverallsurvivorshipandrecruitment.Theseplantscouldthenbeprioritizedforinstallationat

otherrestorationprojectsinthePugetSoundnearshore.Longtermmonitoringalsoemphasizes

theimportanceofonsitemaintenanceactionssuchasweedingandwateringthroughoutthe

growingseasontofacilitateplantestablishment.Thiswillbecomeincreasinglyimportantaseach

restorationprojectagesandpressurefromnon-nativespeciesbecomesmorepronounced.

CornetBayPhase2willbemonitoreduntil2019,whilethemonitoringforPhase1has

commencedunlessotherfundingsourcescanbefound.

65

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Appendix

Appendix1:Originalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledatBowmanBay

CommonName LatinName Qty. ZonePacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii 300

2Dunewildrye Leymusmollis 1200Pearlyeverlasting Anaphalismargaritaceae 150

3

Serviceberry AmelanchierAlnifolia 2TalloregonGrape Berberisaquafolium 55LoworegonGrape Berberisnervosa 80Swordfern Polystichummunitum 50Tuftedhairgrass Deschampsiacespitosa 80Beachstrawberry Fragariachiloensis 150Salal Gaultheriashallon 169Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 4Beachpea Lathyrusjaponicus 50Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca 2Redfloweringcurrant Ribessanguineum 8Nootkarose Rosanutkana 58Hardhack Spireadouglasii 55Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 58RedElderberry Sambucusracemosa 2Total

2473

Appendix2:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledin2017atBowmanbay

CommonName LatinName Form Qty. Zone

Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii bareroot 2001

Dunewildrye Leymusmollis bareroot 200Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 1gal 5

2

NootkaRose Rosanutkana 1gal 5Salal Gaultheriashallon 1gal 15Pearlyeverlasting Anaphalismargaritaceae pot 20OceanSpray Holodiscusdiscolor 1gal 8Hooker'sWillow SalixHookeriana Livestake 8Total

461

72

Appendix3:OriginalPlantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledinPhase1atCornetBay

Commonname Latinname Form Qty. ZoneDunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareroot 1,450

2AmericanThreesquare Scirpusamericanus Bareroot 420

Saltgrass Distychlusspicata Bareroot 400Lyngby'ssedge Carexlyngbyei Bareroot 275

Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 50Balticrush Juncusbalticus Bareroot 450

3

Softrush Juncuseffesus Bareroot 450AmericanThreesquare Scirpusamericanus Bareroot 450

Tuftedhairgrass Deschmpsiacespitosa Bareroot 250Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 150Coastgumweed Grindeliaintegrfolia 1gal 50

Seapink Armeriamaritima 1gal 50Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 5gal 7

4

Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 2gal 50Westernredcedar Thujaplicta 5gal 7Westernredcedar Thujaplicta 2gal 40Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca 2gal 37

Madrone Arbutusmenziesii 1gal 2RedElderberry Sambucusracemosa 1gal 51Twinberry Lonicerainvolucrata 1gal 5

Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 1gal 57Scoulerswillow Salixscouleriana 1gal 50Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca 1gal 30

Redfloweringcurrant Ribessanguineum 1gal 32Nootkarose Rosanutkana 1gal 160Snowberry Symphoricarpusalbus 1gal 240Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 1gal 158

Talloregongrape Berberisaquafolium 1gal 116Loworegongrape Berberisnervosa 1gal 50

Salal Gaultheriashallon 1gal 480Swordfern Polystichummunitum 1gal 50

Total

6,067

73

Appendix4:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledatPhase1ofCornetBay

Commonname Latinname Form Qty. ZoneDuneWildRye Leymusmollis Bareroot 100

2Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 100SeaPlantain Plantagomaritima Bareroot 100Beachpea Lathyrusjaponicus Igal 120Coastalstrawberry Fragariachiloensis Bareroot 20

3Scouler'swillow Salixscouleriana Livestake HavestedfromsiteTalloregongrape Berberisaquafolium 1gal 10DouglasFir Psedotsugamenziesii 2gal 2 4Total

422

Appendix5:OriginalplantspeciesandquantitiesinPhase2atCornetBay

CommonName Latinname Form Qty. ZonePickleweed Salicorniavirginica Salvage 20-40

2

Balticrush Juncusbalticus Bareroot 120Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 20Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareoot 300Seaplantain Plantagomaritima Bareroot 20

3

Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 1gal 35Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 1gal 35Nootkarose Rosanutkana 1gal 40Snowberry Symphoricarpusalbus 1gal 35Salal Gaultheriashallon 1gal 30Sitkawillow Salixsitchensis Livestake 35Talloregongrape Berberisaquifolium 1gal 30Osoberry Oemleriacerasiformis 1gal 30Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis Ball&Burlap 5Douglasfir Pseudotsugamenziesii Ball&Burlap 5Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca Ball&Burlap 10Westernredcedar Thujaplicata Ball&Burlap 5Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis Ball&Burlap 5

4Douglasfir Pseudotsugamenziesii Ball&Burlap 5Total

1,265

74

Appendix6:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledinPhase2atCornetbay

Commonname Latinname Qty ZoneDuneWildRye Leymusmollis 100

2Pacificsilverweed Aregentinaegedii 100SeaPlantain Plantagomaritima 100 3Scouler'swillow Salixscouleriana Havestedfromsite

4DouglasFir Psedotsugamenziesii 2Talloregongrape Berberisaquafolium 10Beachpea Lathyrusjaponicus 20Coastalstrawberry Fragariachiloensis 20Total

352

Appendix7:RecommendedplantforinstallationatBowmanBay

Commonname Latinname Form Qty. Zone

Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareoot 200

2Pickleweed Salicorniavirginica 1gal 100


AmericansearocketCakileedentula 1gal 25

Coastalstrawberry Fragariachiloensis Bareroot 50

3Coastalgumweed Grindeliaintegrifolia Bareroot 50


Snowberry SymphoricarposalbusBareoot 25

Hardhack Spireadouglasii Bareroot 25

SitkaSpruce Piceasitchensis Bareroot 10 4

75

Appendix8:RecommendedplantforinstallationinPhase1atCornetBay



PacificsilverweedArgentinaegedii Bareroot 100

Seaplantain Plantagomaritima Bareroot 50 3

CoastalgumweedGrindeliaintegrifoliaBareroot 50

Blackgooseberry Ribeslacustre bareroot 20

Sweetgale Myricagale Bareroot 54

Pacificmadrone Arbutusmenziesii Bareroot 10

Appendix9:RecommendedplantsforinstallationinPhase2atCornetBay




Salal Gaultheriashallon Bareroot 20

3RedfloweringcurrantRibessanguineum Bareroot 20

Snowberry SymphoricarpusalbusBareroot 20


Talloregongrape Berberisaquifolium Bareroot 20

Appendix10:Equipmentrequiredfordatacollection

Tool Quantity*

200fttape 2+

4ft.x4ft.Quadrat 2+

Stadiarod 2+

Datasheets(SurvivorshipandPlantCover) 20-30doublesided

Pencils 2-3

PlantIDresources(seemethods) 1+

Originallyinstalledandreplantedspecieslist 2+*Quantitiesdependonthenumberofgroupscollectingdata

76

Appendix11:ProtocolfordeterminingplantcoveratBowmanBayandCornetbay

1. BegininZone2,theBeachgrasscommunity.Thezoneclosesttothesea.2. Observesiteconditionsandlocatetheinstalledvegetationline.Notethatthisis

subjectiveandeasiertodelineateinyoungerplantings.Useoriginalandadditionalplantedspecieslistsandfieldobservationstomakethebestpossiblejudgmentonwherethiszonebegins.

3. Runthe200fttapeparalleltotheseaandattheseawardedgeoftheentiresectionoftheplanting.Runningthetransectseawardoftheintendedsamplingareaallowsthetargetedvegetationtobesampled.

4. Chooseonesideoftheplantingsectiontobeginsampling.5. Takeoutthedatasheetandwritethenamesofthesamplers,thedate,transect#,

quadratnumberforthattransectandthezoneyouatesampling.InthiscaseTransect#1,Quadrat#1andZone2.

6. Choosearandomnumberbetween1and5usingarandomnumberchart,stopwatchorphonebook.

7. Onceyouhaveanumbermeasureoutthismanyfeet.8. Thisisyourfirstquadratsample.9. Identifyallnativeplants(writingthemintothedatasheetiftheyarenotalreadylisted),

thenumberofeachspeciespresentandwhethertheyareliveordead.ResourceswhicharehelpfulforplantidentificationincludePojarandMckinnon’s,PlantsofthePacificNorthwestCoast:WashingtonOregonBritishColumbiaandAlaska.

10. Thenidentifyallrecruitedplantspecies,thenumberofeachspeciespresentandwhethertheyareliveordead.ResourcesusedforthisareWeedsoftheWestbyTomWhiteson.

11. Nextcountverticestorepresenteachcoverclass:native,non-nativeandbareground.Dothisbydeterminingwhatgroundcoverclassisrepresentedateachpointthestringcrossesanotherstring.Thetotalcovershouldalwayssumto121vertices.Denotethisundertheappropriateareaonthedatasheet.

12. Allsubsequentquadratswillbeplacesatintervalsof16feetuntiltheendoftheplantingsectionisreached.

13. Whentheendoftheplantingsectionisreached,measure4feettowardstheuplandandrunanothertransect.

14. Continuethissamplingscheme.Atthestartofeachtransect,choosearandomnumber(whichrepresentsthelocationofyourfirstquadrat).Allsubsequentquadratsamplesarelocatedevery16feetfromthelastuntiltheendofthetransectisreached.

15. Continuerunningtransects4ft.uplandfromthelastuntiltheendoftheplantingareaisreached.

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Appendix12:ProtocolfordeterminingsurvivorshipatBowmanBayandCornetBay

1. InZone3and4ofbothBowmanBayandCornetBayallinstalledplantsareevaluated

withasurvivorshipratingandtheheightoftheplantismeasured.ThesezonesrepresenttheBackshoreshrubcommunityandShorelinefringecommunities.

2. Startatoneendoftheplantingarea.3. Identifythefirstplantandwritethespeciescodeonthedatasheet.4. Measuretheheightoftheplantwithastadiarodbyplacingthestadiarodnexttothe

rootcrownanddeterminingtheheightoftheplantinfeet.Youwillmostlikelyhavetohunchovertoreadplantheight.Denotetheheightoftheplantonthedataform.

5. Determineiftheplantwasinstalled.Thisisevidentbylookingatthesoilsurroundingtheplant.Iftheplanthasasunken“ring”arounditorothersignsofinstallation,theplantwasoriginallyinstalled.Onthedatasheetwrite“Y”forYes.

6. Iftheplantwasnaturallyrecruited,itwillNOTshowsignsthatitwasplanted.Thesoilsurroundingtheindividualwillbeundisturbed.Considertheplantspecies,theproximityofthisplanttootherspeciesandtheoriginallyplantedspecieslistwhendenotingaplantasnaturallyrecruited.Onthedatasheet,Denotea“N”forNo,notplanted.

7. Readthedefinitionsforsurvivorship.8. Notetheoverallhealthoftheplant.Doesithavedeadportions?Aretheleaves

discoloredwhichwouldbeasignofstress?Aretheirbuds,flowersorfruitpresent?9. Takestockoftheplant,readthedefinitionsforeachsurvivorshipratinganduseyour

bestjudgmenttoassignasurvivorshipratingbetween1and5.Denotethisonthedatasheetunder“Srating”.

10. Ifsignsofbrowsingbydeerisevidentoranyothercommentsthatareapplicable,denotethisinthecommentssectionforthatplantonthedatasheet.

11. Moveontothenextplant.12. Sampletheentiretyofbothzonesinthisway.

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Appendix13:DatasheetforquadratsamplingatBowmanBay

Names: Date: Quadrat Number: Zone:

Plant Numbers Cover Planted Species Live Dead Native Non-native Bare

Dune Wild Rye

Pacific Silverweed

Coastal Strawberry

Pearly Everlasting

Tufted Hairgrass

Baltic Rush

Beach Pea

Recruited Species:

Toad Rush

Pineapple Weed

Total Dead & Alive: Have You Counted 121 Total Vertices? Yes□ Notes:

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Appendix14:DatasheetforquadratsamplingatCornetBay

Names: Date: Quadrat Number: Zone:

Plant Numbers Cover Planted Species Live Dead Native Non-native Bare

Salt Grass

Lyngbys Sedge

Dune Wild Rye

Common Threesquare

Baltic Rush

Soft Rush

Tufted Hairgrass

Pacific Silverweed

Coast Gumweed

Sea Pink

Sea Plantain

Pearly Everlasting

Recruited Species:

Toad Rush

Pineapple Weed

Total Dead & Alive: Have You Counted 121 Total Vertices? Yes□ Notes:

80

Appendix15:DatasheetforSurvivorshipratingatBowmanBayandCornetbay

Survivorship Rating Definitions:

1 Dead or nearly dead

2 Live plant with dead portions and/or signs of stress

3 Signs of new vegetative growth without reproduction

4 Poor reproduction (Few and poorly developed flowers/fruit)

5 Healthy reproduction (Many well-developed flowers/fruit)

GPS Point Name: Site Name Plot # Date Sampler(s)

Planted Tree/Shrubs Height (ft.)

S. Rating Planted Protector? Comments

Additional Comments:

Monitoring Plant Performance at Two Restored Beaches Bowman and Cornet...

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