Elena A. Zakharova, Alexei V. Kouraev,

Igor Polikarpov,Faiza Al-Yamani,

Jean-François Crétaux

MONITORING HYDROLOGICAL REGIME OF THE EUPHRATES-TIGRIS RIVER

BASIN USING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS

Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et Oceanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse FranceState Oceanography Institute, St. Petersburg branch, St. Petersburg, Russia

Mariculture and Fishery Dept., Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait

E-T WATERSHEDA = 765 000 kmA = 765 000 km22

W=105 kmW=105 km33

LLEuphratesEuphrates = 2800 km L= 2800 km LTigris Tigris = 1750 km= 1750 kmWWEuphratesEuphrates = 30 km= 30 km33/y W/y WTigrisTigris = 55 km= 55 km33/y /y

0

1000

2000

3000

Jan

Mar

May Ju

l

Sep

t

Nov

disc

harg

e, m

3/s

Tigris at BagdadEupthrates at HitKarun at Ahvaz

SANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF POND

Hamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin Dam

Derbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan Dam

Dokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan Dam

Mosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul Dam

Abbu Dibbis Depression

E-T WATERSHED4 riparian states:

TurkeyTurkey, , SyriaSyria, Iran, Iraq, Iran, Iraq

Abbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis Depression

THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR DepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAM

Habbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya res

Water SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater Separator

KEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIR

At Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra Dam

Devegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi Dam

ATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURK

Keban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban Dam

KARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYA

Karu

nKa

run

Karu

nKa

run

Karu

nKa

run

Karu

nKa

run

Karu

n

Diya

laDi

yala

Diya

laDi

yala

Diya

laDi

yala

Diya

laDi

yala

Diya

la

HAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZA

EuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphrates

TigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigris

Shatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al Arab

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Euphrates

Euphrates

EuphratesEuphrates

EuphratesEuphrates

Euphrates

EuphratesEuphrates

TigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigris

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Influence on fishery resources in the

Persian Gulf

Gap project in TurkeyGap project in Turkey+ 22 reservoirs+ 1.7 mln ha in irrigation

31 km3/y

Turkey by Euphrates

16 km3/y

? km3/y

Iraq

Persian Gulf

Before 70s From 90s

? km3/y

Iraq

9 km3/y

Syria

TurkeyTurkey

SyriaSyriaIranIran

IraqIraq

27 km3/y

Syria

SANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF POND

Hamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin Dam

Derbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan Dam

Dokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan Dam

Mosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul Dam

Abbu Dibbis Depression

E-T WATERSHED

Euphrates R.Euphrates R.

Abbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis Depression

THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR DepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAM

Habbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya res

Water SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater Separator

KEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIR

At Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra Dam

Devegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi Dam

ATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURK

Keban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban Dam

KARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYA

Karu

nKa

run

Karu

nKa

run

Karu

nKa

run

Karu

nKa

run

Karu

n

Diya

laDi

yala

Diya

laDi

yala

Diya

laDi

yala

Diya

laDi

yala

Diya

la

HAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZA

EuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphrates

TigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigris

Shatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al Arab

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Al-Adhaim

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Greater

Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Lesser Zab

Euphrates

Euphrates

EuphratesEuphrates

EuphratesEuphrates

Euphrates

EuphratesEuphrates

TigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigris

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

Euphrates

In situ data In situ data --scarcescarce and and

difficultdifficult to to accessaccess

Main reservoirs

Tigris R.Tigris R.

ThartharTharthar LakeLakeW = 73 km3

40 reservoirs 40 reservoirs

Water storage = 5 times Water storage = 5 times of annual ET dischargeof annual ET discharge

Karakaya W = 10 km3

Ataturk W = 49 km3

Keban W = 31 km3

Mosul W = 13.5 km3

DATA AQUISITION T/P (Oct 1992- Aug 2002, new orbit - Aug 2002-2005)

Jason-1 (since Feb 2002)GFO (since Jan 2000)ENVISAT (since Nov 2002)GRACE (data since 2003)

FOOTPRINT: RADAR - 12 km (ocean), RADIOMETER - 22 TO 42 km, GRACE ~ 625 km2

REPEAT PERIOD: 10 days (T/P, Jason), 17 days (GFO) and 35 (ENVISAT),

GRACE product: maps of 1-degree-square mean geoidheight differences between 30-day solutions and EIGEN_GL04S static solution (10 days resolution).

From International Gravimetric Bureau (http://bgi.cnes.fr:8110/)

ENVISAT ground tracks and selected altimetric measures for all cycles (yellow circles) over the upper part of the Ataturk water reservoir. Background - Landsat TM image from ca 1990.

Geographical selection of altimetric data

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

400004500050000550006000065000

Thar

thar

300000

310000

320000

330000

340000

Mos

ul

810000

820000

830000

840000

850000

Keb

an

670000

680000

690000

700000

Kara

kaya

520000524000528000532000536000540000

Ata

turk

304000

At T

haw

ra

132000136000140000144000148000152000

Had

itha

12320001236000124000012440001248000

Dev

igid

ici

480000

490000

500000

510000

Doc

an

30000

40000

50000

60000

Abu

Dib

bis

96000100000104000

Ham

rin

Temporal changes of reservoir level (mm)

from altimetric dataTOPEX/Poseidon (T/P)Geosat Follow-On (GFO)ENVISAT

Altimetric level - relative to geoid

RESERVOIRS: WATER LEVEL

Cross-comparison of satellitesTimes series for 11 reservoirs

T/P + GFO + ENVISAT: Karakaya, Mosul and Tharthar

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Thar

thar

-8

-4

0

4

8

Sadd

am (A

ski M

osul

)

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

Keba

n

-8-6-4-202

Kara

kaya

-12

-8

-4

0

4

Ata

turk

0

Taba

qa(A

t Tha

wra

)

-4-20246

Al Q

adis

iyah

(Had

itha)

0

Dev

egec

idi

-6-4-2024

Dok

an

-4-20246

Abu

Dib

bis

-202

Ham

rin

Temporal changes of reservoir volume (km3)

from altimetric data

TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P)Geosat Follow-On (GFO)ENVISAT

Volume changes - relative to mean value for 2002-2006

RESERVOIRS: WATER VOLUME

1999 - 2002 30 - 40 % of volume loss in reservoirs on Euphrates R.

Preliminary assessment (surface=const)

Kar

akay

a

Keb

an

Tha

rtha

r

MESOPOTAMIAN MARSHES

Shatt Al Arab

Shatt Al Arab

Tigris R

.

Euphrates R.

Tigris R

.

Euphrates R.

Mul

ti-Sp

ectra

l Sca

nner

(MSS

) abo

ard

Land

satm

om h

ttp://

land

sat.g

sfc.

nasa

.gov

/

20,000 km2 in 70s

3,000 km2 in 90s

Has

san

Jana

li, U

.S. A

rmy

Cor

ps o

f Eng

inee

rs, 2

003

E.Marshes.

S. Marshes.

Central Marshes.

E.Marshes.

S. Marshes.

Changes in the marshes from LandsatMSS imagery

Central Marshes.

AB

C

D

E

GF

-1000 to 0 0 to 1000 1000 to 1500 1500 to 2000 2000 to 3000 3000 to 4200 4200 to 6000

Backscatter in Ku band,ice1 algorithlm,

100*dB

MARSHESSPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY

A B C D E FD G

Landsat image ca 2000

A B C D E FD G

A B

C

D

E

G

F

ENVISAT Tr.098

ENVISAT Tr.197

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

year

wat

er le

vel,

mm

target Dtarget C

EASTERN MARSHES - T/P 31

Landsat image ca 1990 Landsat image ca 2000

A B C D

A

B

C

D

C

A - southern marshesB - confluence of Tigris and EuphratesC - part of eastern marshes, drained out between 3 and 23 June 1996D - eastern marshes

-1000 to 0 0 to 1000 1000 to 1500 1500 to 2000 2000 to 3000 3000 to 4200 4200 to 6000

Backscatter in Ku band,ice1 algorithlm,

100*dB

MARSHES - INONDATION

A B

A

C D E

B

C

D

EF

C FLandsat image ca 2000

A - river channelB - flooded reservoir C - large flooded areaD - partly flooded central marshesE - southern marshes have been drained out in 1996 andwere flooded in 2004F - channel

ENVISAT Tr.642

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

year

wat

er le

vel,

mm

target E

target D

-1000 to 0 0 to 1000 1000 to 1500 1500 to 2000 2000 to 3000 3000 to 4200 4200 to 6000

Backscatter in Ku band,ice1 algorithlm,

100*dB

MARSHES -INONDATION

A B C

A

D E F

B

C

D

E

G

F

GLandsat image ca 2000

ENVISAT 741

0

1000

2000

3000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

year

wat

er le

vel,

mm

target Btarget C

Beginning of floodingBeginning of flooding

Landsat image ca 2000and Envisat tracks

MARSHES -INONDATIONalong track seasonal variability

% of submerged lands =number of points with σ0_Ku≥20 db

total number of points

0

20

40

60

80

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

% of submerged lands

PerspectivesPerspectives:

• calibration of flooding areas with Modis• estimation of water storage using altimetry

GRACE MISSION: VARIABILITY IN WATER RESOURCES

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

anom

alie

s

GRACE, km3

Gravity anomalies (mm) over the Gravity anomalies (mm) over the TE basinTE basinfor 2004for 2004

WatershedWatershed surface surface 765 000 km765 000 km22

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

anom

alie

s, k

m3

Turkey IraqLow Iran

All basin

Principal parts of the basin

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

anom

alie

s

W all reservoirs, km3 GRACE, km3 %of submerged land

RELATION BETWEEN OBSERVED PARAMETERS

Time lag, days 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120GRACE, ET 0.58 0.63 0.72 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.79 0.64 0.65 0.60 0.49 0.29 0.24GRACE, Iran 0.68 0.75 0.78 0.83 0.80 0.73 0.69 0.67 0.61 0.52 0.42 0.25 0.12GRACE, Turkey 0.56 0.57 0.65 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.58 0.59 0.54 0.38 0.18 0.12GRACE, Low Iraq 0.56 0.66 0.69 0.75 0.78 0.73 0.77 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.40 0.32Altimetry, dV in all reservoirs 0.20 0.29 0.38 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.72

Cross-correlation coefficients between the part of submerged lands and other parameters , n≈40

0

1000

2000

3000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

leve

l, m

m

0

10

20

30

40

50

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

year

S ppm

T grad

Water level in Shatt-al-Arab

Salinity and temperature in the Persian Gulf

IMPACT ON PERSIAN GULF

FUTURE WORK

* Altimetry + optical imagery - flooded regions

* Assessment of reservoirs surface-level relationship using optical imagery

* More precise estimation of reservoirs volumetric changes

* Surface and level of flooded zones

* Estimation of annual and seasonal changes in water storage

* Freshwater input to the Persian gulf