Monitoring and Evaluation of Plans and Programs for Coastal Resource Management

8/9/2019 Monitoring and Evaluation of Plans and Programs for Coastal Resource Management

1/106


2/106

Monitoring and EvaluatingMunicipal/City Plans and Prografor Coastal Resource Manageme


3/106


4/106

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of Contents

List of Acronyms .......................................................................................................

List of Tables and Figures........................................................................................

Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................

Foreword ...................................................................................................................

About This Manual....................................................................................................

I. Overview.............................................................................................................

Participatory monitoring and evaluation...........................................................

M i i d l i l d f CRM


5/106

List of AcronymsList of AcronymsList of AcronymsList of AcronymsList of AcronymsAO - assisting organization

BFAR - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic ResourcesCENRO - City Environment and Natural Resources Office

CLEU - coastal law enforcement unit

CMMD - Coastal and Marine Management Division

CMMO - Coastal and Marine Management Office

CMMS - Coastal and Marine Management Section

CRMP - Coastal Resource Management Project

DENR - Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesDILG - Department of the Interior and Local Government

ENRO - Environment and Natural Resources Office

IEC - Information, education, and communication

LGOO - Local Government Operations Office

LGU - local government unit

MAO - Municipal Agriculture Office

M/CFARMC - Municipal/City Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Manage


6/106

List of Tables and FiguresList of Tables and FiguresList of Tables and FiguresList of Tables and FiguresList of Tables and FiguresTable

1.1. Misconceptions of and reasons for participatory M&E ...........................................

1.2. Illustrative questions for evaluation of typical CRM plans and programs ................

1.3. Illustrative impact indicators for CRM plans and programs ....................................

1.4. Key monitoring methods for CRM plans and programs .........................................

1.5. Elements of a M&E plan for CRM .........................................................................

1.6. Documentation needed for annual CRM M&E .......................................................

1.7. Benefits of CRM certification ................................................................................

Figure


7/106

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

This publication represents the composite work and inputs of many individual

organizations, including local government units, nongovernment organization

institutions, and national government agencies. The authors and editors are:

Catherine A. Courtney, Ph.D., Technical Advisor, Coastal Resource M

Project (CRMP)

Ruth Cruz, Chief, Economic Development Division, National EconomDevelopment Authority (NEDA) Region 7

Evelyn T. Deguit, Monitoring and Evaluation Task Leader, CRMP

Connie Gestopa, Chief, Technical Services Division, Department of th

and Local Government (DILG) Region 7

Stuart J. Green, Fisheries Management Task Coordinator, CRMP

Roy de Leon, Deputy Project Administrator, Center of Excellence in C

R M t Silli U i it


8/106

ForewordForewordForewordForewordForeword

Global fish catch estimates show a downward trend, declining by about 360,0

every year since 1988. This is a result of the degradation of coastal areas, fro

detrimental human activity and overexploitation of resources in the Philippine

more than 50 percent of the population depends on fish for dietary protein, th

been a significant drop in the fish catch. Fishers who caught 20 kilograms pe

30 years ago are now catching less than 2 kilograms per trip.

Philippine mangrove areas, nursery grounds for many marine and brackish w

and shellfish species, have declined from 450,000 hectares in the 1920s to a

120,000 hectares today. Coral reefs have suffered a similar decline that contr

decreasing natural production of coastal marine resources.

Th fi i t t i i th t th t f ti l f d i t bilit


9/106

About This ManualAbout This ManualAbout This ManualAbout This ManualAbout This ManualWith the passage of the Local Government Code of 1991 and the 1998 Fishe

the primary mandate to manage coastal resources has been devolved to the

government unit (LGU). Coastal municipal and city LGUs now have jurisdictio

coastal resources and municipal waters, and the responsibility for delivering c

resource management (CRM) as a basic service to local communities.

The Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP) of the Department of En

and Natural Resources (DENR) funded by the United States Agency for Intern

Development (USAID) was started in 1996 to help build LGU capacities in CR

the achievement of its objectives was to define the activities and tasks for wh

must be equipped. Toward this end, CRMP adapted a CRM process that has

ff i i i j i d hi h li i i b i i d i


10/106

Need general information on monitoring and

evaluating municipal/city plans and programs

for CRM and CRM certification?

Primary users: municipal/city CRM

technical working groups (TWGs),

provincial TWGs, and regional CRM

certification committee

Need instructions on how to monitor and

evaluate municipal/city plans and programs

for CRM?

Primary users: municipal/city CRM

TWGs

Part I: Over

(p. 1-14

Part II: Gu

Monitorin

Evaluati

Municipal/C

and Programs

(p. 15-


11/106


12/106


13/106


14/106

Coastal municipalities and cities were given jurisdiction over coastal resources and

waters out to a distance of 15 km from the shoreline, and the responsibility for deliv

coastal resource management (CRM) as a basic service. Provincial governments a

vital role in CRM through technical assistance and training, local policy review and

harmonization, and information management.

Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of municipal and city plans and programs for

important for sustaining management measures designed to improve the productiv

L ocal government units (L G U ) repr frontline stewards and last safe

coastal resources in the Philippi primary mandate to manage coastal was devolved to the local government l

the passage of the 1991 L ocal G oCode and the 1998 Fisheri


15/106

REASONSFORPARTICIPATORYM&

M&E will guide your internal develop

provide you with external accountabil

M&E keeps you focused on one direc

towards the attainment of your goalsmission.

M&E occurs in an environment where

honestly evaluate your own performathat of those around you without fear

consequences.

M&E is everyones concern: everyonquestions and shares and contribut

the assessment.

M&E is a team-building process whi

that all stakeholders put their heads

MISCONCEPTIONS

OFM&E

M&E is a worthless activity

which just wastes time and

money.

M&E is complex and technical

and must be done by externalexperts which make it

expensive.

Implementation is the importantactivity, not M&E.

There is a fear that

Table 1.1. Misconceptions of and reasons for participatory M&E.


16/106

MONITORINGAND EVALUATING PLANSAND PROGRAMSFORCRM

M&E is the fourth and a very critical phase of the CRM process as adapted forLocal Government Units (LGUs). Coastal municipalities and cities, having complet

to 3, need to monitor the implementation of their plans and programs as a basis fo

performance and planning future investments to improve implementation of CRM m

Figure 1.1.


17/106

Table 1.2. Illustrative questions for evaluation of typical CRM plans and program

Descriptionof area

Maps

Management

issues

Goals andobjectives

Is relevant and adequate information used to describe the coastal zone awaters?

Are municipal/city and barangay profiles complete?

Does the baseline assessment provide adequate data for M&E?

Are spatial data presented on maps? Are municipal water boundaries, marine sanctuaries, and other use zones

delineated with coordinates and displayed clearly in a map? Are coastal resource uses and conditions detailed?

Are the issues clearly articulated?

Is the process used to identify and prioritize the issues described?

What issues have arisen since the plan was implemented?

To what extent do the goals and objectives reflect the issues that have beeidentified?

Is the purpose of the plan understood by those who are likely to be affected

CONTENTSOFCRMPLAN

EVALUATIONQUESTIONS


18/106

Selecting monitoring indicators and methods. Monitoring programs should be d

track both process and results indicators. Process indicators are used to monitor governance aspects of plan and program implementation, including how and when

activities are progressing, how social processes (such as community organizing) a

proceeding, and whether there is adequate public participation by all stakeholders

planning and implementation. Results indicators are used to monitor the outcome

of these processes on behavior change and socioenvironmental conditions. While

important to keep track of process indicators, such as the number of

participants trained or of deputized fish wardens, these types of indicators donot provide any real measure of changes occurring as a result of implementing

various coastal management measures.

The use of impact indicators in M&E enables municipalities and cities to

determine measurable changes in socioenvironmental conditions from baseline co

coastal areas and, over time, resulting from the implementation of their plans and p


19/106

As one example, the unit of measure for living coral cover is percent living coral cov

can be determined using SCUBA or snorkel survey methods, depending on the water dwhere a 50-m transect line is used to estimate the percent of living coral over the sea b

(Uychiaoco et al. 2001). Several transects should be conducted during a confined time

order to average results and reduce variability of the estimate. Monitoring this particula

indicator is fairly technical, but coastal communities can be readily trained through par

coastal resource assessment (PCRA) methods to monitor changes in living coral cove

socioenvironmental indicators.

A combination of methods may be needed to conduct M&E of plans and programs

(Table 1.4). Secondary sources such as existing studies are a rich source of informatio

establishing baseline conditions and trends. Surveys, interviews, and consultations ma

used to provide data on the level of knowledge and support for CRM. PCRA is a valuab

that can be implemented by trained community members to provide quantitative and qu

data on socioenvironmental conditions. Regulatory monitoring, such as the number of f

licenses or volume of fish sold in markets, is also an important method that can be use


20/106

should be identified and formal agreements, such as Memorandums of Agreement

sustain M&E activities.

The completion of all M&E activities and preparation of the annual M&E report

timed so that the results can be used for annual programming and budgeting by th

its partner organizations. Monitoring activities should be completed by October or N

Introduction

Purpose and objectives

Indicators, methods, and sampling intervals

Tasks and activities according to CRM benchmarks

Responsible LGU offices and partner institutions

Schedule of activities

Data compilation and analysis

M&E report preparation

Table 1.5. Elements of a M&E plan for CRM.


21/106

cities by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), through its C

Resource Management Project (CRMP). See Table 1.6.

CERTIFYING MUNICIPALITY/CITY PLANSAND PROGRAMSFORCRMA CRM certification system has been developed and tested in response to the inte

commitment expressed by more than 700 coastal mayors to plan, implement, and mo

plans and programs for CRM as articulated in the League of Municipalities of the Philip

Resolution No. 01, Series of 1999, A resolution calling for the enactment/implementat

measures empowering the local government units for integrated coastal management.

Annual M&E report (use templates in Appendix C)

Updated MCD with appropriate tables, graphs, and lists printed

CRM plan and other supporting information and documents, such

as legislation passed or assessments conducted during the

report year

Table 1.6. Documentation needed for annual CRM M&E.


22/106

documents needed to evaluate the status of implementation. The CRM certificatio

maintained annually through M&E with the goal of achieving higher levels of certifictime.

As with international certification protocols, there may be a variety of benefits

accrue to municipalities and cities which plans and programs are certified for CRM

A CRM certification can serve as a roadmap for sustainable development program

provides a systematic monitoring system for the Philippine Medium-term Developm

goals and objectives for coastal and marine resources, which targets 250 LGUs akm of shoreline adopting integrated coastal management for the improved manage

municipal waters by the year 2004. Finally, CRM certification provides a framewor

prioritizing investments of local and national governments as well as foreign fundin

to CRM-certified municipalities and cities.

CRM certification in the Philippines was initiated in Regions 7 an

for replication in other regions. In September 2000, the Regional Dev


23/106

Serves as a catalyst and tool for planning and monitoring LGU investments in Cto restore and sustain benefits derived from coastal resources

Provides a vehicle for social mobilization in support of LGU initiatives in CRM

Serves as a basis for provincial LGU incentive or funding support programfor municipal CRM

Provides public recognition of exemplary performance of LGUs

Provides a framework for national government and foreign funding institutionsto prioritize certified LGUs for financial and technical assistance

Provides a systematic monitoring system for national Medium-termDevelopment Plan goals and objectives for coastal and marine resources

Establishes an institutional memory for CRM beyond political term limits

Forges a stronger partnership between national government agencies and LGU

Strengthens local coastal law enforcement

Uses information to boost compliance

Encourages self-assessment and continuous quality improvement

Table 1.7. Benefits of CRM certification.


24/106

RCRMC Committee

Encourages local government to conduct annual

M&E of CRM plans and programs

Reviews and validates PCRMC evaluation report

and municipal/city M&E report and supportingdocuments

Prepares RCRMC validation report and certifies

municipal/city CRM plans and programs by April ofeach year

Provides feedback on status of CRM and areas for

improvement to municipalities and cities Provides recognition and priority funding status to

certified municipalities at regional and national

levels

Submits PCRMC evaluation report and municipal/city M&E report and doc

for CRM certification to RCRMC Committee by February each year

Submits annual M&E reports received to maintain CRM certification by Jan

each year

Regional Coast

(DENRMaintains Regi

Database (RCDfiling system fo

municipality, an

Provides inform

management acoastal provinc

Inputs and conProvincial Coas

(PCD) and othe

Provides inform

national governmunicipalities,


25/106

USEFUL REFERENCESINPLANNINGAND IMPLEMENTING MONITORINGAND EVALUA

DENR, DA-BFAR, and DILG (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Dep

Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, and Department of the In

Local Government). 2001. Philippine coastal management guidebook series.Coastal

Management Project of DENR. Cebu City, Philippines.

Guidebook No.

1: Coastal management orientation and overview. 58 p.2: Legal and jurisdictional framework for coastal management. 170 p.

3: Coastal resource management planning. 94 p.

4: Involving communities in coastal management. 84 p.

5: Managing coastal habitats and marine protected areas. 106 p.

6: Managing municipal fisheries. 122 p.

7: Managing impacts of development in the coastal zone. 108 p.

8: Coastal law enforcement. 164 p.


26/106


27/106

M onitoring and eva

municipal/ city plans and progracoastal resource management in

five major


28/106

1. PREPARATIONOF DRAFT M&E REPORT

Key steps:

a. Plan and schedule M&E activities well in advance to allow participation and

of different stakeholders.

b. Organize and convene municipal/city Coastal Resource Management Tech

Working Group (CRM TWG). This group should preferably be composed o

who were earlier involved in the drafting of the municipal/city CRM plan. In

LGU staff, the TWG may include members of the community, the M/CFARand NGAs.

c. Review M&E guidelines.

d. Describe clearly the roles and responsibilities for each activity, and assign

office for each task. Develop activities that are related to each benchmark

Appendix A.

e. Describe in the M&E plan how data would be compiled, analyzed, manage

reported


29/106

3. VALIDATIONOF DRAFT M&E REPORT

Validate draft M&E report by implementing activities defined in the M&E activity plan. G

validation will involve:

1. an ocular inspection of the municipal waters and coastal zone to assess

CRM plan implementation and the impacts of development activities on

the environment;

2. focus group discussions, consultations with stakeholder groups,

interviews, and surveys to assess level of community support,

socioeconomic impacts, and issues that have emerged since the CRM

plan was first implemented; and

3. field assessments to evaluate socioeconomic impacts of CRM plans and prog

M&E activities prescribed for each benchmark are listed in Appendix A. Be sure that a

pertinent data and information gathered during M&E are properly recorded, compiled, a


30/106

5. PRESENTATIONOF M&E RESULTSTO STAKEHOLDERSAND MUNICIPAL/CIT

Documents that may be used to support evaluation results for each beare as follows:

To show that a CRM-related organization (e.g., FARMC) is rea

and functional, a list of members and sample minutes of meet

be attached.

To show that the LGU is regularly allocating budget, a graph sh

trend of budget allocation per year may be attached. This repogenerated from the MCD.

For marine protected areas, an ordinance declaring the area a

and a copy of the management plan may be included.


31/106


32/106


33/106

The CR M certification process consists of t

(1) R eview by the Provincial Coastal R esource Management Certification (PCRWork ing Gro

(2) Certification by the Regional CRM Certification (RCR


34/106

STAGE 1. PROVINCIAL REVIEW

1. ORGANIZINGTHE PCRMC TWG

The PCRMC TWG provides a mechanism to assist coastal municipalities and citie

evaluation of their CRM plans and programs. Members may include provincial repre

from the:

provincial government;

NGAs (DENR, DA-BFAR, DILG, and NEDA);

NGOs;


35/106

At a pre-arranged time, or upon submission by a predetermined number of municipaliti

cities of their M&E report, the PCRMC TWG, as a group, will review and evaluate the reworkshop may be conducted for this purpose. The templates in Appendix D may be rep

and used to prepare draft provincial evaluation report. Instructions for use of the templa

provided in the appendix.

If the TWG does not agree with the level of CRM implementation reported, it will inform

clearly stating the reasons. If additional information or documentation is required, it will

LGU with a clear description of required information or documentation.

3. VALIDATIONOF INFORMATIONANDDATA PROVIDEDINTHEMUNICIPAL/CITY M&REPORTS

If necessary, the PCRMC TWG will validate municipal/city M&E reports through site vi

Generally, this will involve:


36/106

STAGE 2. CERTIFICATIONBYTHE REGIONAL COMMITTEE

1. ORGANIZINGTHERCRMC COMMITTEE

The RCRMC Committee is chaired by the DENR Regional Executive Director and

the Regional Directors of DILG, BFAR, and NEDA, and representatives from NGOs

academic institutions. Other NGAs may be invited to sit on the committee, depend

thrusts and capacity of the region and agencies.

The review and certification process should


37/106

If the committee does not agree with the level of CRM implementation reported, it will in

PCRMC TWG, clearly stating the reasons. If additional information or documentation isrequired, it will provide the TWG with a clear description of required information or

documentation.

3. VALIDATIONOF INFORMATIONANDDATA PROVIDEDINTHE PCRMC EVALUATREPORT

The RCRMC Committee will validate municipal/city M&E reports through site visits. Ge

this will involve:

1. an ocular inspection of the municipal waters and coastal zone to assess plan

program implementation and the impacts of development activities on the coa

environment;

2. interviews and surveys to assess level of community support, socioeconomic

and issues that have emerged in coastal areas since plans and programs we


38/106


39/106


40/106

Review CRM plan

Assess status of plan implementation for the report year

Identify activities accomplished, not accomplished, lessonslearned, programming revisions, and resources needed

M

Review and analyze information and data from participatory coastalresource assessment or other biophysical and socioeconomic

assessments conducted by LGU, NGAs, NGOs, and academicinstitutions during the report year

Conduct underwater surveys to document baseline coastal habitatconditions and to measure changes over time

Conduct ocular inspections of coastal areas to document use

patterns and development activities

Conduct surveys, focus group discussions, and interviews to

assess socioeconomic conditions such as average householdincome, income derived from fishing or other CRM-related

activities, CRM issues

Coastalresource

assessment

Review and analyze budget line items allocated forAnnual CRM

CRMBENCHMARKS

M&E ACTIVITIES

Multi-year CRM

plan

2001

200120022003

APPENDIXA. ILLUSTRATIVE M&E ACTIVITIESFORMUNICIPALITY/CITYCRM PLANS


41/106

CRMBENCHMARKS

M&E ACTIVITIES

Review and analyze fisheries management measures

implemented from the CRM plan

Monitor catch per unit effort of municipal fisheries by compiling and

analyzing landed fish catch, number of registered/licensed

municipal fishers, gears and boats, level of fishing effort, andmarket survey reports (e.g., ticket sales, auxiliary invoices) for the

report year

Conduct surveys, focus group discussions, and interviews to

determine the effectiveness of fisheries management measuresand average catch per fisher per day for the report year

Fisheries

management

Review and assess the number and area covered by MPAs in CRM

plan

Assess status of implementation of MPA management planthrough surveys, focus group discussions, and interviews and

apply the MPA rating guide

Assess the LGU performance in supporting MPA management

through review of staff performance and budget allocated for MPAmaintenance

Conduct underwater assessment of living coral cover and fish

Marineprotected

areas

M


42/106

CRMBENCHMARKS

M&E ACTIVITIES

Identify and assess the status of enterprise development projects

for the report year in terms of status of implementation; number ofindividuals/households affected; nature and amount of benefits

derived from projects

Document positive and negative impacts of enterprisedevelopment activities on the coastal environment

Coastal

environment-friendly

enterprise

development

Assess the performance of coastal law enforcement units in termsof number of apprehensions, cases filed, and convictions

Assess the performance of coastal law enforcement units in terms

Coastal lawenforcement

C

Review and analyze resolutions and ordinances passed during thereport year and compare to local legislation identified in the CRM

plan

Conduct consultations with coastal law enforcement units todetermine difficulties in enforcing laws that can be remedied byintroducing or revising local legislation

Conduct surveys, focus group discussions, and interviews todetermine the level of awareness and support for CRM-related

local legislation

Local legislationC


43/106


44/106

OVERALL

REQUIREMENTS FORCRM CERTIFICATION

BY LEVEL

BENCHMARKCATEGORY

MUNICIPALITY/CITY BENCHMARKSFOR CRM

LEVEL 1:BEGINNING CRM

LEVEL 2:INTERMEDIATE CRMImplementation of CRM plans underway

with effective integration to local

governance

(2 - 5 years)

APPENDIX B. MUNICIPALITY/CITY BENCHMARKSFORTHETHREE LEVELSOF CRM.a


45/106

Level 1: Coastal environmental profile developed

Coastal environmental profile developed through secondcompilation and baseline assessment (e.g., PCRA, rap

scientific surveys) of coastal resources and socioeconomenvironmental conditions in coastal areas

Condition of fisheries, coastal habitats, and other resour

assessed

General socioeconomic condition of the municipality/city

Coastal database and information system established

Level 2: Monitoring plan developed and implemented for as

socioenvironmental conditions Monitoring plan for assessing biophysical and socioeco

developed to assess changes resulting from CRM plan

Biophysical and socioeconomic assessments conductedbasis for at least 2 years

Linkages with NGAs, NGOs, and academic institutions inmonitoring developed to assess conditions and use data

decisionmaking

Key indicators identified and highlighted in the monitorin

Coastal database/information management system est

Coastal resource assessment

Resource assessment isnecessary to describe the statusof habitats and fisheries and thesocioeconomic condition ofcoastal communities in themunicipality/city. The results ofcoastal resource assessment areused to plan short and long-terminterventions and monitor changesin socioenvironmental conditions.

BENCHMARK AND RATIONALE BENCHMARK DESCRIPTION

BASIC

REQUIREMENTS


46/106

Level 1: CRM-related organizations formed and active

M/CFARMC and at least 1 other CRM-related organizatio

Bantay Dagat, PO) formed and are active as evidenced

meetings (at least quarterly), trainings conducted, and aaccomplished

CRM related organizations


Level 1: Annual budget allocated for CRM

Annual municipal/city budget allocated for CRM and othfunding leveraged or secured in support of the CRM pla

Level 2: Financial and human resources assigned to CRM

Annual budget allocated and human resources assigne

activities

CRM budget allocated annually for at least 2 years, sup

other sources of funding for implementation, as needed

Trained CRM staff assigned to municipality/city with op

Level 3: Annual programming and budget sufficient to imp

Annual programming and budget allocated for at least 5 CRM unit established under MAO or CRM office with sta

Annual CRM programming

and budgeting

Annual and appropriate levels ofinvestment are needed to sustainlocal CRM plans and programs.Municipal/city CRM unit or officewith trained staff and operatingbudget is also needed to sustainefforts in implementation.


47/106

Level 1: Municipal water boundary delineated in accordan

prescribed guidelines Preliminary maps and technical description of municip

boundaries determined in accordance with prescribed

Inter-LGU discussions and workshops held to identify

issues in accordance with prescribed guidelines

Level 2: Municipal water boundaries adopted

Local ordinance enacted to establish municipal water

public review and consultation and certification by NAM

Level 3: Municipal water boundaries utilized as basis for L

and protection of small fishers preferential-use rights

Municipal water boundaries used for CRM and other azoning, law enforcement, regulation, taxation, etc.)

Small fishers enjoying preferential use of municipal w

Monitoring, control, and surveillance of activities condu

activities and destructive practices in municipal waters

Municipal water delineation

The delineation of municipal watersdefines the geographic extent of the

municipalitys/citys jurisdiction fortaxation or revenue generation, lawenforcement responsibilities,resource allocation, and generalmanagement powers. A municipality/city with delineated municipal waterscan ensure the protection of therights of its resident small fishers inthe preferential use of their territorialwaters.

BEST PRACTICES



48/106


Level 1: MPAs planned or established

Participatory processes involving coastal stakeholders

and planning initiated for the establishment of at least ocoral reefs, seagrass beds, other important coastal ha

Social acceptance for site selection sought

Site selection with baseline assessment conducted Management measures or plan drafted

Ordinance enacted or revised for establishment and mMPA

Level 2: MPAs managed and enforced

MPA management sustained for at least 2 years

Management body and plan finalized, adopted, and ac

community

Marker buoys and signs installed

Marine protected areas

MPAs, such as reserves,sanctuaries, and parks provideprotection and conservation ofcritical habitats and reef-associated fisheries. A well-planned and managed MPA leads tomarine biodiversity conservation

Level 3: Fisheries management measures sustained with

Regulatory mechanisms sustained for at least 5 years Number of municipal fishers regulated and limited

Improved compliance with fisheries regulations

Increased catch per unit effort

depleted fish stocks. Fisheries

management aims to improvefisheries productivity, equity in theuse of and access to resource base,and ecosystem integrity.


49/106


Level 1: Solid waste management system planned and init

National and local laws on solid waste management reorientation sessions conducted

Solid waste management board established

Waste segregation, minimization, collection, and dispoplanned and initiated

IEC conducted

Level 2: Solid waste management system operational

Solid waste management board active

Waste segregation, minimization, collection, and dispooperational

Inappropriate waste disposal sites in coastal areas ide

for mitigation and new site selection

Waste disposal sites designated to minimize impact on

Level 3: Solid waste management system effective and supositive impacts

Waste segregation, minimization, collection, and dispo

effective and monitored with measured reduction in wasdisposed

Solid waste disposed in coastal areas minimized

Solid waste management

Solid waste management, throughsegregation, volume reduction, andwaste minimization, is necessary toensure cleanliness in the coastalenvironment, particularly shoreline

and foreshore areas. Propermanagement and disposal of solidwaste minimize negative impacts tocoastal resources and protectpeople from diseases.


50/106


Level 1: Local legislation reviewed

Local CRM-related legislation reviewed and revised c

national policies and laws

Local ordinances proposed or drafted in support of mu

and specific regulatory and management measures

Public hearings and community consultations conduc

Level 2: Local legislation enacted and implemented supp

CRM-related local legislation enacted supporting CRMregulatory and management measures

Local legislation

Local legislation, in the form ofordinances provide the localexecutive branch with necessary

Level 2: Coastal environment-friendly enterprises succes

expanding Livelihood and enterprise development programs emp

coastal communities in nonfishing livelihoods or low-

that promotes conservation and sustainable use of co

Level 3: Coastal environment-friendly enterprises providi

socioeconomic and biophysical benefits

Livelihood and enterprise development programs resu

measurable socioeconomic benefits to fisherfolk/coa

and biophysical improvements in the condition of coa

Coastal environment-friendlyenterprises are implemented toaugment income of the fishers whilelimiting their access to the sea. Theyalso encourage stakeholderparticipation in different rehabilitationand conservation activities in themunicipality/city.


51/106


52/106

Thereare19templatesinth

isappendix:17benchmarkrep

forms(oneforeachbenchm

ark);1two-pagesummaryshe

and1M&Ereviewandapprovalsheet.Instructionsforus

thesetemplatesareprovide

dinappropriateplaceswithint

appendix.

Accomplis

hthefollowingbenchmarkreportformsfirst,asfollows:

1.

ProvideanarrativedescriptionofkeyCRMactivities,accomplishm

th

ereportyearbyansweringtheg

uidequestionsineachform.

2.

LGUperformanceforeachbenchmarkisratedbasedonasetofm

fo

reachlevel,withlevel3astheh

ighestrating.Todetermineratin

whichliststheminimumrequirementsforeachbenchmark.Tobe

th

eLGUmusthavecompliedwith

alltheminimumrequirementsf

previouslevels.Forexample,toberatedlevel2,itmusthavecom

re

quirementsforbothlevels1and

2.

IftheLGUdoesnotcompletetheminimumrequirementsforlevel

3.

In

dicateclearlyinthespaceprovid

edthelevelofCRMachieved.S

im

provementmustbeaddressedb

eforethenexthigherlevelcanb

4.

IfaparticularCRMbestpracticeis

deemednotapplicable(NA),p

justification.Forexample,amunicipality/cityhasnomangrovem

becausethereisnomangroveare

ainitsareaofjurisdiction.

BENCHMARKREPORTFORMS

INSTRUCTION

S

44444


53/106

MUNICIPALITY/CITY CRM MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Report Year: Municipality/City: Province: Region

Benchmark2

(See details in Appendix B)

M&E Results Narrative

(Describe activities conducted during report year/provide evidence to support certif

4

2

4

24

2

4

2

4

2

Describe activities undertaken to conduct coastal resource assessment, including training, mappiuses, issues, and municipal waters:

Summarize condition of coastal resources:

Summarize issues identified and priorities:

Describe activities undertaken to complete the environmental profile, including background infanalyzed, maps available, other municipal/city plans (e.g., CLUP, M/CMDP) reviewed:

Describe the current status of the information management system established to manage datamunicipality/city:

Coastal resource

assessment

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____


54/106



Benchmark(See details in Appendix B)

M&E Results Narrative(Describe activities conducted during report year/provide evidence to support certi

Multi-year CRM plan

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Yes _____ No _____

2001200

12002

2003

Provide a brief history of CRM initiatives of the municipality/city:

Describe the activities undertaken to draft the CRM plan, including establishment of TWG, commpublic hearings, and other activities:

Describe major programs/strategies stipulated in the plan:

Describe the current status of CRM plan adoption and implementation:

Describe the plan for biophysical and socioeconomic monitoring:

44444


55/106





4

4

4

44

4

4

44

4

Annual CRM programming

and budgeting

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Detail budget allocations and staffing levels for CRM in the municipality and city from the InterFund, and 20% Development Fund.


56/106





CRM-related organizations

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Yes _____ No _____

Describe activities and accomplishments of the M/CFARMC and other CRM-related organizati

44444


57/106





4

6

4

64

6

4

64

6

Shoreline/foreshoremanagement

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Describe shoreline/foreshore management initiatives, plans, and policies.


58/106






(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Yes _____ No _____

Describe efforts to delineate and enforce municipal waters.

44444


59/106



Benchmark



(Describe activities conducted during report year/provide evidence to support certi

4

884

884

8

Coastal zoning

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Describe status of coastal zoning efforts planned or initiated by the municipality/city.


60/106





Fisheries management

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Yes _____ No _____

Describe status of fisheries management measures planned or initiated by the municipality/city, fishers, licensing systems, closed seasons, and other management or regulatory measures.

55555


61/106



Benchmark




00000


(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Describe status and total hectares of MPAs planned or initiated in the municipality/city:

Indicate whether management plans and municipal/city ordinances exist for each MPA:


62/106





Mangrove management

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Yes _____ No _____

Describe status of mangrove management measures planned or initiated in the municipality/city

Indicate whether community-based forest management agreements or other management arra

5

2

5

25

2

5

25

2


63/106



Benchmark




22222


(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Describe status of solid waste management measures planned or initiated by the municipality/c


64/106





Upland/watershed

management

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Describe status of upland/watershed management activities planned or initiated in the municip

5

4

5

45

4

5

45

4


65/106



Benchmark




44444

Coastal environment-friendlyenterprise development

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Describe types and status of environment-friendly enterprises planned or initiated in the munic

Indicate the number of coastal stakeholders that will benefit or have benefited from these enterp



66/106





Local legislation

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Yes _____ No _____

Describe key applicable municipal/city ordinances drafted or passed, e.g., for adoption of CRM pordinance, establishment of marine protected areas.

Describe status of implementation of CRM-related ordinances.

5

6

5

65

6

5

65

6


67/106



Benchmark




66666

Coastal law enforcement

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Describe status of coastal law enforcement planned or initiated in the LGU:

Describe regional or provincial multi-agency collaborative efforts in which the LGU participated


68/106

5

8

5

85

8

5

85

8


69/106



Benchmark




88888

Multi-institutionalcollaboration for CRM

(check one)

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

MCD updated:

Describe multi-institutional mechanisms established by the municipality/city in support of CRM


70/106

Aftercompletingthebenchmarkreport

forms,determinetheoverallr

followingsummarysheet,asfollows:

1.

Copytheratingresultsinthespaceprovidedforeachbenchm

2.Afterallratingsarecopiedontot

hesummarysheet,determine

a.

Ifallbasicrequirementsareatlevel3andthereareatle

practicesatlevel3,theoverallratingislevel3;proceed

(b).

b.

Ifnobasicrequirementisratedlowerthanlevel2,andth

CRMbestpracticesatlevel2orhigher,theoverallrating

(3).Otherwisegoto(c).

c.

Ifnobasicrequirementisratedlowerthanlevel1andth

bestpracticesatlevel1or

higher,theoverallratingislev

overallratingispre-level1.Proceedto(3).

3.Recordoverallratinginthespaceprovided.

4.

Justifyself-ratingbyansweringguidequestionsonthesumma

SUMMARYSHEET

INSTRUCTIO

NS


6

0

6

06

0

6

0

6

0


71/106



SUMMARY SHEET

Overall rating

(municipality/city self-rating):

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

All guiding indicators in place with

evidence for benchmarks and supportingprocesses through field observation andin written form.

MCD updated.

All relevant supporting documents

Pre-level 1 Level 1

Basic requirements

Multi-year CRM plan



Annual CRM programming and budgeting

Shoreline/foreshore management

CRM best practices

Local legislation


Coastal zoning




Mangrove management



72/106

Provide overall justification for the CRM level of municipality/city based on self-rating:

Document lessons learned and experiences during the report year:

Describe key actions needed and proposed timeframe for achieving the next CRM certification le

Describe priority technical assistance and investments needed to further CRM initiatives of the m


6

2

6

26

2

6

2

6

2


73/106



M&E Review and Approval Sheet

M&E TWG members:

M&E participants (organizations/individuals)(organizations/individuals)(organizations/individuals)(organizations/individuals)(organizations/individuals):

M&E report prepared by: (M/CPDC, M/CAO, or M&E TWG chair)(M/CPDC, M/CAO, or M&E TWG chair)(M/CPDC, M/CAO, or M&E TWG chair)(M/CPDC, M/CAO, or M&E TWG chair)(M/CPDC, M/CAO, or M&E TWG chair) Date prepared:

M&E report adopted by Sangguniang Bayan/Panlungsod: (resolution no., title, and date of adoption)(resolution no., title, and date of adoption)(resolution no., title, and date of adoption)(resolution no., title, and date of adoption)(resolution no., title, and date of adoption)


74/106

Thereportmustbevalidatedthroug

hfieldassessment.(Referto

activitiesprescribedforeachbenchmark.)

Aftervalidating,finalizeM&Ereport

usingthesametemplatesfou

Fill

inandattachM&EreviewandapprovalsheettofinalM&Erep

SangguniangBayan/Panlungsodfo

radoptionthroughamunicipa

sub

sequentapprovalbythemunicipal/citymayor.Thereportand

maybesubmittedtothePCRMCTWGforendorsementtotheRC

R

EM

INDE

R


75/106


76/106

validationreport.Twoseparate3pagesummarysheetsto

filledupbythePCRMCTWG

andtheRCRMCCommitteea

alsoprovided.Instructionsfor

accomplishingthesetemplat

areprovidedinappropriateplaceswithintheappendix.

Accomplishth

efollowingbenchmarkreportformsfirst,asfollows:

1.

Revie

wmunicipal/cityM&Ereportand

supportingdocuments,notin

bench

mark.Performanceforeachbenchmarkisratedbasedonas

forea

chlevel,withlevel3asthehighe

strating.Todeterminethera

which

liststheminimumrequirements

foreachbenchmark.Tobera

munic

ipality/citymusthavecompliedwithalltheminimumrequirem

previo

uslevels.Forexample,toberatedlevel2,itmusthavecomp

forbothlevels1and2.

Ifthemunicipality/citydoesnotcompletetheminimumrequirement

level1

.

2.

Checkifthemunicipalitys/citysself-ratingissupportedbydocume

indica

teintheformthedocumentrequ

ired,andiffieldvalidationisd

itsfoc

us.

3.

NotedownthecertificationlevelthatthePCRMCTWGbelievesthe

achieved,asevidencedbythedocumentsalreadysubmitted.Indica

pendingthesubmissionofappropriate

dataordocumentationbyth

4.

Write

downinthecolumnprovidedthe

justificationforrating.Forpre

notac

hievingthebenchmarkshouldb

eidentifiedasdeficiencies;fo

justificationforattainmentofthatlevel

mustbeprovided,andmeritr

extrao

rdinaryachievements.Recomm

endationsshouldbegivenfo

abletoachievethehighercertification

level.

5.

Ifapa

rticularCRMbestpracticeisdeemednotapplicable(NA),pro

example,themunicipality/cityhasnomangrovemanagementprogr

mangroveareainitsareaofjurisdiction.

BE

NCHMARK

REPORTFORMS

IN

STRUCTIONS

PROVIN CIAL CRM CERTIFICATION EVALUATION REPORT1

Report Year: Municipality/City: Province: Region:

6

6

6

66

6

6

66

6


77/106

REGIONAL CRM CERTIFICATION EVALUATION REPORT


Benchmark2 Justification/Deficiencies/Merit Remarks3


Benchmark Concurrence with Provincial Evaluation Report/Comments

Concur with provincial rating? Yes __________ No __________

Remarks:

If no, explain why and state appropriate level:

Coastal resourceassessment

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Coastal resourceassessment

PROVIN CIAL CRM CERTIFICATION EVALUATION REPORT



78/106

REGIONAL CRM CERTIFICATION EVALUATI ON REPORT


Benchmark Justification/Deficiencies/Merit Remarks




Remarks:


Multi-year CRM plan

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

2001200

12002

2003

2001200

12002

2003

Multi-year CRM plan



6

8

6

86

8

6

86

8


79/106







Remarks:


Annual CRM programmingand budgeting

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Annual CRM programmingand budgeting




80/106


p p y y g





Remarks:


CRM-relatedorganizations

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

CRM-relatedorganizations



7

0

7

07

0

7

07

0


81/106


p p y y g





Remarks:



Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____





82/106






Remarks:


Municipal waterdelineation

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Municipal waterdelineation



7

2

7

27

2

7

27

2


83/106






Remarks:


Coastal zoning

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Coastal zoning




84/106






Remarks:



Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____




7

4

7

47

4

7

47

4


85/106






Remarks:



Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____





86/106






Remarks:


Mangrove management

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Mangrove management



7

6

7

67

6

7

67

6


87/106






Remarks:



Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____





88/106






Remarks:


Upland/watershedmanagement

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Upland/watershedmanagement



7

8

7

87

8

7

87

8


89/106






Remarks:


Coastal environment-friendly enterprises

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Coastal environment-friendly enterprises




90/106






Remarks:


Local legislation

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Local legislation



B h k2 J ifi i /D fi i i /M i R k 3

8

0

8

08

0

8

08

0


91/106






Remarks:



Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____






92/106






Remarks:


Revenue generation

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Revenue generation




8

2

8

28

2

8

28

2


93/106






Remarks:


Multi-institutionalcollaboration

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

N/A _____

Multi-institutionalcollaboration


94/106

Aftercompletingthebenchmarkreportform

s,fillinthefollowingthree-p

follows:

1.Copy

theratingresultsinthespaceprovidedforeachbenchmark

2.After

allratingsarecopiedontothesu

mmarysheet,determineov

a.

Ifallbasicrequirementsareatlevel3andthereareatleast

atlevel3,theoverallratingisle

vel3;proceedto(3).Otherw

b.

Ifnobasicrequirementisrated

lowerthanlevel2,andthere

bestpracticesatlevel2orhigher,theoverallratingislevel

Otherwisegoto(c).

c.

Ifnobasicrequirementisrated

lowerthanlevel1andthere

bestpracticesatlevel1orhigher,theoverallratingislevel1

ratingispre-level1.Proceedto

(3).

3.Reco

rdinthespaceprovidedthereco

mmendedcertificationleve

4.Justifytherecommendedcertification

levelbyansweringguidequ

thes

ummarysheet.Listdowninthespaceprovidedtherecomm

envir

onmentalinvestments,technica

ltrainingneeds,andpossib

assistance.

SUMMARYSHEET

INSTRUCTION

S

PROVINCIAL CRM CERTIFICATION EVALUATION REP


8

4

8

48

4

8

4

8

4


95/106


SUMMARY SHEET

Overall requirements forCRM certification by level

CRM Certification Level

(endorsed):

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

(Refer to instructions on previous page todetermine overall rating).

Pre-level 1 Level 1

Basic requirements

Multi-year CRM plan





CRM best practices

Local legislation


Coastal zoning




Mangrove management


BENCHMARK

PROVINCIAL CRM CERTIFICATION EVALUATION REP


96/106


Provide overall justification for the CRM level of municipality/city endorsed based on PCRMC TW

Based on municipal/city feedback and consultation, list priority environmental investments need

and possible sources, agencies, and organizations to provide technical and financial assistance.

Priority CRM technicalassistance and investment

needs of the LGU

BENCHMARK

8

6

8

68

6

8

6

8

6

DESCRIPTION OF REVIEW AND VALIDATION PROCESS:

1. Annual M&E report reviewed: Yes _____ No _____


97/106

2. MCD reviewed: Yes _____ No _____

3. CRM plan reviewed: Yes _____ No _____

4. Supporting documents submitted and reviewed: Yes _____ No _____

5. Field validation conducted: Yes _____ No _____

Municipality/city is recommended for CRM certification level: Pre-level 1 ______ 1 ______ 2 ______ 3 ___

Justification/deficiencies:

Certification endorsed by Provincial CRM Technical Working Group:

_________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _______

Member Member Member


98/106

RE

MINDER

FOR

PCRMC

TW

Ifadditio

nalinformationordocumentationisrequired,providethemu

formalcommunicationfromPCRMCTWG,acleardescriptionofrequ

documentation,andthetimeandmannerthattheinformationordoc

submitte

d.

Whenthemunicipality/cityhascomplied

withdocumentaryrequirem

itsM&Ereportiscompleted,finalizethep

rovincialCRMcertification

thesametemplatesfoundinthisappend

ix.Fillinrequireddataonp

sheetan

dhaveallmembersofthePCRM

CTWGsignthereport.En

report,a

longwithoriginalmunicipality/cityM&Ereportandsupportin

RCRMC

Committeeforcertification.

ThePCRMCTWGsrole

inCRMcertificationisrecom

decisionontheCRMcert

ificationleveltobegiventoe

citywillbemadebytheRCRMCCommitteebasedonit

ofthedocumentaryevide

ncesubmittedand,whereap

validationresults.

REGIONAL CRM CERTIFICATION VALIDATION REPO

8

8

8

88

8

8

8

8

8


99/106


SUMMARY SHEET

Overall requirements forCRM certification by level

CRM Certification Level

(approved):

Pre-level 1 _____

Level 1 _____

Level 2 _____

Level 3 _____

(Refer to instructions on previous page to

BENCHMARK

Municipal/CIty ProRating R

Basic requirements

Multi-year CRM plan





CRM best practices

Local legislation


Coastal zoning







100/106

p p y y g


Overallrequirements forCRM certification

by level

CRM certification level in provincial evaluation report accepted? Yes _____ No _____

Remarks:



9

0

9

09

0

9

0

9

0


101/106



Technicalassistance and

investment needs

RCRMC Committee actions to source technical assistance and funding to priority needsRCRMC Committee actions to source technical assistance and funding to priority needsRCRMC Committee actions to source technical assistance and funding to priority needsRCRMC Committee actions to source technical assistance and funding to priority needsRCRMC Committee actions to source technical assistance and funding to priority needsof the municipality/city:of the municipality/city:of the municipality/city:of the municipality/city:of the municipality/city:

DESCRIPTION OF REVIEW AND VALIDATION PROCESS:

1. Provincial CRM certificat ion evaluation report reviewed: Yes _____ No _____

A l M E i d Y N


102/106

2. Annual M&E report reviewed: Yes _____ No _____

2. MCD reviewed: Yes _____ No _____

3. CRM plan reviewed: Yes _____ No _____

4. Supporting documents submitted and reviewed: Yes _____ No _____

5. Field validation conducted: Yes _____ No _____

Municipality/city is certified for level: Pre-level 1 ______ 1 ______ 2 ______ 3 ______

Justification/deficiencies:

Regional CRM Certification Technical Working Group:

_________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _______


9

2

9

29

2

9

2

9

2

Certification approved by Regional CRM Certification Committee:


103/106

_________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _______

Committee Chair Member Member

_________________________ _________________________ ______________________


Date of certification: __________________________


104/106

RE

MINDER

FOR

RCRMC

COM

Ifadditio

nalinformationordocumentationisrequired,providethemu

formalcommunicationtothePCRMCTW

G,acleardescriptionofre

docume

ntation,andthetimeandmanne

rthattheinformationordoc

submitte

d.Validatereportthroughfielda

ssessmentifnecessary.

Whenth

emunicipality/cityhascomplied

withdocumentaryrequirem

itsM&E

reportiscompleted,finalizetheRCRMCvalidationreportu

template

sfoundinthisappendix.Fillinrequireddataonthesumma

membersoftheRCRMCCommitteesign

thereport.

Prepare

theCRMcertificationusingthep

rototypeprovidedinthisap

certificatesignedbytheDENRRegionalExecutiveDirector,andse

withacopyoftheRCRMCreport,tothe

concernedmunicipality/city

WhentheRCRMCCom

mitteehascompletedthev

PCRMevaluationrepor

tandhasmadeafinaldecis

CRMcertificationleveltobegiventoamunicipality

decisioncannotberevo

kedorcontested.


105/106


106/106

Monitoring and Evaluation of Plans and Programs for Coastal Resource Management

Documents

Transcript of Monitoring and Evaluation of Plans and Programs for Coastal Resource Management