Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices
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Transcript of Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices
Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices
„Monitoring is commonly defined as the process of gathering
information about state variables at different points in
time for the purpose of drawing inferences about changes
in state (Yoccoz et al. 2001), whereas an indicator is defined
as a metric that represents that state. Biodiversity
indicators can be straightforwardmetrics, such as relative
abundance of species, or they can be composite metrics
that combine data from a number of different monitoring
programs (Collen et al. 2009).“
Jones et al. 2011: Conservation Biology 25, pp. 450-457
CBD Article 7: I & M
CBD Article 7: I & M
CBD Article 7: I & MEach Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate, in particular for the purposes of Articles 8 to 10: (a) Identify components of biological diversity important for its conservation and sustainable use having regard to the indicative list of categories set down in Annex I; (b) Monitor, through sampling and other techniques, the components of biological diversity identified pursuant to subparagraph (a) above, paying particular attention to those requiring urgent conservation measures and those which offer the greatest potential for sustainable use; (c) Identify processes and categories of activities which have or are likely to have significant adverse impacts on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, and monitor their effects through sampling and other techniques; and (d) Maintain and organize, by any mechanism data, derived from identification and monitoring activities pursuant to subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c) above
CBD Article 7: I & M
Annex I. Identification and Monitoring
1. Ecosystems and habitats: containing high diversity, large numbers of endemic or threatened species, or wilderness; required by migratory species; of social, economic, cultural or scientific importance; or, which are representative, unique or associated with key evolutionary or other biological processes;
2. Species and communities which are: threatened; wild relatives of domesticated or cultivated species; of medicinal, agricultural or other economic value; or social, scientific or cultural importance; or importance for research into the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, such as indicator species; and
3. Described genomes and genes of social, scientific or economic importance.
CBD Programmes
CBD COP decisions[1 identify research needs
· improvement of basic knowledge and understanding of biodiversity and its components; · improvement of monitoring systems;· improvement of measures of biodiversity· improvement of biodiversity valuation· improvement of models of change in biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services· improvement of understanding of thresholds· development and refinement of indicators suitable for monitoring biodiversity at the global, regional, national and local levels· improvement of taxonomic knowledge· understanding of ecosystem function and services and their relation to human well-being
[1] Research needs expressed in the COP decisions have been summarized by the Institute for Biodiversity (ibn, www.biodiv.de). This information is available from the German Clearing-House Mechanism (CHM), see: http://www.biodiv-chm.de/konvention/fol412327
Indicators according to CBD Decision VIII/15
Indicators according to CBD Decision VIII/15
Indicators according to CBD Decision VIII/15
Sustainable Tropical Forest Management
Sustainable Tropical Forest Management
Early representations of wildlife
Basic monitoring schemes:
collection of specimens
... or observation:
Presence data !
• scientific name• locality (+ lat/lon)• date
Species concepts
morphological species concept:A species is a community, or a number of related communities, whose distinctive morphological
characters are ... sufficiently definite to entitle it, or them, to a specific name.” biological species concept
AA species is a group of interbreeding natural populations unable to successfully mate or reproduce with other such groups, and which occupies a specific niche in nature.”
phylogenetic species concept “A species is the smallest aggregation of populations (sexual) or lineages (asexual) diagnosable
by a unique combination of character states in comparable individuals”
We intuitively recognize a species as a group of closely similar organisms, such as humans, horses or carrots. The scientific definition has varied historically, but one that is often cited
today is 'a group of morphologically similar organisms of common ancestry that under natural conditions are potentially capable of interbreeding.'
Development of species descriptions
New Species Descriptions
Spektakulärer Fund aus der Tiefsee: Neue Haiart entdeckt
und wissenschaftlich beschrieben von Dr. Nicolas Straube, Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM):Straube N., Duhamel, G., Gasco N, Kriwet J & Schliewen UK(2011) Description of a new deep-sea Lantern Shark Etmopterusviator sp. nov. (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from the SouthernHemisphere. In: The Kerguelen Plateau: marine ecosystems andfisheries G Duhamel & D Welsford D eds.), Société Francaised`Ichthyologie, pp 137-150
Etmopterus viator Straube et al. 2011
How many Species on Earth?Erwin´s Estimate
based on fogging data
Fogging at the Hainich Forest, Germany. Courtesy: Andreas Floren, University of Würzburg
How many Species on Earth?
5 – 30 million species?
Only 1.7 million described...
How many Species on Earth?Erwin´s Estimate
based on fogging data from 19 Luehea seemannii trees (Panama), yielding 1,100 beetles
Based on Erwin, T & Scott, JC (1982): Coleopterist´s Bulletin 34, 305and data from May, RM (1986): Nature 324, p. 514
1601,100+TOTAL
5596Scavengers
71069Fungivores
155296Predators
14020682Herbivores
Est. Number of host-specific species
Estimated fraction host-specific (%)
Number speciesTrophic group
How many Species on Earth?Erwin´s Estimate cont´d:
from 160 host-specific species of canopy beetles to 30 million arthropod species in total
1. Beetles represent 40% of known arthropods: 400
2. Canopy 2xrich as forest floor 600
3. 50,000 tropical tree species (600x50,000): 30 million
www.dorsa.de
Insect diversity in tropical forests
Guess-timates from fogging the canopy: 30 million (Erwin 1982) - 80 million (Stork 1988)
Consensus: 5 million - Ratio described/undescribed: 1:3
.... but how can insect diversity be
mapped or monitored, if most species
don´t even have a name?
Undescribed/described species
Present Extinction Rates: Current Estimates
Suppositions:•50 % species localised (endemics)•Extinction rate co-varies with forest destruction
(habitat specialists, destruction massive)• 5 million species on Earth (conservative!)
0.5 x 5,000 000 x 0.007 = 17,500 species per year
(0.007: forest destruction rate per yr)
(E.O. Wilson 1990s)
Keine Klimafolge: Neuartiges Artensterbenim 50-Jahre Takt ab 1850, Waldwiese in
Thüringen:oligotrophente Futterpflanzen erloschen.Ausstellung Berliner Sammlungen nach E. Mey
Pursuit of the smallest game...
TYPES OF TOMORROW
Cerace diehlii Heteroc. Sumatr. 12(3): 155-161
Chironomus sp. WOC
Eneoptera sp.
Deutsche Orthopteren Sammlungen - www.dorsa.de
Countries of origin of Orthoptera type material deposited in German museums
GBIF –the Global Biodiversity Information GBIF –the Global Biodiversity Information Facility- Facility- was established to redress the
inequality of data distribution
Developing WorldDeveloping World
BiodiversityBiodiversity
Biodiversity Biodiversity DataData
Developed WorldDeveloped World
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
GBIF facilitates „Data Papers“
but: GBIF coverage still insufficient: see groms.gbif.org
Distribution:Expected area
OutlineOutlinepolygonpolygondistributondistributon(cheetah)
Point distribution Point distribution (Eurasian lynx) Chance observation Kills
Raster cell distributonRaster cell distributon(Iberian lynx) Occupied Not occupied
Area of occupancy
Presence/absence data
Advanced monitoring schemes:
Databases for single individuals: otters, gorillas, whales....
Humpback fluke identification photos can be catalogued with information about the date and time of the sighting, pod composition, travel direction, and presence / absence of a calf. More than two thousand humpback whales have been individually identified in the North Pacific.
Advanced monitoring schemes:
Movement tracks (satellite telemetry)
Ciconia ciconia - White stork
appr. 10,000 data points (1991-2003, MPI Ornithology:Berthold et al.)
New technologies:
RadarRadio/Satellite/GPS telemetry
Genetic fingerprinting/bar-coding
Isotope markers
Phototraps
Acoustic monitoring
Movebank - http://www.movebank.org/
Movebank
Bioacoustic monitoring
WWF Living Planet Index
The LPI is the average of three separate indices measuring changes in abundance of
555 terrestrial species,
323 freshwater species
267 marine species
around the world. LIVING PLANET REPORT 2004
WWF Living Planet Index
The LPI is the average of three separate indices measuring changes in abundance of
555 terrestrial species,
323 freshwater species
267 marine species
around the world.
LIVING PLANET REPORT 2004
Calculating the Index
The Living Planet Database (LPD) holds time-series data for over 10,000 populations of more than 2000 vertebrate species from around the world.The global LPI is calculated using over 7000 of these population time-series which are gathered from a variety of sources such as journals, online databases and government reports.
http://www.zsl.org/science/research-projects/indicators-assessments/calculating-the-index,1227,AR.html
Behind the LPI: the GPDD at NERC (Natural
Environment Research Centre) http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/cpb/research/patternsandprocesses/gpdd
Behind the LPI: the GPDD at NERC (Natural
Environment Research Centre) http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/cpb/research/patternsandprocesses/gpdd
Behind the LPI: the GPDD at NERC (Natural
Environment Research Centre) http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/cpb/research/patternsandprocesses/gpdd
The IUCN Red List currently comprises conservation
assessments for nearly 50,000 species. Around 60% of these
are vertebrates.
The Sampled Red List Index (SRLI)
The Sampled Red List Index is an adaptation of the IUCN Red List Index (RLI), which is based
on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is an indicator of the relative rate at
which the conservation status of certain species groups change
over time.
How is the SRLI calculated?
Red List Index scoresIn a nutshell, the SRLI uses weight scores based on the Red List status of each of the sample species.
These scores range from 0 (Least Concern) to Extinct/Extinct in the Wild (5).
Summing these scores across all species and relating them to the worst-case scenario - where all species are extinct - gives us an indication of how biodiversity is doing.
Repeating the assessments over time will then allow us to see whether the extinction risk of biodiversity is overall increasing, decreasing or staying the same.
Red List Calculation For example, this can be seen in the picture at the top of the page which shows the RLI for all birds as calculated by Birdlife Internation in collaboration with the IUCN.
Tipping points – H. Mooney, Diversitas 2009
Stock data are monitored for economically important species...
Catch data: Hunting, Whaling and Fishery
http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3env100y/env/ENV100/hum/cod.htm
From: The Collapse of the Canadian Cod Fishery , WebCT Courses at University of Toronto
Canadian Cod (Gadus morhua, North Atlantic pop)s FisheryRed List: VU; CMS: NL
WWF Living Planet Index
The LPI is the average of three separate indices measuring changes in abundance of
555 terrestrial species,
323 freshwater species
267 marine species
around the world.
LIVING PLANET REPORT 2004
Hungarian monitoring scheme
International Red List CriteriaEX
EWCRENVU
DD
NE
THREATENED
EXTINCT
...but only mammals and birds were sufficiently evaluated!
Global Amphibian Assessment
The GAA assessed threat status and distribution for each of the
5,743 amphibian species known to science.
More than 520 scientists from over 60 countries contributed to the three-year study.
Results provide a baseline for global amphibian conservation, and will be used to design strategies to save the world’s rapidly declining amphibian populations
The Panamanian golden frog is one of roughly 110 species of harlequin frog (Atelopus), many of which are dying out. Although this species still
survives, its numbers have fallen significantly.
35 EXTINCT/EW
427 CriticallyEndangered
EuMon Search for insect monitoring schemes