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Transcript of Monitoring in the technological age John Ramsey TICTAC Communications Ltd St. Georges, University of...
Monitoring in the technological age
Monitoring in the technological age
John Ramsey
TICTAC Communications Ltd
St. George’s, University of London
London
SW17 0RE
Monitoring in the technological age
Monitoring in the technological age
Monitoring what ? drugs drug use drug users
Technological age ? computing communications
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
The internet Websites
* The Google effect Blogs, social networking Chat rooms Information sources
* EMCDDA* Wikipedia
* Erowid
* News feeds Daily dose
YouTube Sale of “Legal highs”
Mobile phones Drug dealing Databases
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
Most of our information about drug use is from questionnaire based surveys
“Surveys provide an important window on some types of drug use, but need to be complemented with targeted studies and statistical modelling if a more comprehensive picture is to be produced.“
Sampling problems and response bias remain major problems for survey techniques
Sensitivity to language differences
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
Indirect modelling“Indirect modelling of the unknown population from the observable population is complicated to achieve and requires a proportion of the population of interest to be observable in some fashion”
Observe by analysis of :-
drugs* Police, Customs
* Test purchasing, Amnesty bins
use of drugs (in biological samples)* Treatment of poisoning
* Workplace drug testing in urine, oral fluid, hair
impairment* Field impairment tests
* Admission to hospital
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
Laboratory based analytical techniques Mass spectrometry
* LC/MS/MS, High resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Field drug detection technologies Trace - Ion motility Bulk – IR, Raman Immunoassay
× Impairment testing
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Analytical capabilities
Monitoring in the technological age
Analysis of drugs Law enforcement seizures
Police Customs Prisons
Test purchasing Illegal drugs Legal drugs – “not illegal yet”
Amnesty bin analysis Drugs surrendered on entry to clubs
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
TICTACTICTAC collects legal & illegal drugs (at St. George’s University of
London) to compile a database that is used by both Healthcare and Law & Order professionals
25,000 samples in secure storage
www.tictac.org.uk
Monitoring in the technological age
Analysis of biological samples
Treatment of poisoning blood, urine
Treatment of addiction urine
Workplace drug testing urine, oral fluid, hair
Prison drug testing urine, oral fluid
Law enforcement driving – blood, urine drug facilitated sexual assault – urine, blood
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Oral fluid testing collection more ‘dignified’ than urine detect drug closer to use issues:
variability of collection devices• variable volume
variability of oral fluids• stimulation changes pH
cannabis detected from smoking availability of identical second sample for donor difficult to adulterate low levels different compounds detected (unchanged drug)
Monitoring in the technological age
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Hair Testing
historical record (about 1cm per month)
detecting cannabis difficult issues:
variable growth rates• not all hairs in growth phase
external contamination hair colour short / long hair low levels
Natalie Portman as Sinéad O
Connor
Monitoring in the technological age
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Drug screening relies on Immunoassay
Analytical procedure that uses antibodies raised in animals or cell cultures to detect or measure drugs
implemented as simple dipstick tests or used in highly automated laboratory apparatus
adding new drugs requires substantial investment in time and money
needs large market before this becomes viable consequently new & emerging drugs are only
detectable if they react with existing antibodies
Monitoring in the technological age
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
new compounds are used as drugs because they fall
outside legislation
new compounds are used as drugs because they fall
outside legislation
the law catches up
the law catches up
The driver for change
Monitoring in the technological age
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Piperazines
N N
DBZPdibenzylpiperazine
DBZPdibenzylpiperazine
N N
BZP1-benzylpiperazine
BZP1-benzylpiperazine
TFMPPm-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine
TFMPPm-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine
N N
CF3
mCPPm-chlorophenlypiperazine
mCPPm-chlorophenlypiperazine
N N
Cl
pMPPp-methoxyphenylpiperazine
pMPPp-methoxyphenylpiperazine
pFPPp-
fluorophenlypiperazine
pFPPp-
fluorophenlypiperazine
N N OCH3 N N F
HN NH
PiperazinePiperazine
NNCH3
MBZP1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine
MBZP1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine
Monitoring in the technological age
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry
routinely used for
cocaine, heroin, amphetamine, ‘ecstasy’ and many other drugs general screening new drugs requires acquisition
of a reference sample
Cost of machine £50,000Consumables relatively low costRun time about 30 mins per sampleplus 30 mins for standardSensitivity High
Cost of machine £50,000Consumables relatively low costRun time about 30 mins per sampleplus 30 mins for standardSensitivity High
Monitoring in the technological age
New high sensitivity equipment new possibilities – but at a high cost
LC / MS / MS Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Atmospheric pressure ionisation high resolution mass spectrometry DART
Direct inlet
Orbitrap LC interface with very high resolution mass spectrometry
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
LC / MS / MS
OR
RNG
Skimmer
Q 0
IQ1
ST Q 1 Q 2 Q 3DET
DF
OR
RNG
Skimmer
Q 0
IQ1
ST Q 1 Q 2 Q 3DET
DF
OR
RNG
Skimmer
Q 0
IQ1
ST Q 1 Q 2 Q 3DET
DF
tandem mass-spectrometry
Cost of machine £200,000Consumables relatively low costRun time about 10 mins per sampleplus 10 mins for standardSensitivity Very high
Monitoring in the technological age
Assessing illicit drugs in waste water
Potential and limitations of a new monitoring approach
early days of the development of a new approach that appears to have considerable potential and may open up new possibilities for monitoring drug consumption trends
additional tool that complements and extends the possibilities of existing approaches to the fundamentally difficult problem of monitoring a complex, hidden and stigmatised behaviour
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
Assessing illicit drugs in waste water
Wastewater analysis is a promising tool to evaluate cocaine consumption at both local and national scale. This rapid and direct estimation of the prevalence of cocaine use in Belgium corresponds with socioepidemiological data.
However, the strategy needs to be refined further to allow a more exact calculation of cocaine consumption from concentrations of BE in wastewater.
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
2009, Addiction, 104, 734–741
Monitoring in the technological age
DART™DART™ new non-contact surface
sampling technique for mass spectrometry at atmospheric pressure under ambient conditions
analyse gases, liquid, solids & materials on surfaces
DART on Joel AccuTOFDART on Joel AccuTOF
time-of-flight mass spectrometer
Cost of machine £250,000Consumables very low costRun time about 1 min per sampleSensitivity Very high
Monitoring in the technological age
OrbitrapThermo Scientific Exactive TM
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
1. Exact mass measurements of organic compounds2. General unknown screening
• atmospheric pressure ionisation• high resolution, accurate mass measurements
>10,000 at m/z 200 up to over 100,000• extracted ion chromatogram in very complex matrix • high selectivity and sensitivity in full scan mode• sample introduction by direct infusion or LC
Potential to screen for compounds (even retrospectively) where we know the chemical structure but do not have a reference sample.
e.g. cannabinoid receptor agonists
Cost of machine £350,000Consumables low costRun time about 5 min per sampleSensitivity Very high
Monitoring in the technological age
Spice Purports to be a herbal mixture
Damiana Wild Lettuce Skullcap Motherwort Red Clover Marshmallow Blue Lotus Baybean Pink Lotus Dwarf Skullcap Indian Warrior Lion’s Tail Maconha Brava White Lotus Siberian Motherwart Vanilla & Honey
Contains cannabinoid receptor agonists
Synthetic cannabis
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
JWH-018 HU-210 CP47497
“Spice is an exotic incense blend of the highest quality herbs and herbal extracts .
Unwind your mind! The only herbal smoke that actually works! anytime, anyplace...(except when operating heavy machinery)”
Monitoring in the technological age
Access to specialist equipment to address the increasing number of new synthetic drugs
NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
1 Hydrogen 13 Carbon 19 Fluorine
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)NMR (Bruker Avance 400 MHz)
identification of new unknown compounds amphetamines, ‘ecstasy’, piperazines, beta keto derivatives
quantitation of drugs in absence of reference sample drug comparisons
cocaine
Cost of machine £200,000Consumables moderate costRun time 30 mins or more per sampleSensitivity very LowRequires specialist to read the results
Cost of machine £200,000Consumables moderate costRun time 30 mins or more per sampleSensitivity very LowRequires specialist to read the results
Monitoring in the technological age
4-Fluoroamphetamine
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
F
CH3
NH2
NMR required to confirm the structure in the absence of a reference sample.
1H19F
Monitoring in the technological age
Transportable equipment for field testing
Bulk Infra red spectroscopy Xray immunoassay
Trace Ion motility spectroscopy immunoassay
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Bulk identification
ATR Spectral Libraryover 25,000 unique ATR spectra
ATR Spectral Libraryover 25,000 unique ATR spectra
Hazmat IDHazmat ID
CBRN weapons or hazards CBRN weapons or hazards
Tends to only identify major component of a mixture.
e.g. impure cocaine identified as diluent (lactose), ketamine injection
as water.
Tends to only identify major component of a mixture.
e.g. impure cocaine identified as diluent (lactose), ketamine injection
as water.
Monitoring in the technological age
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Trace detection
passive drug dogs
ion motility spectrometers surfaces swabbed and analysed
within 30 seconds
* Hands
* Phones
* Cars
* Premises
Monitoring in the technological age
Portals used to detect metal, explosives, drugs
Metal detectors Xray Ion motility
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Smiths - Bodyscan Braun – Conpass
Shows concealed items hidden on or inside a persons body
Drugs in the stomach
Monitoring in the technological age
Detection of indoor cannabis cultivation
odour of cannabis very high electricity consumption criminal gangs, bypass the problem by wiring
directly - and often dangerously - into the electricity mains
high heat output fire is a serious risk - cannabis farms often
discovered as a result of fires
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7412654.stm
Monitoring in the technological age
Thermal imaging to detect indoor cannabis cultivation
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7412654.stm
Monitoring in the technological age
Impairment testing
In many situations it is more important to know if an individual is impaired than what is responsible for the impairment.
DrivingWorkplace
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Monitoring in the technological age
Preliminary Impairment tests
TICTAC Communications Ltd.
Finger to Nose TestPupil size assessment Modified Romberg Balance Test
Walk &Turn Test One Leg Stand
EyeCheck® digital pupillometer
allegedly used by Law enforcement agencies employers to detect substance
abuse by employees
Monitoring in the technological age
British Crime Survey 2006 / 7illegal drug use (England & Wales)
Used in lifetime
Used in last year
Used in last month
16-24
44.7%
24.1%
14.3%
16-59
35.5%
10.0%
5.9%
n = 28,784