MONITORING EARTH’S CLIMATE SYSTEM & PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGET.
Monitoring Climate Change from Spacesgs02rpa/TALKS/AllanRP_ASE2013.pdf · Monitoring Climate Change...
Transcript of Monitoring Climate Change from Spacesgs02rpa/TALKS/AllanRP_ASE2013.pdf · Monitoring Climate Change...
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Monitoring Climate Change from Space
Richard Allan (email: [email protected] twitter: @rpallanuk)
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading
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Why Monitor Earth’s Climate from Space?
• Global
• Spectrum
• Current
• Detection
• Understanding
• Prediction
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The problem...
IPCC: www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm
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Absorbed Solar or Shortwave Radiation (S/4)(1-α)
Thermal/Infra-red or Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR)=σTe
4
πr2 S
Earth’s Radiation balance in space 4πr2
• There is a balance between the absorbed sunlight and the thermal/longwave cooling of the planet:
(S/4)(1-α) ≈ σTe4
• How does it balance? Why is the Earth’s average temperature about 15oC? e.g. Lacis et al. (2010) Science
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Earth’s global annual average energy balance
240 Wm-2 240 Wm-2
390 Wm-2
Surface Temperature = +15oC
Solar Thermal
Efficiency
ε' ~ 61.5%
Radiating Efficiency, or the inverse of the Greenhouse Effect, is strongly
determined by water vapour absorption across the electromagnetic spectrum
σT4
ε'σT4
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Now double CO2 - a “radiative forcing”
240 Wm-2 236 Wm-2
390 Wm-2
Surface Temperature = +15oC
Solar Thermal: less cooling to space
Efficiency
~60.5%
Radiative cooling to space through longwave emission drops by about 4 Wm-2 resulting in a radiative imbalance
σT4
ε'σT4
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The climate system responds by warming
240 Wm-2 236 Wm-2
390 Wm-2
Surface Temperature = +15oC
Solar > Thermal
Efficiency
~60.5% Heating
σT4
ε'σT4
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240 Wm-2 240 Wm-2
397 Wm-2
Surface Temperature = +16oC
Solar = Thermal
Efficiency
~60.5%
The 2xCO2 increased temperature by about 1oC in this simple example. So what’s to worry about?
The climate system responds by warming
σT4
ε'σT4
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But it’s not that simple…
IPCC (2007)
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Climate forcing and feedback : a natural experiment
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29/3/06 11.05am
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29/3/06 12.26pm
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• Clouds affect radiation fluxes
• Radiation fluxes affect clouds
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Temperature
Additional
surface heating
Reduced reflection
of suns rays
Melting ice
and snow CO2
Feedback loops or “vicious circles” amplify or diminish initial heating or cooling tendencies e.g. Ice “albedo” Feedback
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One of the strongest positive amplifying feedbacks involves gaseous water vapour
CO2
Greenhouse
effect Net
Heating
Temperature
Water
vapour
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Cloud Feedback: a complex problem
• Clouds cool the present climate
• Will this cooling effect enhance or diminish in the future?
• Will clouds amplify or reduce future warming?
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Monitoring Climate From Space
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Remote sensing clouds and aerosol from space: Cloudsat and CALIPSO
Cloudsat radar
CALIPSO lidar
Target classification Insects Aerosol Rain Supercooled liquid cloud Warm liquid cloud Ice and supercooled liquid Ice Clear No ice/rain but possibly liquid Ground
Work by Dr. Julien Delanoë and Prof. Robin Hogan, University of Reading
• Radar: ~D6, detects large particles (e.g. ice)
• Lidar: ~D2, more sensitive to thin cirrus, low-level liquid clouds and aerosol pollutants but signal is attenuated
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Link to animation
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IRIS/IMG spectra: Harries et al. 2001, Nature
CO2 O3
CH4
Satellite measurements (1970, 1997) confirm the effect of increasing greenhouse gases
1/wavelength St
ron
ger
gre
enh
ou
se e
ffec
t
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Energy from the Sun; stable over last 50 years
See also: http://www.pmodwrc.ch/pmod.php?topic=tsi/composite/SolarConstant
0.1
0.2
0.0
Implied
chan
ges in
glo
bal tem
peratu
re
ACRIM/VIRGO
Lean (2000)
Y.Wang (2005)
IPCC WG1 2.7.1 (p.188-193)
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Monitoring sea surface
temperature
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Monitoring Land Ice From Space
Right: NASA's
ICE-Sat satellite
- Ice, Cloud and
land Elevation
Satellite
Above: results from
Gravity Recovery And
Climate Experiment
(GRACE) mission
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NSIDC : http://nsidc.org/news
Arctic sea ice: Rapid
decline in extent over
satellite record since
1979, especially at ice
minimum during Sept
+ Declining thickness
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Monitoring Sea level
Coastal tide gauges Recontructed (proxy) Satellite
altimetry
IPCC 2007 Fig. 5.13 (p. 410)
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Current rises in global sea level
Research by Rahmstorf et al. (2007) Science, 4 May
Is sea level rising faster than projections made by
numerical climate simulations?
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La Niña so strong the oceans fell
New satellite instruments
including GRACE can
“weigh” the mass of the
oceans and ground water
Boening et al. (2012)
Geophysical
Research Letters
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• Increased Precipitation • More Intense Rainfall • More droughts • Wet regions get wetter,
dry regions get drier? • Regional projections??
Precipitation Change (%)
How will the water cycle change?
Precipitation Intensity
Dry Days
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Pre
cip
.
(%)
Allan and Soden (2008) Science
Using microwave measurements from
satellite to monitor the water cycle
Water
vapour
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Linking atmospheric rivers viewed from space with flooding
Lavers et al. (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett.
HydEF project: Importance of
large-scale atmospheric precursors
for flooding e.g. 2009 Cumbria floods
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Conclusions
• Earth’s radiative energy balance drives climate change
• It also provides a rich spectrum of information
Monitoring and detecting climate change
Understanding physical processes
Enabling and evaluating prediction
• Challenges...
Clouds & Aerosol
Precipitation
Regional impacts