Monitorin g Report - BiNET...
Transcript of Monitorin g Report - BiNET...
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This document is the result of a joint effort by the: Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Finance (Finance Division and Economic Relations Division) Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (Food Division and DMR Division) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry of Industries Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LG Division and RDC Division) Ministry of Planning (Planning Division, Statistics and Informatics Division and IMED) Ministry of Primary and Mass Education Ministry of Social Welfare Ministry of Water Resources Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs
Coordinated by the
FPMU, Food Division Ministry of Food and Disaster Management
with technical support from the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP)
ISBN 978‐984‐33‐5416‐7
Published by FPMU, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management. For copies/update on the Monitoring Report please contact: DG, FPMU – Khadya Bhaban, 16 Abdul Ghani Road, Dhaka‐1000; [email protected]
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Table of contents _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Table of contents ........................................................................................................................... iii Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... iv Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... ix Executive summary ........................................................................................................................ xi 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. Approach to monitoring ......................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Outcome/impact monitoring ........................................................................................................ 4 2.2. Output monitoring ........................................................................................................................ 4 2.3. Input monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.4. Institutional monitoring ................................................................................................................ 5
3. Progress towards NFP goals and outcomes ............................................................................. 7 3.1. NFP goals ...................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2. Objective 1 outcomes ................................................................................................................. 10 3.3. NFP Objective 2 outcomes .......................................................................................................... 18 3.4. NFP Objective 3 outcomes .......................................................................................................... 23
4. Availability: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs ....................................................... 29 4.1. Programme 1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension .................................................................................................................................... 29 4.2. Programme 2: Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes ........ 35 4.3. Programme 3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility ......................................................... 38 4.4. Programme 4: Fisheries and aquaculture development ............................................................ 44 4.5. Programme 5: Livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production ............. 47
5. Access: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs .............................................................. 51 5.1. Programme 6: Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture, and non‐farm incomes .............................................................................................................................................. 51 5.2. Programme 7: Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of the NFP and CIP actions .................................................................................................................................. 57 5.3. Programme 8: Enhanced public food management system ...................................................... 61 5.4. Programme 9: Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets ......................................................................................................................................... 67
6. Utilization: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs ........................................................ 73 6.1. Programme 10: Community based nutrition programmes and services ................................... 73 6.2. Programme 11: Orienting food and nutrition programmes through data ................................. 80 6.3. Programme 12: Food safety and quality improvement ............................................................. 85
7. Food security and CIP financing ............................................................................................ 90 7.1. Recent trends in food security in the National Budget .............................................................. 90 7.2. Financing of the CIP .................................................................................................................... 91
8. Overall assessment and recommendations ......................................................................... 106 8.1 Overall assessment .................................................................................................................... 106 8.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 107
Annexes ...................................................................................................................................... 111
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Acronyms ADP Annual Development ProgrammeADW Alternate Drying and WettingAI Artificial InseminationAIS Agriculture Information ServiceANC Antenatal Care AoI Area of InterventionATIs Agricultural Training InstitutionsBADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development CorporationBARD Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development BARC Bangladesh Agricultural Research CouncilBARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research InstituteBAU Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityBB Bangladesh BankBBF Bangladesh Breastfeeding FoundationBBS Bangladesh Bureau of StatisticsBCC Behavioural Change CommunicationBCIC Bangladesh Chemical Industries CorporationBDHS Bangladesh Demographic and Health SurveyBFDC Bangladesh Fisheries Development CorporationBFRI Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute BIHS Bangladesh Integrated Household SurveyBINA Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear AgricultureBIRDEM Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes,Endocrine
and Metabolic DisordersBJRI Bangladesh Jute Research Institute BLRI Bangladesh Livestock Research InstituteBMDA Barendra Multipurpose Development AuthoritiesBMS Breast Milk Substitutes BRDB Bangladesh Rural Development BoardBRRI Bangladesh Rice Research InstituteBSRI Bangladesh Sugarcane Research InstituteBSTI Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute BWDB Bangladesh Water Development BoardCARS Centre for Advanced Research in SciencesCBN Cost of Basic NeedsCD Cooperative DepartmentCDC Centres for Disease ControlCED Chronic Energy DeficiencyCFPR Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty ReductionCIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement CenterCPI Consumer Price IndexCPRC Chronic Poverty Research Center
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CIP Country Investment Plan : A Roadmap Towards Investment in Agriculture, CMNS Child and Mother Nutrition SurveyCNU Child Nutrition UnitsCSISA Cereal Systems Initiative for South AsiaCSOs Civil Society OrganizationsDAE Department of Agricultural ExtensionDAM Department of Agricultural MarketingDAMA Department of Agricultural Marketing and Agribusiness DCI Direct Calorie IntakeDDP Desirable Dietary PatternDEI Dietary Energy IntakeDES Dietary Energy SupplyDGFP Directorate General of Family PlanningDGHS Director General of Health Services DoF Department of FisheriesDoForestry Department of ForestryDLS Department of Livestock ServicesDMB Disaster Management BureauDPHE Department of Public Health EngineeringDPs Development PartnersDRF Development Result Framework (of the 6th FYP)DRR Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation DSS Department of Social Services DU Dhaka UniversityDWA Department of Women AffairsECRRP Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project EGP Employment Generation ProgrammeEEP Economic Empowerment of the PoorestERD Economic Relations DivisionEU European UnionFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFCT Food Composition TablesFPMC Food Planning Monitoring CommitteeFPMU Food Planning and Monitoring UnitFPWG Food Policy Working GroupFSNSP Food Security Nutritional Surveillance ProgramFYP Five Year Plan GAFSP Global Agriculture and Food Security ProgramGAM Global Acute MalnutritionGHP Good Hygienic PracticesGDP Gross Domestic ProductGIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GoB Government of BangladeshGMP Good Manufacturing PracticesHACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
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HFSNA Household Food Security and Nutrition AssessmentHIES Household Income and Expenditure SurveyHILIP Haor Infrastructure and Livelihood Improvement Project HKI Helen Keller InternationalHPNSDP Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development ProgrammeHSDP Health Sector Development ProgrammeIAPP Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project IEC Information, Education and CommunicationIDA Iron Deficiency AnemiaICDDR,B International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh ICN International Conference on NutritionIDD Iodine Deficiency DisordersIEDCR Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research IFA Iron Folate SupplementationIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPC International Plant Protection ConventionIPH Institute of Public HealthIPHN Institute of Public Health and NutritionIPM Integrated Pest ManagementIMCI Integrated Management of Childhood IllnessIMED Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation DivisionINFS‐DU Institute of Nutrition and Food Science – Dhaka University IYCF Infant and Young Child FeedingJCS Joint Cooperation StrategyLCG‐AFSRD Local Consultative Group on Agriculture, Food Security and Rural
Development LGD Local Government DivisionLGED Local Government Engineering Division MAPP Micro‐enterprise and Agricultural Promotion ProjectMCHTA Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts AffairsMICS Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveysMoA Ministry of AgricultureMoC Ministry of CommerceMoEF Ministry of Environment and ForestsMoFDM Ministry of Food and Disaster ManagementMoFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family WelfareMoI Ministry of IndustriesMoLGRD Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and CooperativesMoP Muriate of PotashMoWR Ministry of Water Resources MoSW Ministry of Social WelfareMoU Memorandum of UnderstandingMoWCA Ministry of Women and Children AffairsMTBF Medium Term Budgetary Framework
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NAPA National Adaptation Programme of ActionNARS National Agricultural Research SystemNC National CommitteeNCD Non Communicable DiseasesNCHS National Center for Health StatisticsNFP National Food PolicyNFP PoA National Food Policy Plan of ActionNFNP National Food and Nutrition PolicyNPAN National Plan of Action for Nutrition NGOs Non Governmental OrganizationsNNP National Nutrition ProgrammeNNS National Nutrition ServicesNSAPR National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty ReductionNSPS National Social Protection StrategyNWG Nutrition Working GroupOMS Open Market SaleOP Operational PlanORS Oral Rehabilitation PA Project AssistancePMO Prime Minister’s OfficePoA Plan of Action PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy PaperRDA Rural Development AcademyRDCD Rural Development and Cooperatives DivisionRDRS Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service REACH Renewed Efforts Against Child HungerREOPA Rural Employment Opportunities for Public AssetsSAAOs Sub‐Assistant Agricultural OfficersSAM Severe Acute MalnutritionSFYP Sixth Five Year PlanSMART Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time‐bound SMILE Sustainable Market Infrastructure for Livelihoods Enhancement SPA Strategic Partnership ArrangementSPRING Strengthening Partnerships, Results and Innovations in Nutrition GloballySRDI Soil Resource Development Institute SSN Social Safety NetSUN Scaling Up NutritionTAT Technical Assistance TeamTLS Truthfully Labeled SeedsTSP Triple Super PhosphateTTs Thematic TeamsTVET Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingUSG Urea Super GranuleWFP World Food Programme
Foreword
The Government of Bangladesh is firmly committed to the progressive realization of the right to food, as enshrined in the Constitution. The National Food Policy (2006) outlines a comprehensive strategy through increased food availability, food access and nutrition. Its Plan of Action (2008‐2015) is a set of prioritized and coordinated actions and targets towards NFP goals, while the Country Investment Plan 2011 states the corresponding investment requirements in line with the Sixth Five Year Plan and the Millennium Development Goals. At the May 2010 Food Security Investment Forum, this framework received the endorsement and support of the Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, in recognition of its role for the realization of the Electoral Manifesto of the Awami League and the Vision 2021. Food security for all can be achieved most rapidly through a coordinated and sustained effort between the Government, development partners and civil society. This entails the regular monitoring of achievements against targets. The Monitoring Report 2012 is the latest iteration of this process, following the one published in 2010. It jointly monitors commitments in all three documents: the NFP, the PoA and the CIP. The production of the Monitoring Report 2012 was led by the Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU) of the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management in consultation with 17 partner ministries/divisions, and technical assistance from FAO under the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Program (NFPCSP) and financial support from EU and USAID. Overall, the Monitoring Report 2012 indicates that Bangladesh is becoming a more food secure, better nourished and healthier country. However, progress has been uneven. Food is more readily available in the country, but many people still need to access it in adequate quantity, quality, diversity and regularity. The CIP has achieved substantial results in scaling up food security interventions: the budget is now 9.1 billion USD of which 5.2 billion are already financed. Of the total financed, the government contribution is 3.3 billion USD (63%) and the remaining 1.9 billion (37%) is the contribution of Development Partners. Moreover, as of June 2011, a total of 1.75 billion USD had been pledged by the donor community to cover the 3.9 billion USD residual gap. While progress towards filling the financial gap is satisfactory, the rate of implementation of funded projects needs to be scaled up. Monitored policies lead to more effective policies. With this in mind, I trust this Monitoring Report will be widely read and its recommendations will provide a basis for upcoming activities of the Government, development partners and civil society who share an interest and heartfelt desire to eradicate food insecurity in Bangladesh. Dhaka, 5 July 2012
Dr. Muhammad Abdur Razzaque, MP Minister
Ministry of Food and Disaster Management
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Executive summary Progress towards NFP goals The overall goal of the NFP is to ensure dependable sustained food security for all people of the country at all times. Progress has been encouraging, most notably on under‐5 underweight and under‐5 stunting for which the targets set for 2015 appear achievable. For undernourishment, given the trend observed from the limited information available, the target does not appear achievable without additional efforts. Quite satisfactory is the progress toward the targets for poverty and food security set in the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework of the SFYP. Indeed, all the indicators ‐rate of growth of agricultural GDP, government spending on social protection, poverty, real wages and under 5 underweight‐ have moved in line with the targets. Progress towards NFP outcomes Availability: Food supply has been steadily growing with limited volatility of rice production. The limited increase in rice import dependency registered in 2010/11 is only a result of the significant imports carried out by the GoB for stabilizing domestic supply. The main constraint to improved availability is highlighted by the lack of significant progress in diversification but rather a marginal rise in the share of rice value added in total food value added. Recommendations include:
Further promoting intensification, sustainability and resilience of rice production in response to a rising demand in the context of high population and income growth.
Adjusting interventions to favour more diversified food production, including promotion of investments in processing and marketing.
Investments in agricultural research to tackle risks associated with climate change and promoting the valorization of unused land in coastal areas.
Updating/implementing policies on sustainable management of natural resources. Facilitating agricultural mechanization in the context of increasing labour scarcity.
Access: A committed focus and continuity in anti‐poverty policies by successive Governments over the last 20 years has led to sustained decline in poverty with people having become less poor and extreme urban poverty having sharply dropped. However, gender‐based food insecurity persists with women earning substantially less than men. On the whole, real wages expressed in rice terms increased significantly, while food prices rose faster than other prices. Recommendations include:
Further implementation of legal protection against gender‐based and other types of discrimination, promotion of social inclusion, and strengthening of rights‐based institutions.
A more equitable growth pattern to accelerate food insecurity reduction. Ensuring that poverty is also measured using the Direct Calorie Intake (DCI) method in the Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) so that food access in Bangladesh can be more accurately assessed.
Mainstreaming interactions between migration and food access into policies and programmes.
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Utilization: While the trend in diversification is limited in terms of production, it is more encouraging in terms of consumption although the dietary energy supply coming from cereals is still above the recommended 60%. There has also been improvement in the chronic energy deficiency of women, but the incidence of overweight is steadily rising. Children receiving a minimum acceptable diet reduced over the period under review, although this is partly due to the adoption of a stricter definition of complementary feeding diversity. Consumption of adequately iodized salt has declined. Anemia in pregnant women has decreased although it remains a severe public health problem. Recommendations are to:
Mainstream nutrition in agricultural and key sectoral policies and programmes. Focus policy targets on maternal malnutrition. Devise strategies for reducing iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women. Maximise the impact of poverty reduction on nutrition by integrating food security, livelihoods, social protection, health care practices and nutrition interventions.
Translate policies into practice, by strengthening the existing institutional set‐up for multi sectoral coordination and reinforcing the planning process, resource allocation and committment by all partners.
Output monitoring: CIP Programmes and associated NFP PoA Areas of Intervention Sustainable and diversified agriculture: The development of new varieties has been steady over the years for rice. Over the recent years, development for vegetables, oil seeds and fruits has been more dynamic than for wheat, maize, potato and pulses varieties. Farmers’ training declined in 2010/11 after three years of growth. The share of rice on the total area cropped and share of rice area planted with HYV have increased with a positive impact on productivity and self sufficiency. Overall, most major crops had a positive production performance in 2010/11. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Focus on coordinated, problem solving and integrated research. Undertake agro‐ecological zone‐based research to face impacts of climate change. Scale‐up agricultural research funding to allow a ‘technological breakthrough’. Strengthen linkages among research, extension, education and farmers.
Water and irrigation: Coverage of irrigation has continued expanding albeit at a slower pace than in the early 2000s. At the same time, the groundwater level fell significantly in 2010. The share of irrigation on boro production cost declined slightly. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Approve and implement key legislation and policy documents. Improve efficiency and reduce irrigation costs while ensuring sustainable use. Accelerate the promotion of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater irrigation. Develop agro ecology differentiated water management systems. Modernize existing irrigation and water management systems and community participation.
Inputs and soil fertility: Production of improved cereal seeds has been volatile in recent years. Yet, supply of improved seeds for foodgrain as a proportion of agronomic requirements has
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been increasing. However, the supply of non‐cereal seeds is far from adequate. Fertilizer supply has increased and become more balanced in recent years. Yields have risen for most crops, steadily for cereals. Finally, agricultural credit disbursement surged, reflecting Bangladesh Bank’s decision to scale‐up credit supply in order to boost agricultural production. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Train farmers on quality seed production and strengthen capacities of seed producing and certifying institutions.
Establish inter‐institutional coordination in development and promotion of new varieties.
Strengthen existing trainings on balanced fertilization, further promote use of USG technology and organic fertilizers and strengthen fertilizer quality control.
Fisheries and aquaculture: Fish production increased consistently in recent years and largely exceeds population growth. Yet, the share of fisheries on total agricultural GDP has remained static. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Replace brood stocks and adopt selective breeding. Develop community‐based co‐management that ensure sustainable wetlands and productive fisheries and meet the needs of resource users and other stakeholders.
Support affected fisher communities during fishing ban periods. Monitor shrimp farm development, ensure quality and boost productivity of this sector. Strengthen the Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation.
Livestock development: As in the case of fisheries, the value produced in the sector continues to grow but at a pace not sufficient to exceed the growth of the crops subsector, preventing a significant diversification of food production. Repeated outbreaks of avian influenza contributed to this result. At the same time, artificial insemination, a key factor for improving livestock breeds, slowed down in 2010/11 but showed an overall satisfactory progress since 2007. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Develop public–private partnerships in diversified vaccine production and marketing. Use crossbreeding through progeny testing to improve local cattle and adopt initiatives to improve local goats.
Strengthen biosecurity in poultry farms as well as in slaughter houses and live poultry markets.
Scale up formulation of initiatives and budget allocation in the livestock sub‐sector. Strengthen livestock research institutions, including Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute.
Review policies on dairy and dairy products to provide adequate incentives to local producers as well as to protect the consumers.
Access to markets and value addition: No clear trend was observed in the markup of retail on farm gate prices in the past four years. On the input side, the proportion paid by farmers above dealer prices for fertilizer has remained constant. Growth centres, rural markets and Union Parishad Complexes developed by LGED have multiplied steadily. The gender wage gap remains
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at about 40%. The small scale manufacturing has steadily grown at a rate above that of agricultural GDP. Finally, the number of students in Technical and Vocational Education and Training continues to increase. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Develop adequate storage and processing to increase value addition and reduce waste. Maintain quality in rural infrastructure development and integrate rural infrastructure development with safety net programmes.
Promote farmers’ organization in marketing farm products. Narrow the gender wage gap. Develop technical skill adapted to the specific needs of the country. Scale up agricultural credit disbursements.
Implementation and monitoring of the NFP and CIP: In the first year of CIP implementation, 90 new projects were initiated, valued at 1,863 million USD out of a total additional financing of 2,170 million USD. Implementation, however, appears slower than required, as indicated by a delivery of just 51% of the budget available for the financial year 2010/11. The Government’s institutional arrangements are operating for implementing, coordinating and monitoring the NFP PoA and CIP, with TT meetings regularly held. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Institutionalise the annual monitoring process, promoting a sustainable consolidation of the related capacity.
Enhance timeliness and coverage of the information supplied by all relevant stakeholders (GoB, DPs, etc.) for the CIP monitoring.
Streamline the monitoring process and results in GoB’s and DPs’ programming principles and priorities.
Take into account civil society’s perspectives and experiences in the monitoring process. Scale up and strengthen implementation capacities.
Public food management: In view of the increased volatility of foodgrain prices in the domestic and international markets, the Government is scaling up its capacity to stock foodgrains. As expected, the Government has procurement less in years of high or increasing prices and more in years of low or declining prices, with a main exception in 2008 when large procurement was needed to replenish the stock. Except for 2009, when prices plunged, farmers’ incentives, in terms of domestic wholesale price relative to cost of production, have been preserved. Finally, OMS have been moving counter‐cyclically relative to market prices and have been substantially scaled up during the price surge of 2010‐11. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Flexibly adjust procurement price, source (domestic vs. international), in light of the changing conditions determined by the high price volatility.
Develop a better understanding of impacts of alternative procurement modalities (time of price announcement, procurement of rice versus paddy, etc.) on procurement effectiveness and of the parameters required for food operation planning.
Speed up the identification, formulation and financing of programmes to enhance food management and build related capacities.
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Introduce a country‐wide computerized food stock/storage monitoring system. Develop an effective early warning food information system.
Effective safety nets: Spending on social safety nets relative to GDP has increased steadily between 2008/9 and 2010/11 with the coverage of households benefiting from at least one social safety net substantially increasing. On the one hand, the scale of VGF and GR reduced while OMS (through Fair Price Cards) increased. On the other hand, the scale of the VGD programme remained constant. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Finalise the National Social Protection Strategy. Scale up graduation models. Place greater priority on productive (rather than relief based) safety nets. Stabilise access to food through timely safety net provision in lean seasons and during shocks.
Ensure livelihoods are resilient to climate change through adapted safety nets.
Community‐based nutrition: Exclusive breastfeeding has expanded and the target (50%) has been achieved. A decline in home gardening has been observed in 2011. Diversification of consumption has moderately improved, while acute malnutrition (wasting) has improved but severe wasting deteriorated. Some progress is registered in antenatal coverage. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Further strengthening IYCF practices, in line with international norms and codes. Develop and promote recipes for safe and nutritious complementary foods building on local knowledge.
Seek to reduce child stunting and maternal anemia through improved complementary feeding and consumption of protein and micronutrient rich foods, respectively
Expand home stead gardening to homestead farming to leverage benefits for nutrition. Strengthen micronutrient supplementation and food fortification, as necessary
Data for improved nutrition: A small decline in behavior change communication activities was registered over 2009‐2011. In the meantime, desirable dietary patterns are in the process of being established and food composition tables updated. A number of sources on food security and nutrition exist but need to be coordinated and harmonized in methods and indicators. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Monitor impacts of food security and nutrition interventions. Update Food Balance Sheets. Implement food based dietary guidelines to inform relevant policies. Enhance the human and institutional capacities of NNS and other line directorates with the responsibilities for delivering nutrition services/interventions.
Devise a more efficient media communication strategy for nutrition. Food safety and quality: Only 64 out of 143 enlisted foods are certified. A decline in prevalence of diarrhea is observed and almost universal coverage of safe water supply for domestic use has been reached. Access to tube well facilities is increasing, although further efforts are needed
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since many are suspected to be contaminated by arsenic. Thus, the percentage of population having access to safe drinking water, which now stands at 87% still needs to be increased. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:
Finalize a food safety and quality policy and action plan. Promote healthy street food vending. Improve Information, Education and Communication/Behaviour Change Communication programmes on food safety and safe food practices.
Set up food borne disease surveillance systems and strengthen food safety inspection systems.
The CIP 2012: financial input monitoring The CIP currently has a budget of about 9.1 billion USD which is already financed for more than 5.2 billion. This compares to a total CIP 8.2 billion USD in 2011 with 3.1 billion USD financed. In the financial year 2010/11, funding for public investment in agriculture, food security and nutrition thus increased by almost 2.2 billion USD. In this year, 35% of the financing was provided by donors compared to 49% in 2009/10. As of June 2011, a total of 1.8 billion USD had been pledged by the donor community to cover the residual gap now estimated at 3.9 billion USD. Although filling the financial gap so far has gone according to plan, the large pipeline of projects requires an acceleration of implemention and increased attention to subprogrammes lagging behind. The monitoring exercise In preparing the Monitoring Report 2012: National Food Policy Plan of Action and Country Investment Plan (CIP), a results‐oriented monitoring approach was adopted, coherent with the national planning processes in place, namely the national MDGs and the SFYP results framework. A four‐level results chain was defined whereby NFP goals are articulated into outcomes/impacts that are expected to result from outputs, which are in turn generated from inputs. Monitoring indicators have been chosen at each level, within the data available, against SMART criteria: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time‐bound. These provide targets, baselines and proxy indicators for performance.
Institutional framework for monitoring Bangladesh has a composite institutional structure for food security and nutrition that provides coordination at different levels, including for monitoring. This includes at its top the Food Planning and Monitoring Committee (FPMC) which provides strategic orientation on food security issues and establishes a high‐level commitment to inter‐sectoral collaboration. The National Committee (NC) is tasked with overseeing CIP implementation and monitoring processes. The Food Policy Working Group (FPWG) is the mechanism for coordinating collaboration at the technical and operational level through the four Thematic Teams (TTs) that carry out the monitoring process of the NFP PoA and the CIP consistently with monitoring of progress towards MDG1. The FPMU provides support to the unified framework. In addition to this, GoB agencies involved in running programmes pertaining to the CIP (over 30) as well as the DPs provide inputs towards the CIP financial monitoring.
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1. Introduction The policy framework The National Food Policy (NFP) endorsed by the Food Planning and Monitoring Committee (FPMC) and thereafter approved by the Cabinet in August 2006, provides strategic guidance on the way to address the key challenges facing Bangladesh in achieving food security in all its dimensions, including food supply and availability, physical, social and economic access to food, as well as nutrition/utilization of food, as embedded in its three core objectives:
NFP Objective 1: Adequate and stable supply of safe and nutritious food NFP Objective 2: Increased purchasing power and access to food of the people NFP Objective 3: Adequate nutrition for all individuals, especially women and children
The overall goal of the NFP is to ensure dependable food security for all people at all times. The NFP Plan of Action (PoA) translates the provisions of the NFP towards achieving its three core objectives into 26 strategic Areas of Intervention (AoI), priority actions to be undertaken in the short term, medium term and long term over the period 2008‐2015, identifies responsible actors (government and non‐government) and suggests a set of policy targets and indicators for monitoring progress. The document also provides a set of guidelines regarding inter‐ministerial coordination, sectoral planning and budgeting, with a view to promoting implementation effectiveness. It also gives an outline of the strategy for monitoring progress. The Bangladesh Country Investment Plan: A road map toward investment in agriculture, food security and nutrition (CIP) is a five‐year (2011‐2015) comprehensive plan that aims to ensure sustainable food security. It is a country‐led planning, fund mobilization and alignment tool. It supports increased, effective public investment to increase and diversify food availability in a sustainable manner and improve access to food and nutrition security. Its interventions also aim to mobilize investment by smallholders and other private sector food security actors. The CIP was originally developed in 2010 and discussed in the Bangladesh Food Security Investment Forum held in Dhaka on 26th and 27th May 2010 with the inauguration of the event by H.E. the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. It was further developed through a wider consultation process involving main stakeholders in government, civil society and development partners that resulted in the publication of a revised version in June 2011. The CIP has been conceived as a living document and the monitoring exercise contributes to keeping it updated, based on progress against its results’ framework and needs emerging from a changing context. The CIP is anchored in the policy, programmatic and financial framework of Bangladesh: (i) it is the investment arm of the National Food Policy (NFP, 2006) and its Plan of Action (PoA, 2008‐2015); (ii) it is embedded in the Sixth Five Year Plan (SFYP); (iii) it is a strong advocacy and financial tool for increased resource allocation from the budget (through the Government process) and Development Partners (DPs) in the context of the Joint Cooperation Strategy
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(JCS).The CIP benefited from the commitment expressed at the national level in support of food security and nutrition materialized in the Scaling up Nutrition Movement (SUN). The CIP provides a coherent set of 12 priority investment programmes to improve food security and nutrition in an integrated way. Introducing the monitoring exercise The effective implementation of NFP depends, among others, on the establishment of an effective monitoring system that enables policy‐makers to timely assess progress towards the achievements of NFP goals, objectives and specific sectoral targets and to take appropriate action on this basis. This important requirement guided the formulation of the National Food Policy Plan of Action (PoA) and is reflected in the National Food Policy Plan of Action (2008‐2015) Monitoring Report 2010 which among others, served to inform the Government of Bangladesh in the elaboration of the CIP. The monitoring framework of the CIP has been built upon the NFP PoA monitoring framework and the monitoring of the NFP PoA and the CIP has embedded under Programme 7 of the CIP. Given the complexity of jointly monitoring the NFP PoA and the CIP, a ‘Roadmap for producing the 2011 CIP and NFP PoA Monitoring Report’1 was elaborated over the summer 2011 by the NFPCSP Technical Assistance Team, in consultation with the Thematic Teams (TTs) and the FPMU. The document was presented and discussed with the TTs and FPMU staff during a training workshop on ‘Monitoring Food Security Framework in Bangladesh’ held in September 2011. The workshop refined the approach, indicators and the monitoring responsibilities and enabled participants to be effectively involved in the monitoring exercise as a learning process to independently and sustainably carry out the monitoring process. Description of this report The Monitoring Report of the CIP and NFP/PoA captures the progress towards results identified in the PoA and CIP result frameworks, as well as the evolution of financial delivery and commitment in food security for the period July 2010 ‐ June 2011, the fist financial year following the one used as baseline for the CIP. The report begins by describing the approach taken to monitoring. Indeed, monitoring two documents jointly has required careful thinking on how to organize the exercise to ensure adequate coverage. Progress towards the NFP Goals, the NFP Objectives reflected in the CIP outcomes, i.e. availability, access and utilization, pointing out issues and policy challenges is then given. For each NFP Objective, outputs are then scrutinized assessing progress in the indicators and providing an overview of policy developments/programmes under way and needs for further action. The following section describes general financing of food security by the GoB and then turns specifically to the progress in the financing of the CIP. The report ends with an overall assessment of progress and recommendations based on the analysis carried out.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 1 http://www.nfpcsp.org/agridrupal/content/roadmap‐producing‐2011‐cip‐and‐nfp‐poa‐monitoring‐report
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2. Approach to monitoring A results‐oriented monitoring approach has been adopted, coherent with the national planning process in place, and the targets fixed in the national MDGs and SFYP results framework. A four‐level results chain has been defined, whereby the NFP goal is articulated into outcomes/impacts that are expected to result from outputs, which are in turn generated from inputs2. This is shown in Figure 1 and described below: 1. Outcomes/impacts correspond to the three objectives of the NFP, which are the intended
improvements in food security and nutrition. Outcome/impact indicators are mostly composed of aspects of food security and nutrition that are not under the control of any individual implementing agency. The CIP and PoA share the same expected outcomes/impacts, and so a common set of indicators is used to evaluate them.
2. Outputs are medium‐term development results that interventions seek to produce. The CIP has outputs linked to its 12 programmes, with 40 prioritised sub‐outputs under these. For the PoA, its 26 Areas of Intervention (AoIs) define the output level. Output indicators capture factors that are to a large extent under the control of implementing agencies.
3. Inputs into the CIP are the financing and financial execution of the projects by the government and donors. Inputs into the PoA are more multidimensional, flagging more than 300 action/strategic actions lines ‐and the relative financing through the Government budget‐ that can be served by one or more programmes or policy decisions, as well as one or more implementing actors.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 2 In the CIP, the terms used for the monitoring have not followed the United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG) terminology. Indeed, emphasis has been given to coherence with existing strategic documents and particularly with the NFP PoA and its first Monitoring Report, given that the CIP and the NFP PoA (2011) will be monitored together. It is thus essential that same terms refer to the same monitoring level for the sake of clarity.
Figure 1.CIP monitoring levels
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Monitoring indicators, at each of inputs, output and impact levels, have been chosen, to the extent possible given data availability, against SMART criteria: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time‐bound. These provide targets, baselines and proxy indicators for performance.
2.1. Outcome/impact monitoring Because the outcome/impact level is common to both documents being monitored, progress at this level is evaluated through a common set of indicators. Efforts to streamline the indicators that had been used for monitoring of the NFP PoA were made, substantially reducing the total number of indicators.
2.2. Output monitoring The CIP is a prioritized coverage of the AoIs in the NFP PoA which called for some streamlining of the indicators use for the monitoring of the NFP PoA in 2010. This means that the CIP is narrower in its breadth3 and that some important outputs of the NFP PoA may not be simply reflected in the indicators selected for the CIP monitoring. The list of indicators proposed for the monitoring of progress at the output level of the CIP and NFP PoA is therefore the result of:
i) an effort to streamline the output level indicators selected for the NFP PoA monitoring exercise in 2010;
ii) an effort to reflect the thinking and consensus reached during the extensive consultations with the many stakeholders of the CIP;
iii) a methodical examination of all the AoIs of the NFP PoA to ensure that the proposed indicators will cover all of them.
To this effect, the first step was to define a set of SMART output indicators for each of the CIP programmes, using the output indicators of the NFP PoA Monitoring Report 2010. The second step was to match the CIP programmes to the NFP PoA AoIs. The latter were all found to have been covered, largely speaking, by the CIP4. Having carried out this matching exercise, specific areas of the NFP PoA not covered by the indicators selected for the CIP were identified and appropriate indicators added to the list of indicators to be monitored to ensure full coverage of both the CIP and the NFP PoA in this report. Annex 1 presents the result of this exercise with the list of output indicators to be used for the joint monitoring of the CIP and NFP PoA. The CIP programmes are shown with the corresponding AoIs of the NFP PoA. These are monitored together using the indicators listed in the column ‘CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators’.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 3 There is one exception: Programme 7 of the CIP (Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP) is not covered by the NFP PoA, for obvious reasons. 4 Conversely, as mentioned above, the NFP PoA does not cover all the CIP Programmes (see Programme 7).
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2.3. Input monitoring In order to gauge delivery performance at the action level, as in the NFP PoA Monitoring Report 2010, the present analysis highlights recent/planned programmes or policy developments considered most representative of the move towards the achievement of the policy targets. The inputs level monitoring of the CIP regards the financing and financial execution of the entire Programme. This involves:
The updating of ongoing projects relevant to the CIP (this includes projects completed since the production of the CIP);
The updating of GoB needs for funding; The updating of DPs current and future commitments.
This exercise has resulted in an updated version of Tables 4.1 to 4.6 included in the CIP published in June 2011, which are now replaced by Tables A.3.2 to A.3.5 of this monitoring report. Thus, the monitoring exercise does not merely constitute an occasion to take stock of the progress in implementation, it also provides the opportunity to update the CIP as is expected for a ‘living document’5. Though the PoA does not correspond to a specific budget, inputs for the implementation of its actions are provided as part of the annual budget of the Government. For this reason the monitoring of the CIP budget (financing and execution) is complemented by a review of recent trends in food security spending in the National Budget, which includes both the investment and the current (revenue) expenditure. 2.4. Institutional monitoring Bangladesh has a composite institutional structure for food security and nutrition that provides coordination at different levels, including for monitoring (Figure 2). This includes at its top the Cabinet level Food Planning and Monitoring Committee (FPMC), chaired by the Food Minister and with membership of various Ministers and Secretaries. This Committee provides strategic orientation on food security issues and establishes a high‐level commitment to inter‐sectoral collaboration. The National Committee (NC) also chaired by the Food Minister is composed of the Secretaries of the various concerned divisions, Heads of Universities/Research Institutions, DPs, private sector and other NGOs. Among other things, it is tasked with overseeing CIP implementation and monitoring processes. The Food Policy Working Group (FPWG) is the mechanism for coordinating collaboration at the technical and operational level through the four Thematic Teams (TTs)6 that carry out the monitoring process of the NFP PoA and the CIP consistently with monitoring of progress towards MDG1.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 5 GoB (June 2011) Bangladesh Country Investment Plan – A road map towards investment in agriculture, food security and nutrition p. 1. 6 Annex 2 provides the structure and list of Ministries/agencies participating in the TTs.
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The FPMU provides support to these institutions acting as the secretariat of the various Committees and providing technical and operational support to the FPWG and TTs. In addition to this, GoB agencies involved in running programmes pertaining to the CIP (over 30) as well as the DPs provide inputs towards the financial monitoring section.
Figure 2. Institutional framework
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3. Progress towards NFP goals and outcomes 3.1. NFP goals The overall goal of the NFP is to ensure dependable food security for all people of the country at all times. Progress towards the NFP goal is monitored using three proxy indicators, all referring to nutritional wellbeing. This is in line with the GoB’s comprehensive approach to food security as reflected in the NFP and in the CIP. In this approach, the final outcome of food security is improved nutrition of all, including the most vulnerable segments of the population. Thus, adequate nutritional wellbeing is considered to be the only sufficient condition for food security, while adequate access and availability are seen as necessary but not sufficient per se to ensure food security. Agreed targets exist for the three indicators as part of MDG and national planning processes, and these targets are adopted for NFP and CIP monitoring. Table 1. NFP goals and SFYP indicators relating to food security SFYP indicator and
NFP goal 2007/08 (PoA
baseline)
2008/09 2009/10 (CIP/SFYP baseline)
2010/11 Target 2011 Target 2015 Source
NFP & CIP Goal
Undernourishment7 26.8% (2005‐7)
26.3% (2006‐8)
25.8% (2007‐9) na na 19 %
(MDG ‐1) FAO, SOFI
Underweight (0 to 59 months ‐ with using WHO standards)
41% na na 36% na 33% (MDG ‐1) BDHS
Stunting (0 ‐59 months)
43%
na na 41% na 38%
(revised 2016 HPNSDP target )
BDHS
Sixth Five Year Plan – Development Result Framework for poverty, agriculture, food security and rural development8
Rate of growth of agricultural GDP in constant prices9
3.00% 3.97% 5.24% 5.24% 5.0% 4.3% BBS,
Yearbook of Agricultural
Government spending on social protection as % of GDP
na 2.25% 2.52% 2.64%10 2.0% 3.0% Finance Division, MoF
Poverty headcount index (CBN upper poverty line)
40.1% (2005) na 31.5%
(2010) na 29.7% 29% (MDG1) BBS, HIES Report
Change in national wages expressed in kg of rice (3‐year moving average)
‐8.11% ‐1.38% 5.71% 7.73% 7.16%
(GDP growth + 0.5)
≥ GDP growth + 0.5
BBS Statistical Yearbook
(wages) and DAM (prices)
___________________________________________________________________________________ 7 The status of persons, whose food intake regularly provides less than their minimum energy requirements. The exact requirement is determined by a person’s age, body size, activity level and physiological conditions such as illness, infection, pregnancy and lactation (http://www.fao.org/hunger/en/) 8 The indicator underweight for children under five years of age is also included the SFYP Development Result Framework. 9 The agricultural GDP includes crop, horticulture, fishery and animal products, but excludes forestry. 10 The figure included in the DRF was an estimated one: 1.7%.
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The overall assessment is that there has been encouraging progress, most notably on under‐5 underweight and under‐5 stunting (Table 1) for which the targets set for 2015 appear achievable, if the current pace of decline is sustained (NIPORT, 2012)11. For undernourishment12, inter‐nationally comparable indicators are only available with a three‐year delay, making an assessment of the more recent situation difficult. However, considering the trend observed in the recent past and projecting it linearly over the seven years between 2008 and 2015, the target does not appear achievable without additional efforts13. The concern is also expressed by the Bangladesh Progress Report 2011 for the MDGs14. Analysing DCI poverty, a measure of incidence of undernourishment, from various HIES, the report states that: ’Bangladesh, in all likelihood, may not meet its target of halving the proportion of the population below the level of dietary energy consumption by 2015’. The slight decline in undernourishment, whether measured by FAO or by BBS through the DCI method, contrasts with the steep decline in poverty measured by BBS using the Cost of Basic Needs method. Rapid reductions in income poverty have not resulted in reduced undernourishment. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 11 NIPORT (2012) BDHS Preliminary Report 2011 p.32 12 FAO defines undernourishment as the proportion of the population whose dietary energy consumption is less than a pre‐determined threshold. This threshold is country specific and is measured in terms of the number of kilocalories required to conduct sedentary or light activities. The undernourished are also referred to as suffering from food deprivation. 13 In the GoB 2009 and 2011 MDG Progress Reports, the baseline for undernutrition (Target 1.C, indicator 1.9a ‐Proportion of population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption (1805 Kcal)) is 28% and the target 14%. The latest available information however, is drawn from the BBS HIES 2005, as the HIES 2010 report does provide an update of this indicator. If the very marginal improvement observed between 2000 and 2005 is anything to go by however (a mere 0.5 percentage point drop), the target will be difficult to achieve. If a trend similar to that observed for poverty (‐21.3%) and extreme poverty (‐29.9%) in the period 2005‐10 is assumed for undernourishment, then the undernourishment target would appear reachable. However, such an assumption may be questionable given the much lower progress observed for undernourishment between 2000 and 2005 (20.0% to 19.5%) than for poverty (48.9% to 40.0%). 14 GoB (2012) The Millennium Development Goals. Bangladesh Progress Report 2011: p22, General Economic Division, Bangladesh Planning Commission
Box 1. Why we cannot do without official estimates of DCI poverty In its HIES 2010, BBS did not report estimates of the population incidence below a minimum calorie intake. Does this matter? Official analysis of HIES 2010 reports poverty estimates using only the Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) method and not the Direct Calorie Intake (DCI) method. This is a problem for monitoring food security: Indeed, the CBN poverty measure is based on food and non‐food expenditure, and therefore is an indirect measure of what people actually eat. A more direct method is simply to quantify foods that people consume and to convert this into a calorie equivalent – which is what the DCI method does. This has the advantage of capturing calorie consumption from all entitlements, whether through market, community or public sources and independently from the way people decide to spend their income. It allows monitoring of calorie intake adequacy which may not be perfectly correlated to income adequacy.
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Possible hypotheses to explain this include: 1/ undernourishment is not confined to the poor, which might occur if recent reduction in poverty resulted in many people being only just above the poverty line; 2/ poor households do not proportionately increase food consumption with increased income, i.e. the elasticity of nutrient consumption is less than one with respect to income, as shown in earlier empirical studies in Bangladesh15. In any case, it is evident that the CBN method, whilst useful as an overall poverty measure, is not an adequate food security measure as it only captures the access dimension. Accordingly, as BBS did not publish the DCI measure of poverty from the HIES 2010 unlike for previous HIES rounds, whether the relation between undernourishment and poverty significantly changed over the recent past cannot be assessed. The divergent movements in undernourishment and poverty underscore the need to strengthen nutrition interventions under the food utilization pillar of the NFP as well as in a cross cutting manner along all the other dimensions. Table 1 also reports on the indicators included in the Development Result Framework of the SFYP for poverty and food security. In addition to children’s underweight, four indicators are considered with targets specified for 2011 and 2015. Available information shows satisfactory progress against the targets. In particular, the rate of growth of agricultural GDP in the last two years has been above both the 2011 and 2015 targets stated in the SFYP16. Government spending on social protection has been steadily rising, reaching 2.64% in 2010/2011. The poverty headcount is not available for 2011, but the 2010 BBS estimate points to a significant reduction of poverty since 2005: ‐8.6 percentage points or a 21.3% decline. Characteristics of this shift in poverty, as described in section 3.3., include the fact that poor people have become less poor and that extreme urban poverty has sharply dropped. Overall, considering the current level of poverty and the growth elasticity of poverty between 2005 and 2010, the target of halving the incidence of poverty by 2015 appears achievable17. The decline in poverty was accompanied by an increase of the rice wage significantly above the target, reflecting an improvement in purchasing power which is expected to facilitate access to food. The improvement in the real income of wage earners has taken place at a time of high food inflation, which reached a peak of 14.4% in April 2011, mainly as a result of upward pressures on non‐rice food prices18. The rapid increase in the rice wage reflects an increasing scarcity of labour, which could be signalling the end for Bangladesh of a labour market able to supply infinite amounts of labour at subsistence wage. While this may be perceived as a step closer to reaching middle‐income status, it also signals the emergence of a new dynamic in the labour market with potential impacts on the competitiveness of labour intensive productive
___________________________________________________________________________________ 15 See Ogundari, K. and A. Abdulai (2012) A Meta‐Analysis of the Response of Calorie Demand to Income Changes Paper presented at the Conference of the International Association of Agricultural Economists, August 18‐24, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil (http://purl.umn.edu/123287) 16 At the time of developing the CIP monitoring framework, the interim SFYP target of 5% has been adopted. The figure in the SFYP was revised to 4.3% which was also changed for the CIP monitoring. 17 GoB (2012) Op. cit. p.16. 18 By mid‐2012 however, inflation had dropped to 9.15% mainly as a result of the decline in food inflation (to 7.46%) itself led by the decline in rice prices.
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activities beyond the agricultural sector ‐the garments sector in particular. This calls for reinforced policy attention to the price wage dynamics and its linkages with labour productivity. 3.2. Objective 1 outcomes
3.2.1. Assessment Food availability is Objective 1 of the NFP. Adequate and stable supply of safe and nutritious food is the first necessary condition for food security. Progress towards NFP Objective 1 is assessed on the basis of changes in the agricultural GDP in constant prices as an aggregate measure of supply19. Stability and import dependency are measured with reference to rice considering data availability and the role of rice in the country’s food security. The share of rice on food value added is used as an indicator of diversification with a reduction of the rice share indicating an increase in diversification. Table 2. NFP Objective 1: selected performance indicators
Indicator 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Target Source
Rate of growth of agricultural GDP in constant prices20 3.00% 3.97% 5.24% 5.24% 4.40% BBS website21
Rice import dependency22 (3‐year moving average) 2.40% 4.30% 1.40% 2.50% 0% FPMU/MIS, BBS
Instability of rice production23 4.09% 3.69% 4.07% 3.38% 0% Yearbook of Agricultural
Statistics, BBS
Share of rice value added in total food value added in current price 41.5% 43.1% 42.2% 42.9%p Decreasing
over time
Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics, BBS and
communications with BBS
Rate of growth of agricultural GDP in constant prices Food supply growth is expected to exceed the 4.40% target in 2010/11. Indeed, BBS estimates agricultural GDP growth in 2010/2011 at 5.24% which is almost identical to 2009/10, but significantly higher than levels in previous years. This positive performance is due to the combined increase in crop and other productions. Favourable weather conditions, a relatively ___________________________________________________________________________________ 19 Monitoring adequacy and stability of food supply is challenging because of data limitations. For example in the case of the wheat the comparison as of 2010 of consumption as per the HIES (26g per day per capita) with total wheat availability (imports + production) yields a huge differential, with supply being three times more than consumption. This clearly questions the suitability of the available information for calculating consistent food balance sheets. 20 The agricultural GDP includes crop, horticulture, fishery and animal products, but excludes forestry. 21 http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/GDP_2011.pdf 22 Imports/ (net production+ imports – exports) 23 Measured by the coefficient of variation of the difference between annual production and its 10‐year rolling linear trend.
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effective management and distribution system of seeds and fertilizers, as well as an increase in agricultural credit brought about a substantially higher production of crops, especially aman and boro rice, wheat and potato. The livestock and fishery subsectors also experienced steady growth rates, as result of continued investments and absence of new major disease epidemics, though the persistence of avian influenza and other disease has prevented faster growth. Rice import dependency Until the early 1990s, the Government adopted a policy of self sufficiency shifting to a policy of self reliance from 1993. This approach worked well, as shown by the limited impact on domestic availability of the disastrous 1998 and 2004 floods, thanks to the prompt reaction of the private sector in importing food grains available on the international markets24 (Figure 3).
However, the major food price crises experienced in 2007‐2008 as a result of domestic and international climatic events coupled to the restrictions on exports put in place by major exporting countries, challenged the validity of this approach (Deb et al., 2009)25. A widespread concern emerged in Bangladesh regarding the reliability of the international market as a source of supply for rice at time of crises. In this context, the incumbent Government pledged to achieve ‘food26 self sufficiency’ by 2013 in its electoral manifesto. In 2010/11, rice import dependency remained relatively low (2.5% as three year average), but increasing significantly relative to the previous year (1.4%) though remaining well below the record levels registered in the aftermath of the food crises (4.3%). Figure 3 shows that in 2010/11, rice was mainly imported by the public sector. The decision to supply the public food distribution system by importing rather than by procuring domestically during the aman season
___________________________________________________________________________________ 24 Self‐reliance implies importing food from the world market when international prices are lower than domestic prices. 25 Deb, U.K. M. Hossain and S. Jones (2009) Rethinking food security: self‐sufficiency or self reliance, BIDS Policy Brief 26 Although this is the term commonly used, it is to be understood as foodgrain and specifically rice rather than all foods.
Figure 3. Rice imports: public, aid and private
Source: MIS,M, DG Food
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
thousand
MT
Private Public Aid
12
allowed the government to avoid fuelling the already spiralling rice price and availing from the international market the quantities required for domestic market stabilization and safety nets operations. Instability of rice production
The instability of rice production ‐ measured by the coefficient of variation of the difference between production and its rolling linear trend over a ten year period‐ decreased by 0.69 percentage points in 2010/11, reaching a minimum level in the recent past. Indeed, important year‐to‐year varia‐tions are experienced in aman and aus rice production (e.g. +20% for aman in 2008/09 or +25% for aus in 2010/11), but they tend to be compensated by boro production changes27. Share of rice in total food value added The share of rice value added in total food value added (in current prices) has marginally increased in 2010/11 relative to 2009/10, indicating a faster growth of rice production value relative to other agricultural products. More importantly, the share remained stable in the long run, showing no clear trend since 2000/01, as both rice and total value added grew on average by 9% per annum between 2000/01‐2010/11. This corresponds to the fact that no significant food production diversification has taken place despite the significant growth observed for some productions, e.g. fisheries. In other words, the fastest growth observed in some agricultural sub‐sectors has taken place to the detriment of others, such as pulses, leaving unchallenged the predominance of rice. Rice price volatility The seasonality of rice price in Bangladesh is a well‐known phenomenon‐characterized by a distinct twin‐peak pattern in the pre‐harvest periods of February and October. The food price crisis has added a new dimension to the rice price pattern in Bangladesh. Indeed, while the increased volatility of international cereal prices has been only partly passed through to the domestic prices28, the emergence of a price cycle of about three years duration has overshadowed the persistence of the usual seasonal pattern (see Figure 5). High volatility is a
___________________________________________________________________________________ 27 Annual changes in aman and boro paddy production were indeed significantly and negatively correlated (‐0.57) between 2000/01‐2010/11. 28 Dawe. D. (2010) Cereal price transmission in several large Asian countries during the global food crisis Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development Vol. 6, No. 1
Figure 4. Rice production in Bangladesh
Source: BBS
13
source of concern for both producers and consumers because it increases the risk involved in production or consumption decisions.
Increased rice price volatility has raised the case for scaling‐up domestic production and public stocking capacity (in terms of both size and shelf life of the stock) so as to be able to safeguard domestic supply in periods of tight international markets supplies and operate cyclical stabilization interventions in addition to the traditional seasonal interventions taking place through open market sales and safety nets food distribution.
As Bangladesh approaches self‐sufficiency in rice, increasing attention needs to be given to combining trade interventions (including exports) and stock management, in line with recent evidence from the literature on food price stabilization29. Bangladesh rice prices remains strongly correlated with the main international reference markets (Figure 6), with two main differences however: on the one hand, prices have been significantly less variable than world market prices; on the other hand, the level of volatility registered since the beginning of the food price crises has not been significantly different from the long term volatility recorded since independence. This has not been the case for countries more integrated in the international rice market such as Thailand, where a significant increase in price volatility has been observed over recent years.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 29 Gouel, C. and S. Jean (2012) Optimal food price stabilization in a small open developing country CEPII Document de Travail 01/2012
Figure 5. Dhaka wholesale rice price
Source: DAM
Figure 6. Wholesale prices in Bangladesh, India and Thailand
Source: DAM, Government of India, USDA
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Taka per kg
DhakaKolkataThailand
14
3.2.2. Issues and policy challenges Rising demand for foodgrain in the context of high population and income growth Population and income growth are expected to place increasing demand on domestic food production. For example rice consumption is expected to increase by 2.4 million between 2010/11 and 2011/1230. However, the average annual rice production growth (3.69%) has significantly outpaced the population growth rate (1.37%) over the last decade (2001‐2010), gradually moving toward self‐sufficiency. Sustaining this trend will require continuous efforts in promoting intensification, sustainability and resilience of rice production.
Rice self‐sufficiency, farmers’ incentives and diversification As Bangladesh achieves self‐sufficiency in rice, the issue of preserving farmers’ incentive takes on a new dimension: the usual policies of containing cost of production ‐through input subsidies and procurement prices adequate to guarantee minimum profits‐ tends to become less effective, more expensive, and less desirable due to their impact on production diversification. Indeed, in the short run, as rice production approaches self‐sufficiency, downward pressure on prices is observed independently from the volatility derived from international markets. In times of price slump resulting from bumper harvests, the public opinion calls on the government to preserve farmers’ incentives, arguing for more procurement or a higher procurement price (to ensure remunerative prices) and for more input subsidies (to reduce costs). However, in a situation where domestic production exceeds demand, these interventions will become increasingly less effective and more expensive if the production in excess of the domestic consumption is not permanently withdrawn from the domestic market. For this reason, the Government is considering promoting the establishment of export trading channels to be activated during years in which domestic production exceeds self‐sufficiency levels. But, to the extent that rice is exported, benefits of the input subsidies will be transferred from domestic rice producers and consumers to foreign consumers. In other words, the issue of desirability and affordability of subsidizing low value added exports arises. In the longer run, as self‐sufficiency is permanently achieved, the trade‐off between generating a larger exportable surplus of rice, and promoting diversification and a higher degree of self‐reliance for other foods needs to be carefully considered, too. Overall, while farmers’ incentives should be adequate to promote the investment and innovations required for a growth of rice production able to satisfy the needs of the growing population (in terms of quantity and prices), they should not aim at creating a large exportable surplus to the detriment of investments in a more diversified food production system which would contribute to the diversification of diets and to income growth.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 30 USDA (2011) Bangladesh Grain and Feed Annual 2011 Gain Report BG1101
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Expansion of arable land in southern coastal area As the scope for lifting up cropping intensity above its already high level of 179%31 and the potential of expanding arable land are limited, the possibility of bringing into cultivation the unused land in coastal area becomes an increasingly attractive option. As much as 15% of total cultivated land in the southern region is either fallow and/or not being used because of soil salinity, water salinity, and water logging. There is good potential to increase coverage and productivity of transplanted aus rice in the southern region using improved management practices. The total potential transplanted aus area is estimated at 740,346 ha of which 38% would be suitable and 40% moderately suitable. The potential boro area under surface water irrigation in the region is estimated at 695,200 ha32. Khan et al (2008)33 suggest that an additional million hectares of land could be brought under cultivation in coastal areas during the winter season if appropriate saline resistant varieties can be developed with assured irrigation. In this regard, two saline tolerant rice varieties (BRRIdhan 47 and Binadhan 8) have been developed and are now being introduced in coastal areas. Another promising rice variety for the area is Binadhan 10, which is awaiting approval from the Seed Certification Agency of Bangladesh, while further efforts are ongoing for developing additional varieties. For example, the project ‘Strengthening and capacity building of biotechnology laboratory in BRRI’ focuses on developing rice varieties for both favourable and unfavourable environments. Some non‐rice crops such as water melon, sesame and linseed have also good potential and are being promoted in the area. Increasing fragmentation of the farming system Fragmentation of land holding has not only increased but also accelerated over the decades. The number of farm holdings increased by almost 50% between 1983/84 and 2008: from 10.0 million to 14.8 million and the average size of cultivated area per farm has decreased from 0.81 to 0.51 hectares during this period. However, the number of landless rural household has reduced between the last two censuses, inverting the previous trend. The increased fragmentation and the reduction of landless rural households are in contrast with the widespread perception of increasing inequality of land holding that has given rise to calls for land reforms. Land is thus continuously being redistributed, as a combined result of inheritance and market transactions, from large (>3.0 ha) and medium (1.0 – 3.0 ha) holdings to small and marginal farm holdings (<1.0 ha), which have increased by 14 percentage points (Table 3). The increasing fragmentation is intertwined with a number of important changes in the rural economy, such as the increased role of part time farming and the increasing importance of non‐farm rural activities, which have to be carefully considered as source of constraints and opportunities guiding agricultural development and policies. Among the opportunities, the well‐known advantage of small and marginal farms in supervising labor, point at the possibility of effectively engaging in higher value agricultural production, such as of fruit and vegetables, ___________________________________________________________________________________ 31 BBS (2010) Statistical yearbook Bangladesh 32 FAO (April 2012) Master plan for agricultural development in southern region of Bangladesh Draft final report 33 Khan, M. A. Halim and M. A. Awal, (2008) Global warming and sea level rising: impact on Bangladesh agriculture and food security, NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative
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over commodities that can be more efficiently cultivated in larger farms, if market integration and service delivery are improved. These, however, constitute important constraints generated by the fragmentation, which complicate the management of interventions involving direct interactions between the public administrative systems and the farmers, such as the delivery of agricultural services –mainly extension, the distribution of subsidies, or the procurement of foodgrains. Relaxing these constraints calls for the promotion of more decentralized forms of interventions based on a variety of associative structures and market mechanisms. Table 3. Structural changes in agricultural land holding (1983 – 2008) Items 1983‐84 1996 2008Number of farm holdings (million) 10.0 11.8 14.8Cultivated area per farm holding (hectares) 0.81 0.61 0.51Distribution of farm holdings by size:
Small (<1.0 ha) 70.3% 80.0% 84.2 Medium (1.0‐3.0 ha) 24.7% 17.6% 14.2%
Large (>3.0 ha ) 4.9% 2.5% 1.6%Proportion of cultivated34 area under irrigation 19.9% 48.3% 62.9%Landless households as % of rural households 8.7 10.2 9.6Source: BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, National Series, Volume 1 Agricultural diversification toward high value products Agricultural diversification has positive impacts on employment, rural incomes and the country’s trade balance, and improves nutritional standards35 by facilitating the achievement of a balanced nutrition. Currently, about 70%36 of caloric needs are fulfilled by cereals (62% by rice alone), against a desirable maximum of 60%. Efforts have been made to promote diversification of agricultural production toward higher value crops, fruits, vegetables, livestock and fisheries through appropriate packages of seed‐fertilizer‐irrigation along with other improved technologies. The ‘charlands’ can be targeted for expansion of high potential non rice crops such as chillies, peanuts, brinjal, sweet gourds and other vegetables. Scaling up agricultural diversification also requires investments in processing and marketing (e.g. storage and cold chain) and more broadly, interventions that facilitate the engagement of small and marginal farmers in more risky productive activities, such as credit, insurance and associative marketing structures. As mentioned above, as Bangladesh approaches self‐sufficiency in rice, resources to invest in diversification can be obtained from reduced support to rice production, which should gradually be contained to investing in maintaining a continuous flow of technologies adequate
___________________________________________________________________________________ 34 Cultivated area means net cropped area which does not take into account cropping frequency. This difference explains the gap observed between this indicator for 2008 (62.9%) and the percentage of cropped area under irrigation taken as an output indicator under Programme 2 which is 44% in 2008/09. 35 Joshi, P. K (2005) Crop diversification in India: nature, pattern and drivers IFPRI, South Asia, New Delhi; Rahman, M. L. and R.K. Talukder (2001) Interlinkages of agricultural diversification in Bangladesh MAP Focus Study Series No. 9, CIRDAP, Dhaka; Sonam, T. (2005) Agriculture diversification in Bhutan Ministry of Agriculture Bhutan; Abro; A., and M. Sadaqat (2010) Poverty alleviation through diversifying towards high value crops in Pakistan International J. Business mgt. Econ. Research 1(1): 1‐8: all cited in Miah, M. (2012) Policy options for supporting agricultural diversification in Bangladesh Interim Report, NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative 36 BBS (2010) HIES Report
17
to guarantee a growth of rice production and yields aligned to the population growth rate. Addressing risk arising from climate change Climate change threatens agricultural production through climatic stresses such as drought, salinity, and shocks, such as cyclones and floods. More frequent and severe natural disasters associated with climate change are likely to lead to higher instability of production. With specific reference to foodgrains, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that, in Bangladesh, by 2050, changing rainfall patterns with increasing temperatures, flooding, droughts and salinity (in the coastal belt) could cause an 8% and 32% decline in rice and wheat production respectively, compared to 1990 (Rashid et al., 2009)37. This calls for stepping up investments in agricultural research, with a particular focus on high‐yielding varieties and on varieties that can withstand stresses caused by climate (drought, flood, salinity) while also stressing the importance of extension in promoting the adaptation of inputs and farming practices to emerging challenges. Sustainability of natural resource base The conversion of arable land to non‐agricultural purposes and the depletion of ground water tables are two important challenges to be faced in sustaining future productive capacity. A recent study 38 finds that between 2001 and 2008, the conversion of agricultural land to non‐agricultural was 0.56% with an associated loss of rice production estimated to have been between 0.86 and 1.16%. Likewise, the depletion of ground water is alarming. Estimates39 show that in the northern districts of Bangladesh, the depth of ground water increased by 48%, from 5.5 meters in 1990 to 8.1 meters in 2010. Against this backdrop, the existing policies –the Land Use Policy 2001 which provides guidelines for protection of agricultural land and water bodies and the 1999 National Water Policy which provides policy direction for the water sector‐ need to be updated and further attention given to their implementation. Emerging scarcity of agricultural labour Shortage of agricultural labour, especially during peak periods (e.g. sowing/planting, harvesting etc.) is becoming an increasingly common phenomenon due to domestic and international migration of labour. Consequently, agricultural wages are increasing at a faster rate than agricultural products prices: between mid‐2007 and mid‐2011, agricultural wages expressed in quantity of rice increased by 19.4%. As a result, agricultural mechanization has gained momentum and ongoing Government efforts aiming at facilitating this process of change need to be sustained.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 37 Rashid, H. and M.S. Islam (2009) Strategic approach to the improvement of agricultural productivity towards food security in Bangladesh Country paper submitted to the Fourth Session of the Technical Committee of APCAEM 10‐12 February 2009 Chiang Mai, Thailand 38 Quasem, M A. (2011) Conversion of Agricultural Land to Non‐agricultural Uses in Bangladesh: Extents and Determinants Bangladesh Development Studies, Vol. XXXIV, March No.1. 39 Estimation based on data obtained from N. C. Dey (2012) Sustainability of groundwater use for irrigation in northwest Bangladesh Interim Report NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative
18
3.3. NFP Objective 2 outcomes 3.3.1. Assessment
Food insecurity amidst food availability remains a reality in Bangladesh. Generally there is enough food in simple per capita terms and poverty has been reduced substantially, but still a large number of people remains unable to access food in the quantity, diversity and regularity required for a food secure life. Tackling interlocking economic and social barriers remains a priority to widen food access for these groups. Table 4. NFP Objective 2: selected performance indicators
Indicator 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Target Source
Poverty headcount index (CBN upper poverty line)
40% (2005) na na 31.50%
(2010)
29% (2015 MDG1 Target
1A) HIES Reports, BBS
Extreme poverty headcount index (CBN lower poverty line)
25.1% (2005) na na 17.6%
(2010) HIES Reports, BBS
Poverty gap (CBN upper poverty line)
9.0% (2005) na. na 6.5%
(2010)
8% (2015 MDG1 Target
1A) HIES Reports, BBS
Change in national wages expressed in kg of rice (3‐year moving average)
‐8.11% ‐1.38% 5.71% 7.73%
7.16% for 2011
(GDP growth + 0.5)
BBS Statistical Yearbook for wages and DAM wholesale
Inflation differential between food and general CPI (3‐year moving average)
5.1% (av.
2005‐08)
6.3% (av.
2006‐09)
7.6% (av.
2007‐10)
9.1% (av.
2008‐11) maximum 0% National Accounts Report,
BBS
Declining poverty A committed focus and continuity in anti‐poverty policies by successive governments over the last 20 years has led to sustained declines in poverty. According to HIES 2010, the poverty incidence in the population was 31.5% and extreme poverty incidence was 17.6%40. This continues a long‐run decline from 56.6% and 41% in 1991‐92, respectively (Table 4). In terms of absolute numbers, this means that in 2010, 47 million people were poor, of which 26 million were extremely poor and 21 million were moderately poor. In 2005, these figures were 56 million, 35 million and 21 million respectively41. An excellent outcome is the reduction of extreme poverty by 9 million people within five years after 2005. As well as fewer poor people, the situation of the remaining poor improved in terms of the average‐level and distribution of their consumption expenditures, as indicated by declines since 2005 in the poverty gap and squared poverty gap.42
___________________________________________________________________________________ 40 The term extremely poor refers to those below the BBS lower poverty line using the cost of basic needs method; the moderately poor refers to those between the BBS lower and upper poverty lines using the cost of basic needs method, and the poor refers to both the extremely poor and the moderately poor. For definition of the poverty lines, see Appendix C of BBS (2011) Report of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2010 Dhaka. 41 Based on population figures in the HIES 2010 Key Findings p.xix. 42 The poverty gap measures the mean depth of poverty and the squared poverty gap measures dispersion
19
Concentrations of barriers to food access In 2010, poverty ranged from 26% in Chittagong Division to 46% in Rangpur Division. This has been characterized as an ‘East‐West divide’43. Such spatial variations coincide with agro‐ecological, climatic and climate change vulnerabilities. Figure 7 shows the divide is somewhat less pronounced in extreme poverty. Also poorer western divisions are catching‐up. For example, Barisal Divison and former Rajshahi Division (divided in 2010 into Rangpur Division and new Rajshahi Division), had the highest poverty incidences in 2005 but by 2010 saw some of the largest reductions (15.5 percentage points and 13.6 percentage points, respectively). Gender‐based food insecurity persists. Women earn less than men; are time‐poor due to care‐giving responsibilities; have restricted mobility and decision‐making; are disadvantaged in intrahousehold distribution; and face barriers to their human capital development and property rights44. Such conditions undermine women’s food access by constraining their productive capacities and control over resources, and therefore also slow down overall poverty reduction. Along with targeted social safety nets, gains in mainstreaming women and girls into development, including schooling, microenterprise, reproductive control and garments work, are helping to meet practical gender needs, with more gradual progress on the strategic needs. Other concentrations of food insecurity exist, including households caring for physical and mental disabilities (around 9% of the population suffers from a disability, according to HIES 2010); tribal minorities; households with many young and old non‐earning dependents; and people who spend long periods in poverty (i.e. the chronically poor, with estimates ranging from 16% to 25% of the population).45 Better off wage earners
Average wages buy more rice: 5.7% kilograms more in 2009/10 and 7.7% more in 2010/11 (on three year moving average basis). Crucially, this means an improvement in asset‐less households that therefore are heavily reliant on their labor for their food security, including the rural landless and urban laborers. Poverty amongst the rural landless declined from 66.6% in 2005 to 47.5% in 2010, even though ‘functional landlessness’ (those operating less than half an acre) is unchanged since 2000 at 59% of the population (HIES 2010). The extremely poor are labour short with the poorest 5% of households having just 0.27 earners per household, compared with 0.31 in the richest 5% of households (HIES 2010), and so rising ‘food returns’ to labour is an important gain.
amongst the poor. The poverty gap is reported in Table 4. The squared poverty gap below the upper poverty line declined from 2.5% in 2005 to 2.0% in 2010; and below the lower poverty line, from 1.3% in 2005 to 0.8% in 2010 (HIES 2010). 43 Kotikula, A., A. Narayan and H. Zaman (2010). To what extent are Bangladesh’s recent gains in poverty reduction different from the past? Policy Research Working Paper 5199, World Bank 44 Agarwal, .B. (2011) Food crises and gender inequality DESA Working Paper 107 United Nations 45 These are estimates obtained using panel datasets up to the mid‐2000s by Baulch, B (2008) Dynamics of Poverty in Rural Bangladesh CPRC, Manchester University
20
Figure 7. Regional disparities in the CBN poverty, 2010
Source: Based on BBS (2010) HIES
Poverty Rate, 2010
Upper poverty line Lower poverty line
Upper poverty line Lower poverty line
Upper poverty line Lower poverty line
Poverty Gap, 2010
Squared Poverty Gap, 2010
Barisal39.4
Rangpur42.3‐
Dhaka30.5‐5%
Sylhet28.1
Khulna32.1 Chittagong
26.2
Rajshahi (new) 29.8
Barisal26.7
Rangpur30.1‐
Dhaka15.6
Sylhet20.7
Khulna15.4
Chittagong13.1
Rajshahi (new) 16.8
Barisal9.8
Rangpur11.0
Dhaka6.2
Sylhet4.7Rajshahi (new)
6.2
Khulna6.4
Chittagong5.1 Barisal
5.4
Rangpur5.5
Dhaka2.7
Sylhet3.3Rajshahi (new)
2.8
Khulna2.7
Chittagong2.2
Barisal3.4
Rangpur3.5‐
Dhaka1.8
Sylhet1.3Rajshahi (new)
1.9
Khulna2.0
Chittagong1.5 Barisal
1.6
Rangpur1.4
Dhaka0.7
Sylhet0.9
Rajshahi (new) 0.7
Khulna0.8
Chittagong0.6
21
Food prices rising faster than general prices through 2011 Food prices rose faster than non‐food prices, registering 5% points above general inflation in fiscal year 2007/08 to over 9% points above general inflation in 2010/11 (on 3‐year moving average basis)46. The greatest impact is in poor households whose food to non‐food shares are proportionately larger in household spending: 68% of total household expenditures in the poorest 5% of households goes on food compared to 33% in the richest 5% of households47. There can also be a distributional impact. Whilst benefiting net food producers, higher food prices adversely affect net food consumers. Rangpur and Rajshahi districts illustrate the issues because they are surplus rice producing divisions as well as having the largest poverty incidence, suggesting both winners and losers from food price rises with potential distributional consequences in terms of access to food. Apart from the direction of trend, uncertainties due to volatility itself compromise food access for both net food producers and net food consumers, with the poor most adversely affected because they have fewer tools to diversify their production and to smooth their consumption. Rural/urban location and the number of dependents per worker are major determinants of the size and nature of impact on the poor.
3.3.2. Issues and policy challenges Food as a human right Poverty reduction improves access by increasing purchasing power in food markets. However food as a human right means that it should be accessible regardless of purchasing power. Socio‐legal factors can define, protect and support an individual’s food access through household, community and government channels. Bangladesh is a party to international human rights conventions having provisions for the right to food, in particular the International Covenant on Economic and Social Rights; and the right to food is included as a ‘fundamental principle’ of State policy in Article 15(a) of the Bangladesh Constitution48. The Government’s social safety nets, for example, help safeguard food rights of millions of people, although this is not explicitly implemented within a rights‐based framework of entitlements, accountability and redressal, and significant structural concentrations of food insecurity persist. Further implementation of legal protections that exist against gender and other discrimination, promotion of social inclusion, and strengthening of rights‐based institutions would speed up the progressive realization of the right to food49. Experiences from other countries and particularly countries in the region may provide examples of successful actions for promoting right to food within the existing resource constraint.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 46 In 2012, the situation reversed with food inflation lower than general inflation. 47 Based on the BBS HIES 2010. 48 Ziegler, J. (2003) Right to food: Bangladesh Special Rapporteur, Economic and Social Council, United Nations; Asaduzzaman, M. (2007). Food for All: Rights‐based Approach in Bangladesh Perspective. Speech delivered at the Ministry of Agriculture, World Food Day Seminar (16 October) 49 Hossain, S. (2012) Legal remedies: access to the Right to Food for marginalized citizens in Bangladesh Bangladesh Forum, Berlin (26 April)
22
Figure 8. Differential poverty reduction in rural and urban areas
Source: Based on BBS (2010) HIES
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1991‐92 1995‐96 2000 2005 2010
Percen
tage
of pop
ulation
UPL National UPLRural UPL Urban
LPL National LPL Rural LPL Urban
Growth with equity to reduce hunger amidst availability Economic growth enhances food security only if the growth includes people with inadequate access to food. The most recently available growth incidence curves (from 1991‐2000) show that the growth rate in consumption expenditure of the richest 5% of the population was over four times as high as that of the poorest 5% of the population50. Such patterns of economic growth are extremely important, and from latest inequality measures, would seem not to have radically shifted overall. According to HIES 2010, the income Gini coefficient increased marginally from 0.451 in 2000 to 0.458 in 2010. This however, conceals the fact that the rural Gini coefficient increased from 0.393 in 2000 to 0.430 in 2010 whilst the urban Gini coefficient decreased (from 0.497 to 0.452 over the same period). In 2010, the poor accounted for over 31% of the population whilst their share of total consumption expenditure was around 15%. The monthly expenditure of the poorest 5% of households was under 38% of the average household in the country. A more equitable growth pattern, especially in rural areas, would accelerate reductions of food insecurity. Urbanization and migration Over 12% of households have an international or internal migrant (HIES 2010). Migration is both cause and effect of spatial concentrations of poverty, and is having both positive and
negative outcomes on food access. Chittagong and Dhaka divisions receive over three‐quarters of international remittances, and these places have less poverty; whilst Rangpur Division receives under 1% of international remittances (HIES 2010). On the other hand, rural out‐migration is integral to how households cope with food insecurity. With international migration unaffordable, a steady stream of rural poor is contributing to urbanization. Patterns of food access are shifting across migrant‐sending origins and migrant‐receiving destinations and these need to be factored into policies and programmes.
Between 2005 and 2010, urban poverty reduced by around a quarter, compared to the one‐fifth reduction in rural poverty; and extreme poverty almost halved in urban areas, compared to the quarter reduction in rural areas (Figure 8). This reflects long‐term relative rural/urban growth patterns: annual growth over 2000‐2010 in agriculture was 3.5%, in industry was 7.7%
___________________________________________________________________________________ 50 Sen, B., M.K. Mujeri and Q. Shahabuddin (2004) Operationalizing pro‐poor growth: Bangladesh as a case study World Bank
23
and in services was 6.1%.51 Nevertheless the rural poor continue to be substantially poorer with a poverty gap of 7.4% in 2010, compared to 4.3% amongst the urban poor; and with a squared poverty gap of 2.2% amongst the rural poor, compared to 1.3% amongst the urban poor. 3.4. NFP Objective 3 outcomes
3.4.1. Assessment An assessment is outlined below reflecting aggregate progress towards ensuring adequate nutrition for all individuals, especially women and children. These include dietary energy supply and intake, dietary diversity, selected indicators of women’s health, young children’s feeding and those related to micronutrient status notably prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls, and household usage of iodized salt.
Table 5. NFP Objective 3: selected performance indicators CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators
2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Target Final source
National dietary energy supply from cereals
78.1% (av. 2005‐07) na na na 60%
(recommended) FAO ‐ RAP
National dietary energy intake from cereals
73% (2005) na na 70% 60%
(recommended) BBS, HIES
Chronic energy deficiency prevalence among women (BMI <18.5)
38% (2004 ‐ BDHS)
32% (2005 ‐
CMNS/BBS)
33% (2007 ‐BDHS)
25% (2010 ‐ FSNSP)
20% by 2015 Various
Proportion of children receiving minimum acceptable diet at 6‐23 months of age
42% 34% 38% 21% 52% by 2016 (HPNSDP‐MOHFW)
FSNSP‐HKI/BRAC/
BBS
Proportion of households consuming iodized salt na 91.80% 92% 84% 100%
Health Bulletin, MOHFW
Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among adolescent girls
43.5% (2007)
na na na <20% by 2015 NNP/ HKI
Dietary Energy Supply and Intake One of the most important causes of malnutrition is the defect in the habitual diet in Bangladesh which is inadequately diversified owing to highly cereal based food production and consumption patterns. The recommended proportion of DES Cer is 60% for good health and nutrition (FAO RAP, 2011)52. A higher figure makes a diet undiversified and imbalanced, often causing malnutrition. Data from national food balance sheets show high Dietary Energy Supply from Cereals (DES Cer %) of 78% (averaged over 2005‐07) which provides an insight into the availability of the main food commodities in the diet53.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 51 World Bank (2012) Bangladesh at a Glance (29 March 2012) Dhaka 52 Selected Indicators of Food and Agricultural Development in the Asia‐Pacific Region 1996‐2006 (2011 ) FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand 53 DES Cer % is an indicator of poverty.
24
In terms of Dietary Energy Intake (DEI), the contribution of cereals to dietary energy shows an encouraging decline (from 73% to 70%) in the last five years, and is projected to show further change. A faster decrease is observed over the last five years in urban areas, where the contribution of cereals has reduced from 67% to 63% (Figure 9).
Prevalence of malnutrition Chronic energy deficiency (CED)54 in non pregnant women occurs in adults mostly due to inadequate dietary intake and is a good indicator of food insecurity55. The proportion of women suffering from CED has been decreasing in Bangladesh during the last decade, from 52% in 1996 to 32% in 2005 and to 25% in 2010 (Figure 10). This is indicative of nutritional improvement, reflecting impacts of health interventions (immunizations), safe water, education and conducive agricultural strategies. On the other hand, worryingly, the prevalence of overweight (BMI > 23) among women increased from 6% in 1996 to 16% in 2007 and to 25% in 2010. Complementary feeding From six months onward, breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet an infant’s nutritional requirements. To ensure adequate energy and nutrients, an infants’ diet must be gradually expanded to include ‘family foods’. Complementary foods complement breast milk but do not replace it. Continued breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond provides an essential source of energy and nutrients in the child’s diet. The NFP PoA, CIP and NNS stress the importance of ensuring quality of complementary foods and adequate frequency of complementary feedings ___________________________________________________________________________________ 54 Expressed as Body Mass Index (BMI) below 18.5 kg/m2 used as a measure of malnutrition and health status in adults. 55 The prevalence of CED indicates a ‘critical’ food insecurity situation in areas where it is ≥ 40% and a ‘serious’ food insecurity situation in areas where it is 20‐39%; overweight (BMI > 23) .
Figure 10. Maternal nutrition status
Source : various as stated in the chart
52%
45%
38%
32% 33%
25%
6%9%
12%17% 16%
25%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1996 BDHS
1999 BDHS
2004 BDHS
2005 CMNS
2007 BDHS
2010 FSNSP
CED (BMI<18.5 Overweight (BMI>23.0)
Figure 9. Trend in DEI (%)
Source: Data taken from BBS
80% 79%76%
73%
70%
80% 80%77%
75%72%
72%69% 69%
67%
63%60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
1991‐92 1995‐96 2000 2005 2010
National Rural Urban
25
which are in line with the established global Child Feeding guidelines (WHO/UNICEF, 2008)56. BDHS (2011) reports that 21% of children aged between 6‐23 months are fed a minimum acceptable diet as per the stricter definition of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices i.e., they are given milk or milk products and foods from the recommended groups, they are fed at least the minimum recommended number of times57 and with adequate frequency. If the less restrictive definition is used which only takes into account the number of food groups fed to the child, BDHS 2011 reports a rate of 37%, which is still a significant decline from 42% in 200758. Mortality rates and levels of stunting and anemia will not be reduced unless appropriate complementary foods are given to infants starting at six months of age59. The slow decline of stunting suggests that practices such as the quality and quantity of food, the frequency of feeds and hygienic quality need to be more strongly addressed in the programmatic interventions. Micronutrient deficiencies: consumption of iodized salt Micronutrient deficiencies notably Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), iron deficiency anemia and vitamin A deficiency continue to be a public health challenge in Bangladesh. IDDs are the leading preventable cause of brain damage and can significantly lower the IQ of entire population. The prevalence of IDD was 47% in 1993 while that of goiter in children declined rapidly to below 10% in 1999 (IDD Survey) and 6.2% in 2004/0560. This is largely attributable to the 1994/95 Universal Salt Iodization Program. A reduction to a level less than 5% is required so that it is no longer a problem of public health significance. The proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt (15 parts per million) was only 84% in 2010/11 when in fact it should be consumed by all households nationwide. Factors of quality assurance, informal entry of salt from neighboring countries as well as a high cost are factors that are likely to have influenced the usage at household levels. While large quantities of raw salt are imported there is lack of data on actual quantities of iodized salt produced locally and imported61. Promoting household consumption of iodized salt is a national priority and is documented to be highly cost‐effective. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) Various small surveys showed that anemia prevalence in pregnant women remained almost unchanged at around 55‐60% between 1964 and 1994. In 2004 however, the most recent year
___________________________________________________________________________________ 56 WHO/ UNICEF (2008) Strengthening action to improve feeding of infants and young children 6‐23 months of age in nutrition and child health programs, Report of proceedings, Geneva, 6‐9 October 2008 57 At least twice a day for breastfed infants between 6‐8 months and at least three times a day for breastfed children between 9‐23 months. 58 The HPNSDP target of 52% of children 6‐23 months to be fed with appropriate IYCF practices by 2016 will need to be revisited as it was based on a less strict definition. In particular, a variety of foods including micronutrient rich foods, is essential in the first two years of life. 59 World Vision International (2010) Nutrition Marketplace: Profiling World Vision’s Best Practices in Nutrition for advocacy and Programme Stakeholders 60 Yusuf K.H.M., S. Quazi, M.R. Khan, M. Mohiduzzaman, B. Nahar, M.M. Rahman, N.M. Islam, M.A. Khan, M. Shahidul, T. Hoque, M. Baquer and C. Pandav (1996) Iodine deficiency disorders in Bangladesh Indian J Pediatr. 63:105‐110. 61 WHO (2005‐07) Rapid Appraisal of Recent Progress towards Sustainable Elimination of IDD in Countries of SEAR
26
for which data are available62, the prevalence has been found to decrease to 45%63, but this is still higher than the WHO/CDC threshold level (40%) and is considered as a severe public health problem64. Overall anemia prevalence among adolescent girls has declined from 52.4 % in 2004 to 43.5 % in 200765. Factors of socio economic status, hygiene behaviour, nutrition knowledge, maternal education, IFA supplementation and dietary diversity are found to influence anemia prevalence. The 2010 HIES shows small increase in household consumption of animal food rich in protein, iron and other micronutrients from 95 g/capita/d in 2005 to 109 g/capita/d in 2010 which is an encouraging trend towards dietary diversity (see Section 6.1.1).
3.4.2. Issues and policy challenges Despite progress, malnutrition remains widespread in Bangladesh. This causes a big toll in human resource potential and national productivity. Improved delivery on nutrition outcomes requires a number of actions. Mainstreaming nutrition in agricultural and other key sectoral policies and programmes Agricultural production patterns should be redirected so as to ensure availability and access to a variety of foods for consumption. Information on the availability of local nutritious foods that are grown in different areas needs to be disseminated and promoted for improving dietary diversity. Vegetables and fish diversify and balance diets by supplying micronutrients, phytonutrients and protein. Growing vegetables and fruits and cultivation of small indigenous fish thus have an important role in diversifying diets and in reducing micronutrient deficiencies. Nutrition education should be strongly integrated into agriculture and safety net programmes to inform people about seasonal availability of foods and provide guidance on wise food choices especially when food budgets and purchases are constrained. Adopting a life cycle approach with a focus on the first 1000 days of life About 80% of the brain is hardwired by age five, so if the nutritional status of a child right from conception to two years is compromised, it will hold back a child throughout his/her whole life. Research shows that children who are undernourished during this period are far more likely to suffer from long term health problems, poorer educational performance and lower economic prosperity. Policy targets should focus on maternal malnutrition especially reducing CED rates and controlling over nutrition, vulnerability among adolescent girls and also infants and young children.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 62 Updates on IDA will be available before the end of 2012 as analysis from the Anemia survey by UNICEF is underway. 63 BBS/UNICEF (2004) Anaemia Prevalence Survey of Urban Bangladesh and Rural Chittagong Hill Tracts 2003 BBS/UNICEF, Dhaka 64 WHO/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008) Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, 1993‐2005 WHO global database on anaemia Geneva, 2008 65 National Nutrition Programme and HKI (2007) Assessing the anemia status of adolescent girls in selected NNP intervention areas in 2007
27
Effective strategies for reducing Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) among pregnant women IDA is a serious public health problem in Bangladesh with around a third of school age children, adolescents and non‐pregnant women having low hemoglobin concentrations and half of pre‐school children and pregnant women in rural Bangladesh being anemic66 mostly due to poor dietary intake of iron, protein and vitamin C rich foods. IDA impairs physical and cognitive development of infants and young children and the productivity of adults. IDA during pregnancy is linked with poor birth outcomes including premature delivery, low birth weight and perinatal mortality. Reduction of anemia prevalence to below 20% as per the WHO/UNICEF threshold for mild anemia requires multipronged approaches in addition to the implementation of the nationwide iron‐folate distribution program for pregnant women. Maximizing the impact of poverty reduction on nutrition The full benefits of poverty reduction do not automatically result in improvements in nutritional outcomes and particularly for child nutrition (underweight, stunting and wasting). Whilst there exists in Bangladesh an income gradient in malnutrition, children in higher income quintiles also show poor nutritional status. Indeed, while one half of children in the lowest quintile is chronically malnourished, around a fourth in the highest quintile also is. A similar pattern exists for underweight in the lowest and highest quintile. This indicates that income alone is not sufficient to promote appropriate nutritional behavior. Tackling under nutrition requires solutions that integrate food security, livelihoods, health, care practices and nutrition sectors. Yet, the linkages between these sectors remain complex and scattered. Maternal education, awareness of appropriate feeding and care practices and ability to transfer this knowledge into practice are some of the key factors that influence child nutritional status. Nutrition awareness should be increased across all income and socio economic groups. Community centered food based nutrition education strategies need to be institutionalized and mainstreamed in agriculture and health service delivery structures to establish sustained nutrition behaviors. Translating policies into practice Policies and policy instruments to address nutrition have evolved within a comprehensive framework. The National Food and Nutrition Policy (NFNP) 1997 and National Plan of Action for Nutrition (NPAN) were important policy outputs of the 1992 International Conference on Nutrition (ICN), although the NPAN was not adequately implemented. Following the World Food Summit of 1996, the GoB undertook an in‐depth consultative process of food security policy reform in which nutrition was embedded leading to the development of the NFP, the NFP PoA and the CIP. These documents updated the nutrition goals and actions based on the 1997 NFNP to cover and update nutrition issues. All these policy instruments aimed at ensuring food security through a comprehensive approach with a core nutrition objective of achieving adequate nutrition for all individuals, especially mothers and children. The SFYP also underlines
___________________________________________________________________________________ 66 HKI/IPHN (2002) Anaemia is a serious public health problem in pre‐school children and pregnant women in rural Bangladesh Nutritional Surveillance Project Bulletin n.10, HKI/IPHN, Dhaka
28
the concerns around food and nutritional security as exposed in the NFP and its PoA. Bangladesh also has an updated National Health Policy 2011 prepared by MoHFW which covers some health based issues of nutrition. The MoHFW that is mandated with the responsibility for nutrition, has been implementing the nutrition programme through the HNP 2001, HNPSP 2004 and now through the NNS under the sector wide approach of HPNSDP (2011 ‐2016). The PoA and NNS underline the implementation of an integrated and multi‐sectoral set of broad and targeted interventions. These are geared towards enhanced nutrition, improved maternal and child health, access and coverage to services and behavior change communication for enhanced consumption of nutritious and diversified foods. Strengthening institutional set‐up for multi sectoral coordination In addition to the multi sectoral institutional set up in place, the NNS has a multi sectoral National Steering Committee for Nutrition Implementation chaired by the Senior Health
Secretary to oversee policy issues for implementation and strengthening linkages among the sectors. It also has a Nutrition Task Group represented by key DPs (Box 2).
While a concerted effort is being made by the GoB in mainstreaming nutrition in health and core sectors related to food and
agriculture, the planning process, resource allocation and commitment by all partners need to be reinforced. Filling investment gaps is crucial in this regard and a regular monitoring of the CIP provides the opportunity to do so. Coordination and alignment of DPs to GoB priorities has also been an integral part of policy capacity strengthening across sectors. The LCG ARDFS, LCG Health, the Nutrition Working Group, REACH, SUN and others also provide fora to exchange and disseminate policy issues and improve coordination. Strengthening the operations of the existing institutional arrangements is key to addressing nutrition policy issues on a truly sustainable basis. In this regard, it is important to implement the provision of the NFP which foresees the inclusion of the MoHFW in the Food Planning and Monitoring Committee as a step for ensuring full coordination in the governance for food security and nutrition. This report next turns to the progress at the output level of the NFP PoA and the CIP by objective of the NFP. For each NFP Objective, we focus on the outputs of the CIP Programmes of relevance but ensure that all areas of intervention of the NFP PoA are covered as well, adding necessary indicators if not covered by the CIP indicators. For each one of the Objectives of the NFP, policy developments and major programmes underway as well as needs for further action are also discussed.
Box 2. Multi sectoral priority areas of the NNS Given the multi sectoral nature of the Operational Plan for the NNS, both independent and interdependent activities with other Ministry activities are articulated in the Action Plan of the Strategic Document. Specific priority areas are:
Effective integration of priority nutrition interventions in the field level at all service delivery points of the Director General of Health Services (DGHS) and Director General of Family Planning (DGFP);
Strengthening human resources necessary for provision of nutrition services and establishing effective facility and population based nutritional surveillance;
Providing nutrition education through multi sectors; and Strengthening sectoral collaboration regarding nutrition and food safety.
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4. Availability: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs A number of socio‐economic and environmental factors such as the reduction of the natural resource base per capita, the increasing threat of climate change, as well as insufficient availability of high quality agricultural inputs reduce the country's potential to achieve adequate and stable supply of safe and nutritious food. The interventions proposed in the CIP address food availability through Programmes 1 to 5, covering agricultural production in the broader sense (crop, fisheries, livestock, agro‐forestry, water management and climate change adaptation). These Programmes correspond to eight Areas of Intervention of the NFP PoA. A detailed synoptic description of the interventions planned under the two strategic documents is provided in the following paragraphs. 4.1. Programme 1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension Programme 1 of the CIP focuses on promoting intensification, diversification and resilience to climate change of crop production through the generation and propagation of sustainable technologies. It covers the investments needed to operationalize the NFP PoA AoI 1.1 on research and extension activities and AoI 1.4 on Agricultural Diversification for crops. It is relevant also for the implementation of the PoA AoI 1.9 on developing early warning systems and AoI 2.1 on agricultural disaster management.
4.1.1. Progress towards achievements
The development and adoption of high yielding crop varieties has been a key undertaking of the technological change in agriculture. These varieties have been refined over time to enhance their resistance to pest and disease, salinity and extreme environmental conditions such as drought and flooding. Also relevant in ensuring food security are the efforts to produce varieties with shorter term maturity which enable cropping intensification (Hossain et al., 2007)67. Development of new varieties: rice and non rice Since its establishment in 1970, the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) has released 60 high yielding rice varieties of which 56 are inbred and four hybrid rice, while the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) released seven varieties. The development of these varieties is steady over the years as shown in Table 6. In 2009, BRAC developed four hybrid rice varieties and another two thereafter68.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 67 Hossain, M. (2007) ‘Rice research, technological progress and poverty, the Bangladesh case’ in Adato, M. and R.S. Meinzen‐Dick, Agricultural Research, livelihoods and poverty: studies of economic and social impact in six countries, IFPRI 68 See BRAC website: http://www.brac.net/content/bangladesh‐agriculture‐food‐security‐hybrid‐rice‐and‐maize‐varieties
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In 2010, a new saline‐resistance paddy, BRRIdhan 47 was developed and rapidly introduced especially in the coastal areas. BRRI also developed three drought tolerant varieties (BR‐55, 56 and 57), while BINA released one saline tolerant variety (Binadhan‐8). With appropriate
Table 6. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 1
CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
No. of improved new rice varieties developed by Government agencies 3 2 5 2 MoA (BRRI and
BINA) No. of new non‐rice varieties developed by Government agencies
Wheat 0 0 2 0
MoA (BARI and BINA)
Maize 2 2 0 0 Potato 3 1 2 0 Pulses 0 1 6 2
Vegetables 5 4 6 5 Oil Seeds 0 4 1 7
Fruits 1 5 6 6 No. of farmers trained on sustainable agriculture practices by DAE 1,045,488 1,239,110 1,333,847 1,278,900 DAE
Share of rice on total cropped land 76% 78% 79% 80% BBS HYV rice area as % total rice area (excluding Boro hybrid) 72% 72% 73% 76% BBS
Annual change in major crops' production
Rice 5.9% 8.2% 2.1% 4.9%
BBS, Major & Minor Crops Statistics and communication with Agricultural Wing
Wheat 14.5% 0.6% 6.1% 7.9% Maize 49.7% ‐45.8% 21.6% 14.8% Potato 28.7% ‐20.8% 50.5% 5.0% Pulses ‐21.0% ‐3.7% 12.5% 3.9% Brinjal 1.5% ‐0.1% 1.1% ‐0.4%
Pumpkin 4.6% 9.9% 4.3% 0.0% Beans ‐0.1% 6.7% 0.2% 7.0%
Lal shak 10.1% 1.0% 6.6% ‐3.4%
Edible Oilseeds * 11.4% ‐5.9% 11.9% 5.2%
Banana ‐12.7% ‐4.7% ‐2.1% ‐2.1% Guava ‐0.3% 6.2% 13.1% 2.9% Mango 4.7% 3.2% 1.7% 5.5%
Jackfruit 5.4% ‐0.2% 3.1% ‐4.4% * Includes til, rape & mustard, groundnut and soya bean management and under favourable soil and environmental conditions, these varieties may yield 5‐7 t/ha in the boro season, 3‐4 t/ha in the aus season, and 4‐5 t/ha in the aman season. The high‐yielding modern varieties developed by BRRI presently cover 82% of the boro (winter) rice, 36% of the aus (summer) rice, and 47% of the transplant aman (wet season) rice. On average they occupy about 75% of the cropped area and account for 85% of annual rice production69. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 69 See the BRRI website: http://www.brri.gov.bd/about_us/brri_contribution.htm
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The adoption of modern varieties has played a key role in boosting rice production in Bangladesh. Until 2010/11, BARI developed 19 varieties of maize (of which 10 hybrid), 26 of wheat, 27 of pulses, 40 of oilseeds and 44 of potato. BINA developed 20 pulse and 16 oilseed varieties. Research activities related to development of wheat, maize, potato and pulses varieties appear to have slowed down in 2010/11 as only two varieties of this group were developed compared to ten, four and five varieties in 2009/10, 2008/09 and 2007/08, respectively (Table 6). Better progress is registered for vegetables, fruits and especially, in 2010/11, for oilseeds, which can have positive impacts on dietary diversification. In addition to the institutes of the NARS, other institutions such as the Bangladesh Agricultural University and BRAC are also contributing to developing non rice varieties. Strengthening collaboration with international research institutes, such as ICRISAT, IFPRI, IRRI and other CGIAR organisations, can accelerate research and development of rice and non‐rice varieties. Sustainable practices: training of farmers While a number of GoB agencies (BARI, BRRI, LGED) and NGOs are involved in training farmers to adopt sustainable practices in the use of soil, water and chemical inputs, DAE remains the main provider of training across the country. Steady increase in the number of farmers trained was registered over the past years (from 1.05 million in 2007/08 to 1.33 in 2009/10) though a fallback to 1.28 million was recorded in 2010/11. The effectiveness of DAE, which counts on a force of about 12,600 Sub‐Assistant Agricultural Officers (SAAOs) operating all over the country, is constrained by the availability of resources to finance costs other than salaries, such as transportation, communications, physical infrastructure and other running costs, which are often financed through project. All SAAOs have diplomas from one of the 11 Agricultural Training Institutions (ATIs), but resources are needed to update their knowledge of new technologies and emerging farming systems (USAID, 2011)70. Changes in rice cultivation The share of rice area planted with HYV increased from 72% in 2007/08 to 76% in 2010/11 with a positive impact on rice productivity. Recent breakthroughs in adoption of hybrid rice varieties provide a viable option for raising the yield and sustaining future production growth. The area under hybrid rice in the boro season witnessed an upward trend, but external dependency and high prices of seeds limit its expansion. The increase in rice production is also due to the expansion of the share of rice on total cropped area which rose from 76% in 2007/08 to 80% in 20010/11. As illustrated in Section 3, this has contributed to putting the country on a sustainable path towards self‐sufficiency in rice, but it has also delayed diversification which is considered a key objective for promoting the growth of agriculture incomes (by switching from lower valued‐added production to higher value‐added
___________________________________________________________________________________ 70 USAID (2011) Transformation of agricultural research, education and extension in Bangladesh, Bangladesh agricultural transformation program publication n.9
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production) and the diversification of diets (as needed to improve nutrition) in all main policy documents of the Government including the SFYP. Annual change in production of major crops Production performance of major crops is positive for cereals and potato, and mixed for fruits and vegetable. Indeed, among the products considered in Table 6, production of brinjal, lal shak and important fruits except guava recorded a decline, while pumpkin remained stable. Looking at trends since 2007/08, rice and wheat production grew consistently, while maize and potatoes grew but show greater volatility. Meanwhile, moderate but variable changes are registered for the two vegetables considered.
4.1.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action Enhancing agricultural research The Draft National Agriculture Policy (2010) fully acknowledges the importance of research, highlighting in particular post‐production technologies, high value crops, value addition, agri‐business management and trade, biotechnology, hybrid seeds, climate change, disaster and stress tolerant varieties (to flood, drought, cyclone and salinity), deep water crop management71, and organic farming. Consistently with the priority assigned to agricultural research, the Government increased funding for the research institutes under NARS from Tk 3.32 billion in 2010/11 to Tk 3.67 billion in 2011/1272, but its share in total National Budget decreased from 0.25% to 0.22% during the same period. Despite this increase, the level of financing is still considered suboptimal. USAID (2011)73 points to the need to enhance not only size but also allocation of funds so as to make research more demand driven and maximize its impact at field level (USAID, 2011)74. The CIP includes 19 ongoing programmes pertaining to the enhancement of research and knowledge generation, and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity in a sustainable manner, seven of which were initiated in 2010/11. This subprogramme accounts for 1.3% of the total financed CIP. On the institutional front, the increased involvement of NGOs and universities has already been mentioned. Another important development is the approval in 2011 of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council Act, which is expected to enhance coordination of the research activities conducted by 12 institutions operating under the supervision of different ministries75. This should help improve the efficiency of the research system by minimizing duplication of efforts, improve efficiency of fund allocation and quality of research. The CIP includes 20
___________________________________________________________________________________ 71 This is a technology especially relevant for areas such as the haors which are frequently affected by floods and require the development of flood tolerant varieties. 72Unpublished data obtained from BARC 73 USAID (2011) Transformation of agricultural research, education and extension in Bangladesh, Bangladesh agricultural transformation program publication n.9 74 USAID (2011) op. cit. 75 http://www.unbconnect.com/component/news/task‐show/id‐52335
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projects under sub‐Programme 1.1: Enhance research & knowledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner. Specifically, a number of projects likely to contribute to enhancing agricultural research have been started in 2010/11 among which one is on Strengthening and Capacity Building of Biotechnology Laboratory in BRRI. Agricultural extension The Draft National Agriculture Policy (2010) foresees a shift from the top‐down, hierarchical approach to extension to a bottom‐up, decentralized and participatory model in which farmers, researchers and extension workers will serve as peers. Moreover, it foresees enhanced coordination and collaboration between public, private and voluntary extension initiatives in such a way to pursue more efficiently diverse agricultural goals and the needs of diverse categories of farmers with a special emphasis on the needs of women and young farmers. Under the CIP subprogram 1.2 (Improve extension service to propagate knowledge and practices, supported by community‐based experimentation and learning and indigenous knowledge), 27 ongoing projects are being implemented of which 11 started in 2010/11 reflecting this importance given to this area by the GoB. Adapting to changing climate patterns with a focus on disadvantaged areas To promote the development of agro‐ecologically constrained areas, in October 2011 the GAFSP has granted Bangladesh 50 million USD for the Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project (IAPP). It includes two components, agricultural investments and capacity development, supervised by the World Bank and FAO, repsectively76. The IAPP falls under CIP Programme 1, as well as Programmes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7. The agricultural component of the large Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP), implemented by FAO, parallels the recovery of the agricultural sector in areas affected by the Sidr and the adoption of new technologies suited to the agroecological conditions of the South, such as saline resistent varieties. The needs for further action in this area include:
Focusing on coordinated problem solving and integrated research: In line with the SFYP, the research system needs greater coordination and integration to avoid fragmentation and duplication. The research approach needs to be oriented toward farming systems or integrated production systems, instead of being commodity‐based. Its planning, program monitoring and coordination must be strengthened. To this effect, the SFYP77 foresees priority being given to problem‐solving research. In addition to this, criteria for identification and selection of research programmes by the private sector and NGOs will be developed in response to the changing environment at farm level. In
___________________________________________________________________________________ 76 IAPP is the first project financed by GAFSP in Bangladesh. The approval of the CIP in May 2010 was the pre‐condition for Bangladesh eligibility to GAFSP funding. 77GoB (2011) Sixth Five Year Plan pp 16‐17
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the same way, priorities are to be evaluated annually to be adapted to the changing needs.
Undertaking agro‐ecological zone‐based research: Climate change will impact cropping differently in different agro‐ecological zones78. This calls for efforts to develop technologies suited to the specific characteristics of the different agro‐ecological zones. For instance, in case of rice, particular emphasis needs to be placed on varieties that are less dependent on irrigation and fertilizers of shorter duration, to allow further intensification, diversification and employment generation during current lean season. Although two saline resistant (BRRIdhan 47 and Binadhan 8), three drought tolerant (BR‐55, 56 and 57) and two short duration (BRRidhan 33 and Binadhan 7) varieties have been developed so far by BRRI and BINA, further efforts are required. In order to support interventions tailored to the specific needs of different areas, a new crop zone mapping exercise has recently been completed by the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council. The CIP currently includes only four programmes dealing with the promotion of the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change accounting for a mere 0.2% of the total CIP budget. No project was started under this subprogramme in 2010/11 but it does include eight projects in the pipeline.
Scaling‐up agricultural research funding: The budget allocated for agricultural research is very low in Bangladesh compared to the average for developing countries: about 0.24% of agricultural GDP over the period 2007/08‐2010/11, compared to about 0.62% for developing countries as a group, and 2.80% for developed countries79. Research funding needs to be upscaled in order to allow the ‘technological breakthrough’ needed to secure the required intensification, diversification, sustainability and resilience of national agriculture.
Strengthening linkages among research, extension, education and farmers: As pointed out by USAID (2011)80, extension services draw their strength from research as well as from farmers’ innovations by transfering up‐to‐date findings from research to farmers, while providing researchers feedback on farmers’ concerns and innovations. Yet, agricultural research, education and extension in Bangladesh are not demand‐driven. A top‐down approach is characteristic of researchers, educationists and extensionists. Even when new technologies and products have been developed at the institutes and universities, the impact at the field level can be minimal. Strengthening linkages among research, extension, education and farmers is vital for sustaining agriculture development81.
Strengthening relationship among DAE, DLS, DoF and NGOs: An integrated extension approach needs to be introduced to ensure coordination of DAE, DLS, DoF and NGOs
___________________________________________________________________________________ 78 GoB and UNDP (2009) Policy study on the probable impacts of climate change on poverty and economic growth and the options of coping with adverse effect of climate change in Bangladesh Support to Monitoring PRS and MDGs in Bangladesh 79 http://www.apaari.org/wp‐content/uploads/2009/05/asti‐publication.pdf 80USAID (2011) Transformation of agricultural research, education and extension in Bangladesh Bangladesh agricultural transformation program publication n.9 81 GoB (2011) Sixth Five Year Plan p 18
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and synergic interventions in support of farmers. Karim et al (2009)82 reveal that knowledge and adoption of crop technologies by farmers are somehow satisfactory, but unsatisfactory for livestock and fisheries. This appears to be mainly due to the limited capacity of DLS and DOF to deliver effective extension because of the inadequate presence of their agents at union or village levels. This study reports that farmers feel the need of integrated extension services delivered by a ‘one stop centre’ able to deliver the entire set of extension services preferably located at union level.
4.2. Programme 2: Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes
4.2.1 Progress towards achievements Programme 2 of the CIP aims to ensure sustainable and efficient irrigation management. It covers the investments required under the NFP PoA 1.2, which deals with the use and management of water resources, advocating for the expansion of irrigation coverage, improved efficiency, delivery and safety of water use and reduced dependency on ground water irrigation. Table 7. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 2
CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
% of cropped area under irrigation 44% 44% 45% 46%
BBS, Major & Minor Crops Statistics and communication with Agricultural Wing
Average trend of water table in Northern regions since 1990
1.41% (2007)
1.31% (2008)
1.31% (2009)
1.42% (2010) BADC
Change in ground water table depth (3 year moving average) in selected places
5.2% (2007)
‐0.5% (2008)
9.1% (2009)
31.1% (2010) BADC
Surface water irrigation area as % of total irrigation area 23% 23% 22% 21%
BBS, Major & Minor Crops Statistics and communication with Agricultural Wing
Irrigation cost as % of total Boro production cost 16.3% 16.2% 15.8% n.a MoA
Irrigation coverage While coverage of irrigation had substantially increased in the early part of the 2000s (from 29% in 1999/00 to 43% in 2006/07) reflecting important public infrastructure development efforts under the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and the Bangladesh Agriculture Development Corporation (BADC), only a marginal increase is observed between 2007/08 and 2010/11, from 44% to 46%. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 82Karim, Z., M.A. Bakar and M. Nazrul Islam (2009) Study of the implementation status and effectiveness of New Agricultural Extension Policy for Technology Adoption NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative
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Change in depth of ground water table and dependency on ground water Bangladesh still largely relies on ground water for irrigation although the share of surface water irrigation in total irrigated areas has declined from 29% in 1999/00 to 21% in 2010/11. Pressure on ground water is reflected in the declining aquifer levels. This is of particular concern in the northern districts of Bangladesh where the depth of the water is significantly dropping. The two indicators considered – trend in the water table since 1990 for the long term and change in the three year moving average for the medium term‐ show that, with some limited exceptions, the water table is declining. This has accelerated during recent years. In particular, in 2010/11, the average water depth has increased by 11%, to 8.1m, from 7.3 m in 2009/1083. Irrigation costs The share of irrigation cost in total Boro production cost has continued declining, albeit slightly ‐from 16.3% in 2007/08 to 15.8% in 2009‐10. This is the result of a rise in cost of irrigation lower than other elements of cost. However, over the last year, this cost is likely to have increased as a result of the spike in prices of fuel and electricity, although official data are not yet available to back this up. Overall, irrigation cost remains a concern particularly to the marginal and small farmers.
4.2.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action The draft National Agriculture Policy (2010) stresses the importance of a well‐planned irrigation management system for increasing cropping intensity and yield. It also emphasizes the need to promote efficient and sustainable use of water. Although small scale irrigation is managed by the private sector, the public sector holds the responsibility for promoting efficient management of water resources. In this regard, an Integrated Minor Irrigation Policy 201284 has just been approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. It emphasizes the need to promote efficiency of surface water utilization by developing necessary infrastructure, maintaining minimum distance between tubewells, harvesting and preserving rain water, updating ground water mapping, etc. A Water Act has also been drafted to consolidate existing water regulations related to ownership, development, appropriation, use, conservation and protection of water resources used in agricultural and all other sectors85. The GoB is also committed to reactivating river dredging, including dredging of the Gorai River so as to ensure fresh water availability in the South‐West region. Accordingly, the CIP includes 26 projects under CIP Sub‐Programme 2.2 which aims to improve and increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, particularly in the South and 11 projects under Sub‐Programme 2.4 which aims to enhance river water flow to the South, nine of which started in the year 2010/11 for each of these sub programmes. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 83Based on data obtained from N. C. Dey (2012) Sustainability of groundwater use for irrigation in northwest Bangladesh Interim Report NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative 84 http://www.moa.gov.bd/Flood_Damage/irrigation_policy.pdf 85 http://www.ualberta.ca/~mdzahidu/wateractbd/Draft%20BWA.pdf
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Needs for further action in this area include: Approval and implementation of key legislation and policy documents: While approval of the draft Water Act is expected to provide a unified framework for the sustainable use of water in various sectors, implementation of the Minor Irrigation Policy 2012 is expected to contribute to enhance the efficiency of water use for irrigation at farm level, thereby reducing irrigation costs.
Increasing efficiency of water‐use in irrigation: Dey (2012)86 finds that irrigation efficiency in Bangladesh is quite low for regional standards, despite a generally higher cost of irrigation‐ and cites costs of 117.60 USD/ha, compared to 25.58 USD/ha in India, 17.94 USD/ha in Thailand and 17.98 USD/ha in Vietnam. In most cases, farmers are not aware of the optimal amount of water required for efficient crop production. Conventionally, farmers maintain continuous standing water in the rice fields although it has been shown that application of irrigation three days after the standing water has disappeared does not in fact reduce rice yields during the Boro season87. Thus, improved water management can result in substantial reduction of costs88.
Reduction of irrigation costs: Irrigation costs incurred by farmers can be reduced by enhanced access to electricity for the operation of shallow tubewells, given its lower cost relative to diesel based pumps. However, reducing costs incurred by farmers will encourage higher water use with potential adverse effects on groundwater levels and, more broadly, sustainability of water use. In order to reduce costs in a sustainable manner, adoption of water saving farming practices and technologies needs to be promoted. In this regard, the Alternate Drying and Wetting (AWD) irrigation technology appears to be particularly promising. It is currently being experimented in northern regions of Bangladesh as part of a collaboration between DAE, BMDA, BRRI, NGOs and the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA). Reportedly, water use can be reduced up to 30% if the AWD irrigation technology is applied during Boro cultivation89.
Acceleration of the promotion of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater irrigation: In line with the Draft National Agricultural Policy 2010, excavation/re‐excavation programmes and promotion of effective utilization of canals, ponds and other water bodies should be scaled up in order to enhance conservation and utilization of surface water and encourage ground water recharge through water‐shed management, rainwater harvesting and establishment of water reservoirs and other surface water storage systems.
Development of agro ecology based water management system: Water management systems tailored to the different agro‐ecological zones – e.g. Haor areas, coastal areas, hilly areas, char areas, the Barendra area‐ need to be developed. For instance, in hilly
___________________________________________________________________________________ 86 N. C. Dey (2012) Sustainability of groundwater use for irrigation in northwest Bangladesh Interim Report, NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative 87 Kasem, M.A. (2006) Evaluation of water management practices for different methods of rice production PhD Thesis, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, BAU, Mymensingh 88 Dey, N.C., S.K. Bala and S. Hayakawa (2006) Assessing the economic benefits of improved irrigation management: a case study of Bangladesh. Water Policy J, International Water Association, UK, 8(6); pp: 573‐84 89 http://economy‐bd.blogspot.com/2011/04/awd‐irrigation‐technolocy‐benefitting.html
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areas, emphasis may be given to using fountain/waterfalls for irrigation. In this regard, an update of the ground water zoning maps for judicious use of ground water resources is to be prepared by BADC, BMDA and other related agencies.
Modernization of existing irrigation and water management systems and community participation: In line with the National Water Policy (1999) and the National Water Management Plan90, emphasis should be placed on improving the capacities of national and local stakeholders to planning and implementing existing irrigation schemes. It is also essential to promote the involvement of local communities – particularly marginal farmers‐ though Water Management Groups.
4.3. Programme 3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility 4.3.1. Progress towards achievements
The main endeavor of Programme 3 of the CIP is to improve the availability and access to quality inputs which are tested and certified for quality, as well as to financial services and to enhance soil fertility. This is closely in line with the NFP PoA Areas of Interventions 1.3 and 1.5 which deal with supply and sustainable use of agricultural inputs and agricultural credit and insurance, respectively. Quality seed supply Seeds are supplied by various public and private institutions91, but except for a few crops, the lion’s share remains self‐supplied by farmers (80 to 85% according to field studies ‐see Rahman, 2009)92. This is a source of concern for the quality of seeds used. Many varieties of hybrid rice seeds are also sold to farmers without adequate field testing. Moreover, many varieties released are not necessarily superior over the popular varieties currently grown by farmers. It is estimated that improved seeds are used only by a quarter of farmers.93 Yet, use of improved seeds can significantly lower requirements and enhance productivity‐ up to 15% according a World Bank report94. Production of improved cereal seeds has been very volatile in the recent period, with changes ranging from ‐49.5% in 2008/09 to 127% in 2009/10. The 2008/09 slump is essentially explained
___________________________________________________________________________________ 90 http://www.mowr.gov.bd/ 91 Among public institutions, BADC’s major seed production efforts are geared towards the production of rice, wheat and potato. It receives breeder seeds from Agricultural Research Institutes (ARIs) and produces foundation seeds in its own firms; Truthfully Labelled Seeds (TLS) are then produced through contract growers of the BADC. Other institutions include DAE, BARI, BRRI, as well as private firms and NGOs (BRAC, PROSHIKA, East‐West Seeds, Grameen Krishi Foundation, RDRS, Aftab Seeds, and Supreme Seeds are also producing seeds. 92 Rahman, M.M (2009) Presentation on Inception Report for Strengthening the Government Institutional Capacity for Improving Security, August 93 Report of the HLTF on FS in Bangladesh (2009) 94 World Bank (2011) Project appraisal document on a proposed grant (...) for the integrated agricultural productivity project Report No: 61820
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by the Aila cyclone and is more than compensated by the strong rebound observed the following year. Table 8. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 3
CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
Annual change in improved rice, wheat and maize seeds production 9.8% ‐49.5% 127.8% 25.8% MoA
Improved seeds supply (BADC, DAE and private companies ) as % of agronomic requirements
Rice 40% 18% 44% 58%
MoA
Wheat 41% 28% 67% 55% Maize 93% 80% 84% 100% Potato 5% 3% 3% 4% Pulses 1% 4% 3% 5%
Vegetables 36% 42% 32% 33% Oil Seeds 4% 7% 4% 8%
Supply of urea as % of estimated requirements 98% 89% 82% 94% MoA, Fertilizer Monitoring and Management
Unit
Supply of TSP as % of estimated requirements 82% 31% 63% 79%
Supply of MoP as % of estimated requirements 66% 19% 53% 89%
Change in crop yields (3‐year moving average)
BBS Statistical Yearbooks and communica‐tions with BBS Agricultural
Wing
Rice 3.11% 2.32% 3.78% 2.08% Wheat 7.53% 11.22% 9.58% 6.26% Maize 3.18% 1.51% ‐0.70% 0.86% Potato 2.85% ‐1.25% 9.30% 5.55% Pulses 2.13% 0.70% 3.73% 0.52% Brinjal 5.47% 2.22% 0.77% 1.03%
Pumpkin 3.35% 1.94% 1.61% 2.87% Beans 3.66% 0.95% ‐0.18% 1.01%
Lal Shak 0.19% 0.55% 2.73% 0.85% Edible Oilseeds
(Til, Rape & Mustard, Groundnut and Soya bean) 4.53% ‐1.24% 2.26% 1.37%
Banana ‐1.39% ‐2.22% ‐3.89% ‐2.70% Guava 0.45% 1.85% 10.77% 15.83% Mango ‐2.22% 1.76% 0.03% 8.85%
Jackfruit ‐15.47% 9.26% 2.27% ‐2.08% Agricultural credit disbursement (in billion taka) 85.81 92.84 111.17 121.84 Bangladesh
Bank Annual Report % of target 103% 99% 97% 97%
In the recent past, the share of improved seed supplied by institutional sources as percentage of agronomic requirements (BADC, DAE and private firms) has been on the rise for foodgrains, reaching 58%, 55% and 100% in 2010/11 for rice, wheat and maize, respectively, against 40%, 41% and 93% in 2007/08. BADC has announced its aim to further boost its efforts to meet the needs of farmers especially in terms of rice seed needs95. For other crops, this share has
___________________________________________________________________________________ 95 Priyo News (7 July 2011): http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/07/badc‐plans‐seed‐supply‐60pc‐31001.html
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increased to 5% from 1% for pulses and to 8% from 4% for oilseeds over the same period. However, for potato and vegetables it decreased marginally. Overall, supply of non‐cereal seeds is far from adequate, especially for key staples such as pulses, potato and oil seeds (see Table 8), which constitute a constraint for the diversification of crop production. Fertilizer supply Except for MoP, the share of fertilizer supplied relative to the agronomic requirement96 did not improve between 2010/11 and 2007/08 (Table 8). In fact, urea and TSP marginally decreased to 94% and 79% from 98% and 82%, respectively. On the other hand, the MoP supply increased to 89% from 66% of the agronomic requirements over the same period. Overall, while wide fluctuations of supply have been observed since 2007, over the last two years, no significant scarcity of fertilizers has been reported by farmers. The apparent inconsistency between supply relative to the agronomic optimum and farmers’ satisfaction can be largely attributable to the fact that the agronomic optimum tends to exceed the economic optimum level of use. At the same time, the increase registered for MoP indicates that fertilizer supply has become more balanced among the three main plant nutrients. Change in crop yield Table 8 shows the three years’ moving average of the yield for main crops. Over the period 2007/08 to 2010/11 yields have increased for all crops except jackfruit and banana. Yield growth has been quite steady for rice and wheat, with the latter showing the highest growth rates among all crops considered. Relatively higher variability in the yields growth is observed for potato and edible oils, while maize yield growth has slowed down compared to 2007/08. Agricultural credit Reflecting Bangladesh Bank’s (BB) decision to scale‐up credit supply in order to boost agricultural production in view of the losses incurred due to natural disasters as well as the global food crisis, agricultural credit disbursements increased by 20% and 10% in 2009/10 and 2010/11 totaling Tk 111.17 billion and Tk 121.84 billion, respectively. This significant increase is, however, slower than the quite ambitious growth of the targets, as shown by the fact that achievement relative to the target decreased from 103% in 2007/08 to 97% and 67% in 2009/10 and 2010/11, respectively. BB has fixed its target for disbursement of agricultural credit for 2011/12 at Tk 138 billion, which is 13.26% higher than the disbursement in 2010/11. BB’s agricultural credit policy stressed the need to reach out to relatively underdeveloped areas for timely and convenient delivery of adequate agricultural credit to small farmers and sharecroppers. As part of this endeavor, in addition, the BB approved Tk. 5 billion financing at 5% interest rate for loan to sharecroppers under BRAC’s BCUP97 Sharecropper Development Programme which is a national credit program targeted to farmers cultivating 33 to 200
___________________________________________________________________________________ 96 BARC publishes a fertilizer recommendation guide which is used to estimate the fertilizer requirement of a given season/year. DAE considers medium yield goals to estimate fertilizer requirement in the crop sector. 97 Borga Chashi Unnayon Programme
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decimals of land that are preferably but not exclusively sharecroppers. In order to receive loans ranging from Taka 5,000 to 20,000 at 10% interest rates, beneficiaries must join a Village Organization ‐ specifically established for this program‐ that manage the credit but also promote savings. Loan duration varies between six to ten months, one third of the loan is repaid in monthly instalments and the rest at the time of harvest (Jalal, 2012) 98.
4.3.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action The Government’s Draft National Agriculture Policy (2010) has taken on board the need to develop quality seeds proposing to encourage the private sector in undertaking plant breeding programmes and to import breeder/foundation seeds of notified crops. In addition, it foresees the strengthening of seed certification and enforcement of seed regulations. Concerned agencies under MoA are also to be strengthened in order to ensure quality of seed at all stages of its production – breeder, foundation and certified seed. Emphasis will be given to the development of facilities and infrastructure support for hybrid seed research, marketing and development. Farmers will be given training and technical assistance to extend improved method of seed production, testing and storage. In addition to this, a Varietal Development Policy was drafted in August 2010, giving priority to the development of saline, drought, heat and flood tolerant, short duration, water use efficient and low input use varieties. Reflecting the emphasis in this area, the CIP includes 12 ongoing projects specifically aiming to enhance the availability of tested and certified seeds, five of which began during 2010/11. In the April 2010 SAARC Summit, Bangladesh proposed the establishment of a Regional Seed Bank which was to be incorporated in the Thimpu Declaration. This will not only enable the facing of temporary shortages due to extreme events such as natural calamities, but will also allow collaborations in developing new varieties and in establishing a harmonized seed system99. As regards to fertilizers, BCIC has three major ongoing projects in the CIP aiming to improve and expand the production of fertilizers for a total of 67 million USD. Two additional projects are included in the pipeline to this effect, including the Shahjalal fertilizer worth 760 million USD of which 560 are to be funded by China. Prices have been revised repeatedly to correct the imbalance between the use of urea and non‐urea fertilizers and to provide incentives to small and marginal farmers in particular. Thus, the price of urea was raised from 12 Tk/kg to 20 Tk/kg in June 2011. Despite the price hike in international markets, prices of TSP, MoP and DAP were lowered thrice reaching 22 Tk/kg, 15 Tk/kg and 27 Tk/kg in October 2010, respectively. The rebalancing of urea price relative to non‐
___________________________________________________________________________________ 98 Jalal, C., M. Hossain and S.M. Ahmed (2012) Impact assessment of credit program for the tenant farmers Impact Evaluation : Ongoing 3ie Funded Studies 99 http://sdcdelhi.blogspot.com/2011/11/saarc‐seed‐bank.html
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urea fertilizer prices aims at promoting a more balanced use of fertilizer thereby improving productivity while preserving soil fertility. An ‘integrated dealer appointment and distribution system’ has been in place since October 2009 so as to ensure easy and timely availability of fertilizer to farmers100. Overall, as shown in Table 9, subsidies on fertilizers increased by 56% from 2007/08 to 2010/11 ‐ from 35 billion to 55.42 billion TK ‐ as an incentive to boost production by reducing costs. During this period, the share of fertilizer subsidies in the National Budget averaged 4.2%, ranging from a minimum of 3.6% in 2009/10 to a maximum of 5.1% in 2008/09. The actual amount allocated for fertilizer subsidies fell by 20% in 2009/10 which is partially explained by the drop in fertilizer prices between 2008 and 2009. Another interesting element is the share of urea fertilizer subsidies in total fertilizer subsidies which dropped significantly from more than 85% in 2007‐09 biennium to an average 47% in the following biennium. This reduction is explained also by the relative increase of non urea fertilizer prices relative to the urea ones. Table 9. Cost of subsidies on urea and non‐urea fertilizer between 2007‐08 to 2010‐11
Year Subsidies (in billion Tk) Change from previous
financial year % of fertilizer subsidies in
National Budget
% of urea subsidies on fertilizers subsidies
Urea Non urea Total Urea
Non urea Total
2007/08 31.55 3.79 35.34 NA NA NA 4.1% 89%
2008/09 42.73 8.01 50.74 35.4% 111.3% 43.6% 5.1% 84%
2009/10 19.79 20.99 40.78 ‐53.7% 162.0% ‐19.6% 3.6% 49%
2010/11 25.71 29.71 55.42 29.9% 41.5% 35.9% 4.2% 46% Source: Ministry of Agriculture Needs for further action in this area include:
Training for farmers on producing quality seeds: Islam (2010)101 showed that farmers use 70‐80% of rice seed and 50‐60% of the wheat seed from their home grown grain crops. These seeds however are generally of low quality due to insufficient knowledge on quality seed production coupled with low level of input use for seed production. Farmers’ own seeds could be significantly improved through training on simple, modern seed technology, including attention on varietal maintenance, seed processing and storage complemented by attention to roughing, fertilizer and irrigation management and pest control.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 100 Under this system, the union is the `focal point’ for fertilizer distribution, and each union parishad has one authorized dealer. In the appointment of new dealers for union/municipality, the residents of the union are given first priority. Dealers are appointed through public advertisements. For more details, see Barkat, A. R. Faridi, S.N. Wadood, S.K. Sengupta, S.N.M. Ehsanul Hoque (2010) A quantitative analysis of fertilizer demand and subsidy policy in Bangladesh Final Report, NFPCSP Research Grants Initiative 101 Islam, N., S., M.A. Hossain, Md E. Baksh, Md A. Rahman, Md A.B. Siddique Sarker and S. Tasnin Khan (2010) Studies on policy options for quality seed production and preservation of cereal crops at farmer’s level for the improvement of food security, NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative
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Strengthening capacities of institutions involved in seed production and certification: Currently BADC supplies a small portion of total national seed requirements and its production capacity, especially for foundation seeds, needs to be enhanced. Besides, the participation of the private sector in production and marketing of quality seeds needs to be further encouraged. The Seed Certification Agency under the Seed Wing of the Ministry of Agriculture responsible for seed quality control needs to be strengthened by increasing its technical capacity and manpower and by establishing modern seed testing laboratories at district level.
Establishing inter‐institutional coordination in development and promotion of new varieties: BADC is the main agency in charge of foundation seed production, but an increasing role is emerging for the private sector and NGOs. Recently for example, several NGOs signed a Memorandum of Understanding with BRRI allowing them to gain access to breeder seeds for the production of foundation seeds and certified seeds. However, coordination among institutions involved in varietal development and release is still lacking and should be promoted through adequate institutional arrangements.
Strengthening training on balanced fertilization: In order to maximize impact of the rebalancing of urea and non‐urea fertilizer prices, training, field demonstrations and motivational work is required to inform farmers about balanced use of fertilizers.
Promotion of Use of USG technology, leaf colour chart and organic fertilizer102: While farmers are interested in using Urea Super Granules (USG) in rice cultivation since it reduces consumption of urea by 25‐30%, this practice is very labour‐intensive. Recently, BARI, in collaboration with other institutions developed a urea applicator machine which is expected to substantially reduce labour use and the adoption of USG. Use of organic fertilizer and leaf colour chart are other cost saving, environmentally friendly technologies that need to be promoted. The present Government is implementing programmes on use of USG and leaf colour charts in 310 upazillas which is estimated to have saved 50 thousand MT and 32 thousand MT of urea in 2008‐09 and 2009‐10, respectively. In this regard, a programme named ‘Production and use of organic fertilizer for protection of soil health’ is being implemented in 1800 blocks under 300 upazillas in 60 districts by DAE103.
Strengthening fertilizer quality control: Non‐urea fertilizers, particularly those imported and marketed through private channels are frequently reported to be adulterated104. An SRDI survey revealed that about 40% urea and non‐urea fertilizers available on national markets were adulterated. The samples, received between July 2009 and May 2010, revealed that mixed fertilizer recorded the highest rate of adulteration ‐72%‐, followed by SSP (64%), TSP (39%) and MoP (19%)105. Although district committees for fertilizer quality control as well as provisions for controlling quality of imported fertilizers at
___________________________________________________________________________________ 102 Recommended by Jahiruddin., M.R Islam and M. Miah (2010) in his study on Constraints of farmers’ access to fertilizer for food production NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative 103 MoA, Detailed report on achievements during January 2009 to December 2010. 104 See for example Jahiruddin et al. (2010)Op. cit. 105 http://www.coalstudy.com/en/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=124
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landing ports exist, the system can be further improved106 by enhancing mass awareness, certification, accountability and enforcement mechanisms. In order to restrict adulteration, the capacity to conduct random sample collections and testing countrywide needs to be enhanced. Reduction and balanced use of agrochemicals require major changes in crop management to ensure adequate plant nutrition and crop pest control.
Improving pest management: Heavy reliance by farmers on pesticides has potential negative implications for agriculture, the environment and human health. Abusive pesticide marketing should be restrained by a strengthened regulatory framework for pest management. As a comprehensive approach, the National Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme should be strengthened to contribute to promoting food security and strengthening environmental sustainability.
4.4. Programme 4: Fisheries and aquaculture development
4.4.1. Progress towards achievements Programme 4 of the CIP seeks to sustainably increase fishery production through improved technology and natural resource management. For this, it aims to develop small scale aquaculture, improve the management of fishery resources, develop public‐private partnerships in support of infrastructure and services development, and promote production in the South in particular. These interventions broadly cover the NFP PoA 1.4 which strives to diversify agriculture through production of fish, among other things.
Table 10. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 4
CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
Annual change in national fish production 5.0% 5.4% 7.3% 5.6% Fisheries Statistical Yearbook, DOF
GDP from fishery sector as % of agriculture GDP (excluding forest), at constant price 1995‐1996
24.4% 24.4% 24.2% 24.29% BBS Statistical Yearbooks
The annual growth rate of fish production increased satisfactorily from 5.0% in 2007/08 to 7.3% in 2009/10 but decelerated to 5.6% in 2010/11 (Table 10). However, the share of fishery to agriculture GDP remained static since 2007/08. The inability of the sub‐sector undertake a growth pattern more sustained than the one observed for agriculture as a whole represents a missed opportunity in terms of income and employment growth but also for the diversification of the diet. Indeed, the potential subsector’s contribution to the national economy is much higher than its 4.4% share in GDP in that it provides about 60% of the country’s animal protein
___________________________________________________________________________________ 106 Alam, A. (2009) Input marketing and management system in relation to food security in coastal region of Bangladesh NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative
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intake and about 15.6 million people are engaged with this subsector on full time and part time basis, thus contributing to improved nutrition and access to food.
4.4.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action Twenty one projects fall under this programme of the CIP, six of which started in 2010/2011. The value of the projects already financed in the CIP under this programme constitutes 2.5% of the total financed CIP. This component therefore accounts for low proportion of the total CIP in spite of the policy attention it has recently received and the emphasis it is given in key policy documents such as the SFYP or the National Budget. In fact, the recent period has seen a number of new policy documents relating to this sector being formulated and/or approved, namely the Fish and Livestock Feed Act 2010 and the Fish Hatchery Act 2010 which have both been approved in Parliament. A Fish Quarantine regulation is also in the process of formulation and National Shrimp Policy (NSP) has been drafted and is awaiting final approval. The SFYP stresses the need to improve management of open water capture fisheries, predicting that their productivity could be increased up to two times through effective management. The CIP recognizes the importance of management of fishery resources, with, among the 22 projects dedicated to fisheries and aquaculture development, 15 falling under the subprogramme dealing with the improvement of management of fisheries resources and fourteen more in the pipeline The ban on jatka (juveniles) foreseen in the Fisheries Conservation Act which has been successfully imposed in the last few years during the main breeding has proven effective with for instance the hilsa production increase (by 15,000 MT in 2009/10) being attributed to this measure. However, the law is being amended as so far, it specified the dates of this ban as 14‐24 of October every year, omitting to give due consideration to the fact that the breeding season evolves with the lunar calendar107. This to some extent hampered the effectiveness of the measure. Given the importance of shrimp cultivation in foreign earnings, initiatives have been taken to support this activity and enhance its productivity. For example, a new shrimp research institute was established in Bagherhat for maintaining the quality of exportable shrimp in the southern area. More generally, the Department of Fisheries, with the assistance of EU‐ Better Work & Standards ‐ Better Fisheries Quality project has developed a ‘Traceability System’ for aquaculture Products which should further help develop the exporting capacity of this sector. Furthermore, in 2012, this project procured instruments allowing antibiotic screening of shrimp at an affordable cost. Needs for further action in the field fisheries and aquaculture include:
Replacing brood stocks and adopting selective breeding: Today, the biggest obstacle to increasing the aquaculture production trend in Bangladesh is the genetic deterioration
___________________________________________________________________________________ 107 See http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=208077&cid=2
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and inbreeding depression in hatchery‐produced seeds of various farmed fish species. Experts suggest that brood stock replacement and selective breeding are the simplest, most promising and useful methods to improve desirable traits in a founder stock with high genetic variability (Karim et al, 2011)108. As pointed out in the CIP 2011, proper implementation of the National Breeding Plan and the Carp/Shrimp Hatchery Law will ensure the quality seed production through genetic management of brood stock in the hatcheries and equitable dissemination of improved breeds to the target groups for sustainable enhancement of aquaculture production in Bangladesh.
Developing community‐based co‐management: Developing successful community‐based co‐management arrangements that ensure sustainable wetlands and productive fisheries and meet the needs of resource users and other stakeholders is a challenge. Policy makers, development partners, local leaders and a number of other actors at central and local level have a vital role to play in meeting this challenge. Ali (2010)109 suggests that revenue oriented short term leasing/management system be replaced by biological management through community based/co‐management of fisheries resources and new fisheries management policy /licensing system to the genuine fishers for longer period in order to ensure fishers' access to the resource and sustainable production and for this purpose the fishers be organized and empowered. Similarly, in coastal area, community based co‐management of rice‐fish farming could be introduced by promoting the establishment of small polders in the wet land where only single T aman crop is grown. The increasing collaboration between NGOs and the Government can help in strengthening the interaction between the local elites and fishers’ organizations (Toufique, 2012)110 thus contributing to promote community based management of fisheries.
Supporting affected fisher communities during fishing ban periods: During fishing bans, the Government provides compensation to fishers but concerns exist about the adequacy of this support in terms of quantity and targeting (Ali, 2010) which need to be addressed111. Arranging alternative income generating activities during these lean periods should be a priority for all development actors involved.
Monitoring shrimp farm development and ensuring quality and boosting productivity of this sector: So far, in the absence of a clear policy on shrimp farming, development of this activity has taken place in an unplanned way causing economic, environmental and social problems. Moreover, the shrimp industry has been faced with obstacles to exports due to quality issues. The upcoming NSP is to ensure environment‐friendly integrated shrimp farming and quality control which is likely to boost the growth of this
___________________________________________________________________________________ 108 Karim, A. K.S. Huque, M.G. Hussain, Z. Ali, and M. Hossain (2010) Growth and development potential of livestock and fisheries in Bangladesh Report prepared for the Bangladesh Food Security Investment Forum held in May 2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh 109 Ali, M.L. (2010) Access to fisheries resources by the poor fishers for income generation and livelihood and their coping strategies during lean and ban fishing period in Bangladesh NFPCSP Research Grants Initiative 110 Toufique K.A. and N. Ahmed (2012) Barriers to development of the fisheries sector Presentation made at a Research Seminar on Policy Research Strategy Support Programme (PRSSP) held on June 12th at BIDS, Dhaka 111 Ali, M.L. (2010) Op. cit.
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industry. As soon as the policy is endorsed, it should be strictly implemented and its implementation monitored. In addition to this, there is substantial scope for improving productivity in Bangladesh through improved technology, better scientific management and investment112. In this regard, more emphasis may need to be given to projects in the CIP subprogramme on the promotion of production in the South through sustainable shrimp and prawn development and community based co‐management of wetlands which currently only counts one project.
Strengthening the Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation (BFDC): The role of the BFDC should be strengthened so that it can play a role in preserving and processing of fish during harvesting period and marketing during the lean periods.
4.5. Programme 5: Livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production 4.5.1. Progress towards achievements
This programme of the CIP deals with livestock development with a focus on poultry and dairy production. It aims to sustainably increase livestock production through improved technology, better animal health and resilient management practices. This corresponds to NFP PoA AoI 1.4 on agricultural diversification which among others things, aims to increase the production of livestock.
Table 11. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 5
CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
GDP from livestock sector as % of agricultural GDP (excluding forest), at constant price 1995‐96
14.6% 14.5% 14.4% 14.1% BBS Statistical Yearbooks
Total production of MoF, Bangladesh Economic Review
Eggs (million) 5653 4692 5742 6079 Milk (million MT) 2.65 2.29 2.37 2.97 Meat (million MT) 1.04 1.08 1.26 1.99
Annual change in number of cows artificially inseminated 1.6% 10.6% 15.3% 9.7%
DLS, MoFL Annual change in number of poultry deaths due to avian flu 333.1% ‐96.5% 273.5% 231.2%
The share of livestock value added on agriculture GDP slowed down slightly from 14.39% in 2009/10 to 14.06% in 2010/11 confirming the trend observed since 2007 of a slow but continuous decline. As in the case of fisheries, the value produced in the sector continues to grow but at a pace not sufficient to exceed the growth of the crops subsector, preventing a significant diversification of food production.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 112 MoA (2012) Master plan for agricultural development in southern region of Bangladesh Final draft
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The repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza (HPAI) have contributed to this result. Poultry death due to this illness rocketed by 274% and 231% in 2009/10 and 2010/11, respectively, after the significant drop recorded in 2008/09 (‐96%). Since the first outbreak of HPAI in Bangladesh in February 2007, a total of 519 disease events have been reported (as of October 2011)113. However, the growth of virtually all livestock products witnessed an upward trend: the production of eggs, milk and meat rose by 6%, 25% and 58% between 2009/10 and 2010/11, respectively. The growth of meat production is particularly significant and can be considered the most encouraging sign in the direction of diversification. Artificial insemination, a key factor for improving livestock breeds, slowed down in 2010/11, after reaching a peak in 2009/10, but showing an overall satisfactory progress since 2007.
4.5.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action
Similarly to the CIP Programme on fisheries, the Programme addressing the issue of livestock is small relative to the overall CIP with only 1.3% of the value of total financed projects falling in this category. This contrasts with the GoB’s objective to meet protein demands by promoting self‐sufficiency in the production of fish, milk, poultry and cattle as stated in the 2010/11 Budget Speech. It is noticeable that no new project was initiated under this program over the period 2010/11. The CIP Sub Programme 5.4 on Research on livestock development, including genetic improvement contains seven programmes. In order to raise the livestock section productivity, the Government is implementing projects on semen production, artificial insemination and expansion of embryo transfer technology to improve genetic features of farm animals and increasing the numbers of crossbreed animals114. Artificial insemination is taking place through 2,679 subcentres and points. The NGO sector is also actively involved these activities, for example BRAC’s program for cow insemination aiming to produce offspring producing higher yields of milk that is on‐going since 1999. Application of new techniques and knowledge; capacity strengthening of personnel in the sector; and stronger research‐extension linkages are important issues requiring concerted investment through national institutions, including the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute. With regards to avian influenza, an international standard biosafety laboratory was inaugurated in BLRI in January 2010 for identification of cases of bird flu115. Besides, three projects are currently being implemented by the GoB: the World Bank funded ‘Avian influenza preparedness & response project’, the ‘Modernization of vaccine production technology & extension of ___________________________________________________________________________________ 113 Islam, M.R., M.E. Haque, M. Giasuddin, E.H. Chowdhury, M.A. Samad, R. Parvin, M. Nooruzzaman, M.M. Rahman, P. Monoura (2011) New Introduction of Clade 2.3.2.1 Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) into Bangladesh in Transboundary and emerging diseases, ed. by Kitching, P., M. Sabara, G. Thomson and D. Werlin, Blackwell 114 GoB (2010) National Budget Speech 2010/11 115 MoFL (2010) Two years’ activities (in Bangla) http://www.mofl.gov.bd/pdf/2YearsAchivement_mofl.pdf
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laboratory facilities project’ and the USAID funded and FAO implemented ‘Strengthening of support of combating avian influenza (HPA1) in Bangladesh’ project. A Cabinet decision has been taken to create a separate Veterinary Drug Cell which so far was housed in the MoHFW along with the human drugs. This cell will be in charge of registration and quality control of veterinary drugs, vaccines and feed additives, etc116. Needs for further action in this area include:
Developing public–private partnerships in diversified vaccine production and marketing: Only a small amount of vaccines is produced in the country by the public sector. A large investment is needed to improve the vaccine production and marketing system, potentially through a public–private partnership.
Using crossbreeding to improve local cattle: The National Livestock Development Policy 2008117 adopted a strategy to promote principally Friesian crosses and Red Chittagong for breed improvement, with marginal emphasis on improvement of local breeds. This however is unlikely to promote long term breed development. Indiscriminate breeding with choices limited to two specific breeds without proper progeny testing and records may also lead to eradication of locally adapted best performing genetic resources from the country and experts feel that breeding should be made out of a larger array of breeds (Jabbar 2010)118.
Initiative to improve local goats: Local black Bengal goats are disease resistant and able to live off scavenged food. The skins of these goats are also of high quality and a major source of export earnings. Efforts should be made to improve the breed to increase meat (and milk) production, while retaining its disease resistance and skin quality.
Strengthening biosecurity in poultry farms as well as in markets through public‐private partnership: Outbreaks of bird flu/avian flu can be limited through the improvement of biosecurity in poultry farms and in the marketing chain. For this purpose, the Government and private sector should take jointly initiatives. Disease risk surveillance and management systems focusing on prevention efforts need to be strengthened. Indeed, while 21 check lists for setting up biosecurity measures by farmers, hatcheries and traders have been developed, their enforcement requires strenghtening of the human and technical capacities of DLS.
Scaling up formulation of initiatives and budget allocation in the livestock sub‐sector: Budget allocation to the livestock sector is limited and needs to be scaled up through the formulation and financing of project in activities that can support the growth of private investments such veterinary services and disease control, improvement of breeds and production of animal feeds, improvement of processing and marketing facilities so as to accelerate growth of the sub‐sector and realize its potential for the improvement of income and in the food security status of the population.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 116 MoFL (2010) Op cit. 117 GoB (2007) National Livestock Development Policy Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock 118 Jabbar, M. (2010) Policy barriers for dairy value chain development in Bangladesh with a focus on the North West region Report prepared on behalf of Unnayan Shamannya for Care Bangladesh
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Adjusting tariffs, tax and subsidy policies for development of the dairy sector: Jabbar (2010)119 mentions the existence of important policy barriers hindering dairy development in Bangladesh. Under the present system, rises in the price of milk powder in the global market or import taxes/tariffs are immediately transferred to the local market without any benefit to producers therefore providing no incentives for production. Yet, the contrary occurs when global prices or tax/tariff fall, with such declines transferring only slowly to consumers. Moreover, the Government is currently imposing higher tariffs for milk packaging materials (53.5%) than for imports of powdered milk (32.8%). Thus, taxes, tariffs and subsidy policies should be reviewed to provide adequate incentives to local producers as well as to protect the consumers.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 119 Jabbar, M. (2010) Op cit.
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5. Access: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs Access to food by all people at all times is a necessary condition for national food security. A range of social and economic factors influence individual access to food, gained through entitlements in market systems, social systems and public systems. The CIP addresses access to food through actions under its Programmes 6 to 9, which correspond to 11 Areas of Intervention under the NFP PoA. Notice that five of the 11 AoIs were listed in the PoA under food availability, whereas these have been brought under food access in the CIP. Also whilst the PoA lists under food access the area of intervention on agricultural disaster management (PoA AoI 2.1), in the CIP this is listed under food availability. The exact way in which CIP programmes correspond to PoA interventions is described further below under each programme. 5.1. Programme 6: Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture, and non‐farm incomes Programme 6 of the CIP aims to increase access to food by boosting rural household incomes through greater farm and non‐farm value‐addition combined with greater access to markets. This corresponds to the following seven AoIs in the NFP PoA: physical infrastructure (PoA AoI 1.6), agricultural marketing (PoA AoI 1.7), policy/ regulatory environment (PoA AoI 1.8), private food trade (PoA AoI 2.3), agro‐processing (PoA AoI 2.6), household income generation (PoA AoI 2.5) and skills formation (PoA AoI 2.7). Programme 6 promotes broad‐based agricultural producer incomes through a set of non‐targeted interventions, and inclusion of vulnerable households through a set of targeted interventions. Four priority issues under the programme are to improve physical access to markets and information, to mobilise producer groups for improved market access and knowledge, to develop agricultural storage and processing, and to promote off‐farm activities.
5.1.1. Progress towards achievements Difference between farmgate and retail price Agricultural prices can indicate efficiency of the marketing system and the extent to which rural producers capture value in their production chain. The difference between farm gate and retail prices of coarse rice was not very high over the past years; whereas for onion, brinjal and potato there was a larger retail markup, although this is still modest considering marketing challenges for these products (Table 12). Murshid et al. (2009)120 found the difference between growers’ and consumers’ prices of rice, brinjal and potato at 30.5%, 53.2% and 26.8% respectively which is comparable to the DAM numbers. The substantial spread for lentil may be attributed to the fact that the retail price of this commodity is largely determined by the import parity price, as major part of the total volume of lentil sold in the market is imported. With
___________________________________________________________________________________ 120 Murshid, K.A.S., N. Ahmed, M. Yunus and S. M. Z. Ali (2009) Re‐emergence of food insecurity in Bangladesh? Instability in food production and prices, nature of food markets, impact and policy, NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative
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regards to the notable increase in this indicator for most non rice commodities‐ and particularly for lentils‐ in 2009/10, this may be the result of retail prices reacting much faster than farm prices to the price crisis unfolding at the time. The following year, farm prices adjusted in turn and retail price started declining, explaining the drop in the spread between the two prices. On the input side, farmers pay around 10‐20% above dealer prices for fertilizer, and this proportion has remained relatively constant over the past years. The relatively higher difference for urea may be explained by the fact that from a bag of 50 kg urea taken by the dealers from the BCIC godowns, 3‐4 kg urea are lost by the time of retail sale121. Farmers are therefore charged more to cover the weight loss. Rural markets and growth centres Infrastructure, including rural roads and bazaars, can benefit farmers leading to higher product prices and lower inputs prices, thereby contributing to the reduction of seasonal fluctuations in food availability. The number of growth centres, rural markets and Union Parishad Complexes developed by LGED increased steadily from 442 in 2007/08 to 580 in 2010/11. Another indicator of infrastructure development that make markets more accessible is roads: LGED reports that 290,026 km of earthen and paved roads cover rural areas122, which exceeds the 2011/12 target stated in the National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction II (NSAPRII). Wage differentials between men and women in agriculture Women’s access to agricultural work outside home is constrained due to prevailing customs and cultural restrictions. However, substantial amounts of post‐harvest work are carried out by women, generally on homestead premises. Apart from the Hill Tract areas, in some locations of Dinajpur and Mymensingh, women also take part in agricultural activities outside the home. Women are paid substantially less than men for agricultural activities. Currently women’s agricultural wages are 41% less than men’s which is an improvement from 2007/08 (Table 12). Zhang et al (2012),123 based on data drawn from the 2010 HIES community questionnaire, find no significant rural wage gender gap between the peak and lean seasons, with an average difference of 37% at both times. This should be viewed within the broader NFP objective of employment‐generating growth in income, particularly amongst vulnerable women and disabled people, and with strong development of agro‐processing and off‐farm activities.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 121 Anecdotal evidence obtained in a field visit by FPMU officials in Comilla area from the farmers and corroborated by the local Agricultural Officers of Comilla Sadar South. 122 From the LGED website. 123 Zhang, X., S. Rashid, K. Ahmad, V. Muller, H. Lemma, S. Belal and A. Ahmed (2012) Rising Wages and Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh Background paper prepared for the World Bank Poverty Assessment Report on Bangladesh, IFPRI
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Table 12. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 6 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
Difference between farm gate and retail price of selected goods as % of farmgate prices
Coarse rice 4.8% 39.0% 1.0% 6.5%
DAM Lentil 39.3% 52.7% 66.5% 105.9% Onion 13.7% 2.2% 39.1% 14.9% Brinjal 67.0% 27.3% 45.9% 24.2% Potato 21.0% 17.6% 25.3% 41.1%
Difference between dealers’ and farmers’ prices of fertilizers MoA Circular fixing
mill gate price and max farmers' price
Urea 19% ‐ 25% 20% 20% 20%, 11% 124
TSP 3% ‐ 6% 5% 10% 10%
MoP 17% ‐ 31% 6% 9% 15%
No. of growth centers, rural markets, women market centers, and Union Parishad Complexes developed by LGED
442 361 350 580 LGED M&E
Wage differential between men and women in agriculture125
48% 39% 43% 41%
BBS Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics and BBS Monthly Statistical Bulletin included not yet published BBS stats
Policy and regulatory environment on food markets enacted and enforced
See narrative
Enabling environment of private food trade and stocks See narrative
Real GDP growth of small scale manufacturing
7.1% 6.9% 7.8% 7.34% p
Bangladesh Economic Review in Bangla 2007 and 2011, BBS
Number of students enrolled in TVET (polytechnic institutes, technical institutes, vocational institutes, PTI and commercial colleges)
89,637 124,389 125,594 139,374 Bangladesh
Economic Review in Bangla, BBS
Ratio of TVET students in year t to secondary/higher secondary school enrollment in year t‐1
1.26% 1.80% 1.88% 1.86%
___________________________________________________________________________________ 124 The 20% refers to prices up to 1st of June 2011 and 11% to prices thereafter. 125 This is the male wage minus the female wage expressed as a percentage of the female wage.
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Growth of small scale manufacturing The real GDP growth rate of small scale manufacturing was a little over 7% (Table 12) compared to the overall GDP growth rate of above 6% over the recent past years (except in 2008/09 when the GDP growth rate was 5.7%)126. A number of Government as well as non Government initiatives have played in favour of this sector. For instance, the SME Policy Strategy (2005) emphasized creation of innovative and ‘meritocratic’ arrangements so that small enterprises with desired entrepreneurial track record and/or promise could be offered financial incentives within prescribed industries127. In 2010, the Bangladesh Bank released, for the first time, a small and medium enterprise (SME) credit policy and programmes. Commercial banks as well as Micro Finance Institutions have understood the growth potential of this sector and many now specifically cater to this type of entrepreneurs128. The role of women in this sector is also recognized; for example the Draft Industrial Policy 2010 emphasizes women’s role with least 10% of the total sanction to be reserved for them at an interest rate of only 10%129. Skill development The number of students in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has steadily risen in recent years (Table 12) and the ratio of TVET to secondary school enrollment remaining quite steady over the last three years. Skill development in agribusiness and marketing in particular is dearly needed and a number of public agricultural universities are taking initiatives to respond to this need. For example, the Bangladesh Agricultural University of Mymensingh recently opened an Institute of Agribusiness and Development Studies offering specialized post‐graduate degrees in agribusiness. The Sher‐e‐Bangla Agricultural University also recently opened the Faculty of Agribusiness and Management offering both undergraduate and post‐graduate degrees in agribusiness. This adds on to the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University which in 2008 had opened an Agribusiness Department.
5.1.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action The 2010 NFP PoA Monitoring Report highlighted the need for capacity strengthening in the DAM. The Government indeed has plans underway to restructure DAM, including increasing its overall staffing, expanding its staffing and assigning agribusiness to its current responsibilities (which hitherto was not the explicit responsibility of any agency). To reflect this, DAM’s name is to be changed to Department of Agricultural Marketing and Agribusiness (DAMA). Reflecting its agribusiness responsibilities, DAM has produced a draft agribusiness policy document, which should be approved soon. On the policy and regulatory front, a recent major development has been the drafting of a legislation currently under debate with stakeholders called the Agricultural Marketing and ___________________________________________________________________________________ 126 GoB (2011) Bangladesh Economic Review (Bengali) (2011), Ministry of Finance 127 http://www.moind.gov.bd 128 See the example of ASA (https://bangladesheconomy.wordpress.com/2010/12/30/asa‐to‐open‐300‐sme‐branches‐in‐2011/), BRAC Bank (http://www.bracbank.com/sme_banking.php?drgn=1)and Dutch Bangla Bank. 129 GoB (2010) National Industrial Policy 2010 (Draft), Ministry of Industries
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Agribusiness Management (2011), which aims to modernize the 1964 Agricultural Produce Markets Regulation Act (revised in 1985). The proposed legislation is expected to improve the legal framework around agricultural price information, agribusiness and marketing. In the area of improved physical access to market facilities and information, 21 projects are currently under implementation, 12 of which started in 2010/11, nine of which by LGED. These are substantial infrastructural programmes which will go a long way in facilitating physical access to markets by farmers, although this is not their sole objective130. Because of their nature, these projects are often expensive and indeed, Programme 6 currently accounts for 20% of the total financed projects of the CIP, or 1.052 billion USD. Another 706 million USD worth of projects are in the pipeline under this subprogramme (18.1% of the total CIP pipeline as of June 2011). For mobilizing and promoting producer and marketing groups, only three projects were ongoing as of June 2011. This includes the National Agricultural Technology Project (Hortex) (2007‐12), the Establishment of Fish Marketing Facilities in Dhaka Metropolis (2008‐12) and the Bangladesh Agribusiness Development Project (2006‐11). No new projects were initiated in the course of 2010/11. Finally, in the area of promotion and assistance to the development of off farm activities and rural businesses, three projects were ongoing, the Bangladesh Agribusiness Development Project which was to end in December 2011, the Regulatory and Investment Systems for Enterprise and Growth (RISE) due to continue until 2015 and the ADB funded Strengthening Project Management on Agribusiness.
Needs for further action in this area include:
Stressing the importance of developing adequate storage, processing and value addition, and of reducing waste, through public‐private partnerships: In spite of a number of projects having been in the pipeline in June 2010 for Subprogramme 6.3 which is supposed to cover this area, still no projects are being implemented.
Maintaining quality in rural infrastructure development: As described above, rural infrastructure development is clearly a priority investment agenda of the government. However, there are often issues with the quality of construction and with the limited maintenance, which means built roads and other infrastructure sometimes become rapidly unusable. Limited planning of rural growth centres sometimes causes environmental problems in the surrounding areas. These aspects need to be taken seriously into account in developing rural infrastructures.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 130 For a number of projects included in the CIP, the issue of fungibility arises in that their purpose may serve other objective than the one of the CIP Programme they have been allocated to. This implies that the value of certain programmes is in fact inflated. This is especially the case for Programme 6 – but arises in others as well such as Programme 2‐ where infrastructural projects are included which serve several purposes in addition to improving access to markets.
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Integrating rural infrastructure development with safety net programmes: Building rural community assets and infrastructures may be used as a means to provide employment to local poor. The Employment Generation Program for the Ultra Poor for example can conveniently be integrated with rural infrastructure development projects.
Promoting farmers’ organization in marketing farm products: In most remote areas, farmers do not get remunerative prices of their products, and marketing agents take advantage of farmers’ weaker bargaining power. Hassan et al. (2010)131 studied marketing chain of 12 fruits and vegetables and found percentage difference between harvest and retail prices at 120% for tomato, 116% for papaya and 129% each for pineapple and jackfruit. Attempts to develop farmers’ organization for strengthening their bargaining power have so far been sporadic. More concerted efforts need to be taken for promoting farmers’ organization for marketing farm products, particularly in remote areas.
Developing cold storage facilities: Cold storage remains a major bottleneck to private food trade and stocks. Potato is the main vegetable with a sizable cold storage provision. Hossain and Miah (2009)132 estimated total post‐harvest loss of potato at 28% for traditional stored and 23% for cold stored potato. Of the storage capacity that exists, rising electricity and land rent have been causing problems in affordability by farmers. There is a clear need to develop more cold storage facilities throughout the country so as to minimize losses of perishable fruit and vegetable products. Hassan et al. (2010)133 estimated the value of annual post‐harvest loss at Tk. 30,380 million for seven fruits and Tk. 4040 million for five vegetables.
Improving wage differentials between men and women: Although the overall trend of wage differential between men and women seems to be declining, the difference is still high. Efforts need to be geared towards minimizing the difference through awareness building for both employers and workers. Skill development training for women, where necessary, will have to be strengthened, particularly in rural areas.
Technical skill development: Most of the ongoing capacity development efforts in the area of vocational education and training are targeted towards needs of the non‐agricultural sectors. With increasing technological developments and mechanization of agricultural activities, the need for technically skilled personnel is increasing rapidly. Some skill development trainings are imparted by the Directorate of Youth Development through the Youth Training Centres. Such initiatives need to be expanded along the lines of non‐crop and non‐agricultural activities including fisheries, livestock, agro‐processing and manufacturing/repairing of farm implements.
Scaling up credit disbursements for agro‐processing, storage, marketing and production of high value crops: This is important for maintaining sustainable growth of
___________________________________________________________________________________ 131 Hassan, M.K., B.L.D. Chowdhury and N. Akhter (2010). Post harvest loss assessment: a study to formulate policy loss reduction of fruits and vegetables and socioeconomic uplift of the stakeholders Final Report No. PR 8/08, NFPCSP Grant Initiative 132 Hossain, A. and M.A.M. Miah (2009) Post‐harvest Losses and Technical Efficiency of Potato Storage Systems in Bangladesh Final Report No.2/08. NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative. FAO/MoFDM, Dhaka. 133 Hassan, M.K. et al. (2010) Op. cit.
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agricultural products and improving agricultural diversification. Yet, although total agricultural credit disbursement increased from Tk 69.92 billion in 2008/09 to Tk 92.10 billion in 2010/11, loans for marketing of agricultural products fell from Tk 790 million to Tk 200 million during the same period134.
5.2. Programme 7: Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of the NFP and CIP actions Programme 7 aims to strengthen organizational and human capacities to design, implement and monitor the NFP PoA and CIP, with strong involvement of national stakeholders to enhance national ownership. Priority interventions under this programme are to enhance the Government’s capacity in policy development and monitoring; to increase national capacities in managing the investment cycle in the CIP; and to strengthen civil society organizations at programmes and policy levels. This programme is in line with the general provision of the NFP Section E, which stressed the role of food policy research; generation and analysis of a continuous flow of information and options for decision making; programme formulation, mobilization of funds and institutional coordination. The NFP indicates the Food Planning and Monitoring Committee (FPMC) as the national body responsible for planning and monitoring food security, including nutrition. The PoA and CIP assign the National Committee responsibility for strategic guidance on CIP implementation, and the Food Policy Working Group (FPWG) responsibility for monitoring implementation. The FPWG undertakes its monitoring activities through four inter‐ministerial Thematic Teams involving representatives of all relevant government agencies, with FPMU functioning as secretariat for the entire system, providing technical and operational support.
5.2.1. Progress towards achievements A major challenge in promoting adequate implementation and monitoring capacities is to ensure ‘joined up government’ through constructive and efficient coordination between the many relevant parts of government responsible for the NFP. The process of producing this monitoring report has contributed to capacity strengthening in this area. Progress under Programme 7 is measured by the three indicators included in Table 13. New projects in the CIP During 2010/11, 90 new projects were initiated, valued at 1,861 million USD out of a total additional financing of 2,170 million USD, with the balance of 309 million USD accounted for by revisions to the CIP project data in 2011 (as explained in Section 7 of this report). These figures
___________________________________________________________________________________ 134 Bangladesh Bank (2011) Annual Report
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Table 13. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 7
CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
No. and value of new investment projects under CIP approved na na na 90 projects
USD 1,861 Million CIP monitoring
Additional resources mobilized for CIP na na na USD 2,170 Million CIP monitoring
CIP available budget execution performance na na na 51%135 CIP monitoring
CIP Monitoring Reports regularly produced na na na on‐going FPMU
do not include new projects that have been identified and are in the process of formulation or approval, which are considered in the CIP as part of the pipeline. The stream of new projects into the CIP supports its basic conception as a flexible tool (a ‘living document’), adaptable to ongoing planning and coordination needs. Implementation of the CIP Between July 2010 and June 2011, about 836 million USD were disbursed under the 12 CIP Programmes. This represents 10.2% of the overall investment (funded and non‐funded) planned in the CIP to achieve the NFP goals by 2015. In terms of absorptive capacity and implementation, progress appears slower than required as indicated by a delivery of just 51% of the funded amount for financial year 2010/11 on a pro rata basis (i.e. a fifth of the total CIP). At this rate of delivery, considering also the increase of the total size of CIP up to USD 9.2 billion, full disbursement of the already funded CIP will take until 2016, and full disbursement of the entire CIP, until 2020. These figures assume linear disbursement of project funds. Further development of disbursement capacities for faster delivery would ensure timely ongoing and planned interventions, as would re‐prioritization of ongoing delivery towards key areas. Table 14 disaggregates the execution performance by CIP components:
‐ The availability component has a low execution performance, a cause of concern considering the high share of this component in the total CIP.
‐ A relatively better capacity of delivery of projects is registered in the access component, the closest to the targeted annual delivery.
‐ The utilization component has the lowest rate of execution. However, this component represents the lowest share of the total CIP budget, and nutrition is increasingly mainstreamed in projects falling under other components.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 135 The CIP available budget execution performance represents the proportion of the annual delivery of the CIP on the pro‐rata of the total CIP budget at the beginning of a given financial year. The indicator is calculated as: total delivery in a given financial year divided by one fifth of the total CIP budget at the beginning of the same financial year (given the five year life of the CIP). In figures, for the 2012 Report, this corresponds to 836 million USD (delivery in 2010/11) over 1,639 million USD (total CIP budget as of June 2010, i.e. 8,194 million USD, divided by 5), or 51%. Accordingly, the target for this annual indicator is 100%. The next Monitoring Report will calculate the execution performance as the total delivery between July 2011 to June 2012 on the fifth part of the CIP budget as of June 2011.
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Table 14. CIP execution performance 2010/11, based on CIP budget as of June 2010
Components Delivery for July 2010‐June 2011 (million USD)
CIP available budget execution performance as % of the yearly quota
Execution of the CIP 2010‐2015 as of June 2010
1. Availability 344 41.17% 8.23%
2. Access 487 75.06% 15.01%
3. Utilization 6 3.64% 0.73%
Overall 836 51.01% 10.20% Source: NFP‐PoA/CIP Monitoring, 2012 Active institutional framework The government’s institutional arrangements are operating for implementing, coordinating and monitoring the NFP PoA and CIP, with TT meetings regularly held. These have enhanced inter‐ministerial information exchange and discussion. These exchanges encompassed the scope and purpose envisaged in the PoA for the NFP monitoring activities: 1/ identifying benchmarks and documenting progress on input, output and outcome indicators; 2/ assessing policy and programme effectiveness and experiences; 3/ mainstreaming results from monitoring and analytical activities in policies and programmes. The process of producing this monitoring report has contributed to capacity strengthening in this area. The NFP monitoring process is consistent with other policy monitoring, such as the results framework of the MDG Fund on ‘Protecting and promoting food security and nutrition for families and children in Bangladesh’ and M&E framework for the SFYP. Nationally representative data to support monitoring efforts include recent rounds of the HIES, BDHS, MICS and Population Census.
5.2.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action Exchanging monitoring information across ministries The TTs delivered, endorsed and consolidated data to monitor the PoA and CIP from each concerned ministry’s areas of responsibility. This data has been analyzed and presented in this report. The process of producing this report contributed to capacity strengthening the TTs, as it has been produced with the close cooperation of 13 ministries, with FPMU maintaining the convening, coordination and focal role. Training was provided to the TTs and to FPMU on monitoring methodology, tailored specifically to the contents of the NFP PoA and CIP. Ongoing capacity support by FAO, USAID and EU through the NFPCSP The National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP) was designed to meet the needs expressed during formulation of the NFP by the Government and DPs for strengthening national capacities to formulate, implement and monitor equitable, pro‐poor and gender sensitive policies. The NFPCSP has operated since September 2005 and is due to be completed in December 2013, with a total project funding of 7.15 million Euro and 10.2 million USD. Located in the premises of the MoFDM, the project maintains a continuous interaction
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with all Government officials through the FPMU. This has allowed close calibration of capacity strengthening needs, and meeting those needs in a timely and relevant way through on‐the‐job support, short‐courses and postgraduate training. The NFPCSP also contributes to responding to the NFP requirement to generate a continuous flow of research analysis and information through a number of initiatives including a large Research Grant Program. Grants for 60 research projects were awarded to involve almost 100 national institutions in a renewed effort to generate policy relevant knowledge and dialogues among Government, development partners, and civil society with a focus on universities and research institutes. Fortnightly and quarterly food security monitoring reports are regularly published, and a web‐based food security information system including the country’s largest repository of books, documents and e‐materials on food security provide decision makers and the general public with immediate access to food security information. Ongoing capacity support by FAO and GAFSP through the IAPP/TA Capacity strengthening on investment and planning is being carried out under the Technical Assistance Component of the Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project (IAPP/TA), implemented by MoA with technical assistance from the Investment Centre Division of FAO. The project, with a budget of 3.7 million USD, part of a 50 million USD GAFSP grant, is fully consistent with the CIP access component, and aims to strengthen capacities of Government and non‐Government actors in planning, implementing and monitoring more effective, inclusive and country‐owned food security investment programmes. This covers project cycle management, training on M&E, results‐based management, university scholarships (2 PhDs and 3 Masters), and planning and implementation of rural investments136. An ongoing mapping of farmer organizations aims to assess how food security investments can more effectively respond to the needs of farmers. Policy development through research and knowledge The GoB has initiated research and knowledge projects to support evidence‐based policy‐making. In addition to the activities supported by the NFPCSP, the GoB has commissioned several pieces of research at the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, with the collaboration of IFPRI under the Policy Research and Strategy Support Program for Food Security and Agricultural Development, covering health service delivery, household impact of inflation, performance of food‐based safety nets, rice value chain, and several impact studies, amongst other topics. Activities under the nutrition project supported by the MDG Fund include capacity strengthening at upazila and implementing‐NGO levels, and plans to create an inventory of food security and nutrition projects to develop best practices. The GoB completed recently an MDG Needs Assessment and Costing and is in the process of completing an updated Poverty Assessment. A major study, involving the GoB, WFP and UNDP, is ongoing on SSN transfer modalities.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 136 Through Rural Invest, a toolkit developed by FAO/TCI.
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Needs for further action in this field include: Scale up and strengthen implementation capacities: The observed CIP rate of implementation highlights the need for a substantial development of implementation in order to achieve a faster delivery of the ongoing and planned interventions. Particular emphasis should be placed on the disbursement capacities of the availability component, which represents the highest share of the CIP and has the lowest execution performance as measured by the ratio of delivery to budget (funded and unfunded).
Institutionalizing the annual monitoring process: While some progress has been made, further efforts are needed before capacity is adequate to monitor commitments under the NFP on an annual cycle. Technical assistance was required to produce this Monitoring Report. These functions will be taken over by the Government as a result of a sustainable consolidation of the related capacity. The TTs, though active and participatory, require further institutionalization to ensure continued contribution in routine monitoring. The CIP is designed as a living document: this means that it must be updated to face new realities and visions. Doing this whilst maintaining the CIP’s priority ratio means however, that coordination between ministries is paramount, a result that took considerable consultation and negotiation when the CIP was originally created, and for which a clear on‐going system is yet to be devised.
Development partners and aid effectiveness: DPs have an important role to support Government activities under Programme 7. There are three priority areas: 1/ as partners in the CIP, the timely and systematic reporting of DP’s project data is vital for CIP monitoring and for the creation of the aggregate project database, which will serve as a public good for development programming in the country, useful for DPs, GoB and NGOs; 2/ the design and delivery of effective capacity development components and mainstream knowledge and capacities transfer in all relevant DP projects with a view to national ownership and sustainability; 3/ incorporation of results from monitoring and analytical activities in the programming principles and priorities of DPs.
Civil society involvement: Whilst civil society organizations have been consulted on all major aspects of the NFP PoA and CIP, the category civil society covers many perspectives and the richness of their experiences has not been fully exploited and incorporated. Engagement of civil society is an area for improvement, and requires the proposal and design of concrete steps to foster greater learning and involvement in policy development and programming. Furthermore, as some civil society organizations are often closer to the most vulnerable households and communities, their role as watchdog for the weakest in society should be welcomed into policy and programme development and prioritization. The PoA foresaw stronger collaboration between the GoB and NGOs.
5.3. Programme 8: Enhanced public food management system Programme 8 aims to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the Public Food Management System (PFDS). This corresponds to two PoA AoIs: enhanced public procurement system to support producer prices (PoA AoI 1.10) and improved management of public stocks and price stabilization (PoA AoI 1.11).
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5.3.1. Progress towards achievements The public food management system serves the double purpose of guaranteeing minimum profitability to farmers cultivating rice and wheat, and supplying the food grains required for facing emergencies, supplying food based safety nets and stabilizing the domestic rice price. Improving PFDS operations (stocks, procurement, movement, distribution and quality control) is important for enhancing the Government’s capacity to intervene, especially during shocks and crises. Table 12 presents the main indicators identified to monitor progress in this direction.
Table 15. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 8
CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
Effective grain storage capacity at close of fiscal year (thousand MT)
1,493 1,473 1,529 1,572 ITDS, Food Directorate
Average use of effective Government foodgrain storage capacity 38% 79% 65% 52% MISM, Food Division
Actual boro procurement (thousand MT) 706 1,168 1,196 563 MISM, Food Division Achievement of procurement target for boro
59% 84% 100% 49% MISM, Food Division
Wholesale price during the boro procurement period as percentage of boro per unit cost of production
154% 101% 129% 123% Wholesale price from DAM; Cost of production from MoA
Opening stock as % of budgeted target 64% 87% 114% 47% National Budget and FPMU Stock Flow Table
Quantity of rice distributed through OMS as % of total domestic supply 0.90% 0.60% 0.96% 2.96%
Imports and OMS distributed from MISM, Food Division; Domestic production from BBS
Note: Boro procurement in 2007/08 should be understood as the procurement that took place in the 2007 season. Public food storage capacity In view of the increased volatility of foodgrain prices in the domestic and international markets, the Government decided to scale up its capacity to stock foodgrains in order to reinforce its capacity to intervene for market stabilization and to run safety nets, and intervene in case of emergencies. In 2010/11, the effective storage capacity was at 1,572,053 MT, with just over half of the capacity utilized. Due to logistic and seasonal
Figure 11. Monthly public closing stock
Source: MIS,M, DG Food
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reasons, the available storage capacities is not fully utilized and in fact, the level of utilization registered in 2007/08 and 2008/09 can be considered quite high (see Figure 11) and close to full utilization during the period of peak storage capacity utilization. Over the past two years, the Government increased its storage capacity by 110,000 MT across 140 godowns, mainly in the northern region where most of the domestic procurement takes place. Construction is under way of a further 261 food godowns for a total capacity of 219,000 MT in different parts of the country. In addition to this, a grain silo of 50,000 MT capacity at Mongla Port is under construction. Construction of another 105 thousand MT storage capacity godowns all over the country, construction of 100 thousand MT capacity silo in the Chittagong silo area and 25 thousand MT capacity Multistoried Warehouse in the Santahar Silo campus are also in the pipeline. Public procurement Most of the domestic procurement takes place from the boro season harvest. Public procurement during boro as percent of target has fluctuated substantially over the recent years, mainly as a result of the market price volatility. During the boro season 2007, before the food price crises, procurement was only 706 thousand tons or 38% of the target. This resulted in a limited capacity by the Government to intervene during the latter part of the fiscal year when foodgrain prices skyrocketed due to the global food price crises, the two floods and a cyclone that hit Bangladesh between August and November 2007, and the possibility to import foodgrains was seriously constrained by a tight international market. This was a main determinant of the decision by the Government to scale up its stocking capacity and PFDS operations. In 2008/09 and 2009/10, procurement targets were achieved to a great extent, with 100% of the target being realized in 2009/10. Indeed, the Government procured substantial quantities from boro 2008 to rebuild the public stocks and from boro 2009 to support farmers in a context of collapsing producer prices. Achievement of the procurement target was modest in 2010/11 compared to previous years possibly due to the fast growth of prices at the time that did not allow, neither required, the Government to procure from the domestic market. Moreover, at the end of 2010, the Government decided not to procure domestically during aman harvest in order to avoid further inflationary pressures on the already rising market prices and to supply the PFDS from imports that ‐contrary to 2008‐ could be accessed from international markets albeit at relatively high prices. Overall, the Government has procured less in years of high or increasing prices and more in years of low or declining prices, as expected for price support and stabilization measures. The main exception is the substantial procurement volume made in 2008 when, although prices where high, the Government needed to procure in order to refill its stock in presence of tight international markets. Rice price relative to cost of production during boro procurement In 2007/08 and 2008/09, when domestic and international prices boomed, the ratio between domestic wholesale prices and the cost of production was relatively high, indicating high
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profitability and incentive to produce137. In 2009/10, the wholesale price of rice dropped as result of international market trends and favourable domestic production with negative impact on farmers’ profits despite the record procurement carried out by the Government (1.2 million metric tons from May to August). In 2010/11, prices rose again, supporting farmers’ incentives and limiting the scope for Government procurement in support of incomes. With the ensuing favourable 2012 boro harvest and the declining trend in rice prices, farmers’ returns are once more under pressure to which the Government has responded by initiating a large procurement drive. However, subtracting supply from the market to sustain prices is being limited by the available storage capacity. Open Market Sales (OMS) and consumer price stabilization OMS is one of the distribution channels of the PFDS mainly designed to stabilize consumer prices during the lean seasons of September‐November and January‐April, through sales at a price below the market level. Sales take place through authorized dealers and trucks operated directly by the Government in a way that facilitates self‐targeting by poor consumers. More recently, access to OMS has been granted to holders of ’Fair Price Cards’ distributed to specific categories of low income consumers. OMS serves the double purpose of stabilizing prices by increasing supply ‐ especially during lean seasons‐ and of facilitating access to foodgrains by the poor. The quantity distributed through OMS has generally not exceeded 1% of total market supply suggesting that the impact in terms of price stabilization is quite low relative to the relief provided to poor urban consumers. However, in 2010/11, the distribution reached almost 3% of total supply with significant effects in containing price inflation observed between late 2010 and the first part of 2012. Indeed, rice prices in Bangladesh grew less than the international prices and started reducing earlier than what was observed on international markets. It is also noticeable, that the quantity distributed tended to vary in line with the price trend, i.e. increased in 2008, declined in 2009 and resumed in 2010/11. This indicates that OMS is increasingly being used not only for seasonal market stabilization but also to counter the three year rice price cycle that has emerged after the food price crises.
5.3.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action Programme 8 of CIP accounts for 6.9% of the entire CIP budget, all falling under the sub‐programme aiming to increase and modernize public storage and handling facilities with seven ongoing projects and eight in the pipeline worth 178 million USD. Subprogrammes 8.1 to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of Public Food Management Systems and improve its impact on price stabilization and 8.2 to build capacities of the MOFDM and Directorate of Food to better manage the food system, in spite of having been identified are priority areas in the development of the CIP, remain devoid of any project. As mentioned above, a number of projects are under way to increase the Government foodgrain storage capacity. More recently, the Directorate General of Food under the Food
___________________________________________________________________________________ 137 Wholesale prices are used as a proxy for farm gate prices, due to data availability issues.
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Division of the MoFDM, with technical and financial assistance from the World Bank, has undertaken the Bangladesh Modern Food Storage Facilities Project (BMFSFP) to increase and improve food storage facilities in the country, including the possibility of extending the shelf‐life of the stock in such a way to reduce the need for rotating the stock, rationalize costs and enhance public intervention capacity. The purpose of the project is to increase modern foodgrain storage facilities by up to 1.0 million tons to cater to the needs arising out of situations such as natural disasters, whose frequency and severity is expected to increase as a result of global warming, and market price volatility.138 In view of successive good harvests of paddy, the Government announced a decision to procure more rice from domestic sources as a price support measure for producers. It also lifted the existing ban on rice exports and allowed limited export of higher‐value aromatic fine rice. More recently, as the country approaches self sufficiency, the Government has been considering the possibility of also allowing exports of coarse and medium quality rice to prevent the fall of rice price resulting from good boro harvests. This would constitute another step in the direction of complementing public food management and trade measure in the management of food prices along the lines already experimented in 2010/11 when public import were used as a substitute for domestic procurement in a situation of rapidly raising prices. Overall the use of trade measures, including public imports and exports but also tariffs, provides additional instruments to stabilize prices and balance producers’ and consumers’ demands.
With reference to the efficiency of operation, based on the encouraging results obtained in the piloting conducted under the ADB supported project on Strengthening the Government Institutional Capacity for Improving Food Security, initiatives are under way to introduce a nationwide computerized information system to monitor food stock and movements.
Need for further action in this field include:
Flexibly adjusting procurement to the changing market conditions: The high food price volatility experienced during recent years and the changing in rice market conditions determined by the fact that the country is approaching self‐sufficiency in rice production, require increased flexibility in terms of procurement targets (quantity and prices), sources (domestic or international) and complementary trade measures including tariffs on imports and activation of rice export channels.
Develop a better understanding of the impacts of alternative procurement modalities on its effectiveness and of the parameters required for food operation planning: Fixing a minimum procurement price in advance of the planting season can contribute to reducing risks faced by the farmers as a result of price volatility, and to thus maximize production outcomes. Determination of the procurement price requires careful consideration of the cost of production and price expectations in such a way to support
___________________________________________________________________________________ 138 GoB (2012) Need Assessment Report Prepared for the Directorate General of Food, MoFDM by Key International LLC of USA and Sthapati Shangshad Ltd. Bangladesh
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farmers and procure adequate quantities for the public stock.139 However, not only is fixing the procurement price before planting a difficult exercise due to the uncertainty created by the high price volatility of food and inputs, but its desirability can also be questioned since it limits the option of using the price announcement as a signal to curb speculative expectations at critical times. Paddy constitutes a minor part of total procurement. This has been repeatedly mentioned as a constraint to the share of benefit from procurement that accrues to farmers rather than to intermediaries. The prevailing barriers to procurement of paddy directly from farmers which include the number of transactions to be managed, mechanisms for enforcing quality standards, and storage and processing facilities needed to manage a large paddy stock, need to be examined vis‐à‐vis the expected benefits and the alternative options available to maximize the achievement of the multiple objectives involved, i.e. support to farmers’ incomes, especially for small and marginal ones, incentives to production, securing supply for the PFDS, efficiency of procurement and stocking, etc. A study on ’Effectiveness of the procurement system and possible alternatives’ recently commissioned by the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme is expected to provide information on the functioning and effectiveness of the procurement system in support of farmers and FPDS operations, options for its improvement and a review of alternative instruments to support farmers. Effective food management requires reliable planning of national food supply and utilization, which in turn requires accurate information for population, per capita consumption, net domestic production, trade and private stocking behaviour. A study has thus been commissioned by the MoFDM for ‘Estimating the Parameters Needed for Integrated and Effective PFDS’. The study is expected to provide improved estimations of the relevant parameters and methodological tools to use them for effective PFDS planning.
Enhance food management and build related capacities: As noted above, in the updated pipeline as of June 2011 no project is included under the subprogramme 8.1 and 8.2, as the provisions included in the original CIP have not been followed up. It is important to speed up the identification, formulation and financing of relevant programmes so as to address the need to scale up efficiency and effectiveness of food management.
Introducing country‐wide computerized food stock/storage monitoring system: The efficiency of the food storage and distribution system depends largely on effective monitoring of public stocks including stock in transit, storage and transportation losses. The use of the modern information and communication technologies needs to be introduced throughout the country on the basis of the experience gained through recent piloting of this approach.
Developing an effective early warning food information system: An effective early warning system can provide sufficient lead time between the prognosis and actual
___________________________________________________________________________________ 139 Shahabuddin, Q., M. Asaduzzaman, E. Clay and S. Jones (2009) Price Support, Domestic Procurement Programme and Public Stock Management BIDS Policy Brief N.0902
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occurrence of an event which can greatly affect food supply and demand situations. It can also enable the Government to plan import/export and maintain optimum stocks so that any crisis situation can be tackled in an efficient and cost‐effective manner. Attempts to build an effective early warning food information system have so far been sporadic in Bangladesh. Efforts need to be directed towards building a comprehensive and effective early warning system at FPMU for more effective food management. The national early warning system also needs to be integrated with the global early warning system to obtain synergic outcomes in the overall food management.
5.4. Programme 9: Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets Programme 9 aims to improve the effectiveness and targeting of social safety nets. The two priority interventions of the programme are: i) to strengthen institutional capacities to design and implement social safety nets, particularly through the formulation of an integrated strategy; and ii) to invest in income and employment generation. Programme 9 in the CIP corresponds to two AOIs in the PoA: improvements in coverage and effectiveness of emergency food distribution from public stocks (PoA AoI 2.2) and improvements in targeting, leakage, coverage and adequacy of food‐based safety‐net programmes (PoA AoI 2.4).
5.4.1. Progress towards achievements Table 16. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 9
CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
Government spending on social protection as % of GDP n.a. 2.25% 2.52% 2.64%
(revised) Finance
Division, MoF
Budgeted coverage of employment generation program for the poor (in million person months)
n.a 9.1 4.9 4.2 National Budget
Budgeted coverage of VGF and VGD, million cards National
Budget, MoF VGF (lakh persons) n.a. 366.67 366.67 122.22
VGD (lakh person months) n.a. 88.33 88.33 88.33
Quantity of VGF and GR distributed (in MT) 225,755 554,025 285,384 147,853 MIS,M, DG Food
Rising spending Spending on social safety nets relative to GDP increased steadily from 2.25% in fiscal year 2008/9 to 2.52% in 2009/10 and to 2.64% in 2010/11. These figures incorporate a broad definition of safety nets, including cash transfers, grants and stipends, food programmes, micro‐credit programmes, employment programmes, assorted social empowerment programmes and several human development programmes. This represents a rise in the
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Government’s commitment to social safety nets in its budgetary allocations from 15.1% in 2009/10 to 16.1% in 2010/11140. In absolute terms, nearly 20,894 crore Taka was spent in 2010/11, of which 7,232 crore Taka was through food‐based programmes141. Current estimates for 2011/12 are 2.51% of GDP, or 13.8% of the Government budget, amounting to 22,556 crore Taka, of which nearly 7,103 crore taka is budgeted through food‐based programmes. Increased coverage The 100 Day Employment Generation Programme was designed as a rapid response to the food price crisis in 2008 and catered to 9.1 million person months. Recognising the need for such punctual interventions on a regular basis in the lean season, this programme was later institutionalized under a slightly modified form for a reduced 4.9 million person months in 2009/10 to 4.2 million person months in 2010/11. For the VGF, after two consecutive years at 367 lakh persons the budget was reduced to 122 lakh persons. Budgeted VGD coverage remained steady at around 88 lakh person months. The quantity of VGF and GR distributed was 148 MT, a decline from higher amounts in previous years. These declines were accompanied by an expansion of the OMS as part of the Government’s efforts to focus the VGF and GR on mitigating shocks, and the OMS on smoothing price fluctuations through market operations. The combined distribution of VGF, GR and OMS actually increased recently from 493.8 MT in 2007/8, 748 MT in 2008/9, 544 MT in 2009/10 and rising to 1,334 MT in 2010/11. The GoB allocated Tk. 10 billion for the EGP in the budget of both previous and current fiscal years. Since EGP has greater efficacy of creating community assets and infrastructures, allocation under the program may be increased for attaining greater social objectives. In all such programmes, participation of women should continue to be encouraged –currently 30% of the employment provided by this scheme is earmarked for women‐ along with provision of flexible working hours and services for children. Overall coverage of households benefiting from at least one social safety net increased from 13.0% of households in 2005 to 24.6% in 2010 (HIES 2010). Whilst this represents substantial progress within five years, the coverage rate is still below the proportion of households that are poor. This suggests about 8.1 million households benefited from at least one programme in the 12 months preceding the survey142. Figure 12 shows that, taking the social safety nets programmes as a whole, there is a reasonable correspondence at divisional level between poverty incidences (% households poor) and benefit incidences (% households receiving benefits) in the 12 months preceding the HIES 2010 survey, although clearly there is room for better targeting for greater efficiency in the system. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 140 Ministry of Finance, GoB 141 This follows the Ministry of Finance classification of ‘B: Food Security Programmes: Social Protection’ which includes Open Market Sales, Vulnerable Group Development, Vulnerable Group Feeding, Test Relief, Gratuitous Relief – Food, Food Assistance in CTG Hill Tracts and Food for Work. 142 This is based on the estimate for total households in the country stated in HIES 2010 on p. xix.
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Figure 12: Poverty and benefits incidence maps
Source: BBS (2011) HIES Adequacy of benefits Total spending on social safety nets increased from Taka 16,706 crore in 2009/10 to Taka 20,894 crore in 2010/11. Based on HIES 2010 data, this would represent under a third of the expenditure shortfall of the poor with respect to the upper poverty line, assuming perfect targeting of benefits to them.143 Of the seven largest programmes in terms of recipient households, Figure 13 shows that the average benefit ranged from about a fifth to a half of the food poverty line (the cost of the minimum food basket used by BBS to estimate poverty).
5.4.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action
Currently, a substantial 18.9% of the CIP financed budget or 988 million USD falls under Programme 9. More specifically, subprogramme 9.2 titled ‘investment in employment and income generation of social safety nets’, covers 22 ongoing projects, including large projects such as for example the ‘One House One Farm’ project worth 215 million USD. In addition to
___________________________________________________________________________________ 143 This calculation is based on the 6.5% poverty gap below the upper poverty line, as reported in HIES 2010.
Rajshahi (new) 20.66
Barisal34.43
Rangpur33.65
Dhaka18.87
Sylhet23.51
Khulna37.30 Chittagong
19.99Barisal26.7
Rangpur30.1‐
Dhaka15.6
Sylhet20.7
Khulna15.4
Chittagong13.1
Rajshahi (new) 16.8
Barisal39.4
Rangpur46.2‐
Dhaka30.5
Sylhet28.1
Khulna32.1 Chittagong
26.2
Rajshahi (new) 29.8
Poverty incidence, upper poverty line
Poverty incidence,lower poverty line
Benefit incidence
Figure 13: Average benefits per household as % of the food poverty line
Source: Based on BBS (2011) HIES
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Old ageallowance(MOSW)
Agriculturerehabilitation
(MOA)
Stipend forprimarystudents
(MOPMED)
Gratuitous relief(cash)
General reliefactivities
Stipend forsecondary and
higher-secondary
female student
Allowances forthe widow,deserted &destitute
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this, 4.2% of the total CIP pipeline as of June 2011 comes from projects included under this programme. This includes a new phase of the sizeable ‘Char Development & Settlement project’ ‐83 million USD‐ but also 50 million USD which have been allocated for projects yet to be defined to develop capacity and strengthen institutions for more effective safety nets. National Social Protection Strategy The Government is committed to draft a National Social Protection Strategy for Cabinet examination by January 2013. This follows up on the intention stated in the CIP and the SFYP to modernize social protection systems. Under the General Economics Division, an Action Plan for a National Social Protection Strategy was drafted, with support from DPs. It has four phases: 1/ establish the basic institutional framework; 2/ develop the draft strategy; 3/ launch and consult on the draft strategy; 4/ officially adopt the strategy. The Government held workshops and consultations on this action plan and the process has largely completed phase 1 and is launching phase 2. The strategy will address protective and promotional safety nets; consider the expansion and streamlining of programmes through better targeting, design and coordination; and consider sustainability of the social protection programmes. A key consideration is that the social protection strategy should be well‐linked to the NFP and the CIP as a consistent set of Government policy documents. Research for evidence‐based policy‐making The Government has commissioned several studies to inform debate, particularly relating to social safety nets. This includes two substantial overview studies by the Power and Participation Research Centre, covering a situation assessment of programmes and identifying policy issues. Three further studies have been commissioned under NFPCSP on the role of social safety nets in climate change adaptation, targeting of social safety nets and links between social safety nets and productive activities. Another study under the MoSW to be conducted by BIDS aims to assess the impact of the Old Age Allowance. Finally, a joint WFP/IFPRI study due to be completed in 2013 will compare the impacts in poor households of five transfer modalities: 1/ food only, 2/ cash only, 3/ food with behaviour change interventions, 4/ cash with behaviour change interventions, and 5/ food, cash and behaviour change interventions. Government data hub on social safety nets The Government has taken steps to create a consolidated information system on social safety nets. Currently several partial systems exist of varying purposes and completeness maintained by implementing agencies for their operations, amongst others, at the LGD, MoFDM and MoSW. The intention is to consolidate the existing data and create a government‐wide data hub maintained by BBS and the Cabinet Division. This would focus on safety net beneficiaries in the existing citizen’s database, and utilize data from union information centres. The databank would help the Government track safety net programmes, allowances and beneficiaries. A pilot project has been implemented. Needs for further action in this field include:
Progress in developing the draft National Social Protection Strategy: This document will be crucial for guiding and coordinating efforts to raise the effectiveness of the SSN
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system. The development of the draft is a matter of urgency, with adequate time to be given to consult widely both implementing and policymaking parts of Government.
Targeting, coverage and adequacy: Performance on all three characteristics of SSN programmes could be improved to ensure that, respectively, money is spent on those who need it, more of those who need it are included in the system, and those who are include benefit in ways that are adequate for their needs.
Safety nets to stabilise access to food: Monga, the annual hunger during the agricultural down‐cycle from September to November, has been substantially reduced from previous years. Whilst this phenomenon is somewhat predictable in location and timing, though not always in intensity and duration, the poor face other less predictable instabilities in their food access due to varied shocks. The HIES 2010 reveals two notable features of this. First, even after excluding agricultural losses, more rural households experienced crises than urban households within the 12 months preceding the survey144. This applied to crises due to death of income earners and household members, theft of assets, violence, fires, earthquakes, tornados, floods and landslides. Second, households use a combination of coping strategies, including depleting savings, taking loans, liquidating household durables and assets, migrating and sending children away. Importantly some 5% of households who faced a crisis changed their food habits in order to cope. While some reduced intakes and went hungry, another pattern is to shift to cheaper, less preferred, lower‐quality and nutritionally less diversified diets145. The diverse nature of shocks calls for highly responsive, geographically diverse and complex safety nets.
Identification of capacity development needs: There is a need for greater understanding, identification and tackling of capacity shortfalls in managing and implementing SSN programmes, both at central and lower levels of government. This is particularly so given the government’s intention to upgrade its systems with a data hub, and the more sophisticated management possibilities that such technology implies. In addition, whilst a conceptual distinction has been drawn between productive and protective SSNs, delivering such defined interventions to the right people at the right time with the right benefits will need capacity to manage a more sophisticated system that recognises diverse needs.
Scaling‐up graduation models: More than other South Asian countries, NGOs are major players in social protection in Bangladesh146. The CIP called for increased partnerships with NGOs, especially on issues like scaling up effective programmes, sustainability of programme benefits and cost‐effective targeting. Several NGO programmes have experimented with models to help the poor graduate themselves out of programmes, some with Government involvement. The larger ones include the Chars Livelihood Programme, BRAC’s Ultra Poor Programme, GoB/UNDP’s REOPA, WFP’s Food Security for the Ultra Poor, Care’s Shouhardo and the GoB’s VGD programme. These are well‐
___________________________________________________________________________________ 144 See BBS (2010) HIES Report 2010: Table 10.16 145 Hossain, N. and D. Green (2011) Living on a spike. How is the 2011 food price crisis affecting poor people? Oxfam UK 146 Kabeer, N. (2009) Review of Social Protection in South Asia Social Protection in Asia Programme.
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monitored and researched programmes with the maturity, scale and measured impact to offer many opportunities for systematic learning. Such efforts are underway, and should be intensified to ensure uptake of innovations into public programmes.
Promotional safety nets to ensure livelihoods are resilient to climate change: Unless they are able to adapt, poor households will face the brunt of climate change. Greater provisions are needed for opening employment opportunities in relevant infrastructure improvements, including maintenance and repair of irrigation infrastructures, river bank protection works and social forestry activities. The approach should be to help vulnerable households combine risk‐coping, mitigation and adaptation by integrating interventions in disaster risk management, social safety nets and climate change adaptation in agriculture.
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6. Utilization: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs The ultimate outcome of food security interventions is adequate nutrition for all people, with a particular emphasis on women and children. Food utilization, a key dimension of food security, is addressed by the CIP in its third component, through Programmes 10 to 12. These highlight the importance of community‐based nutrition and national nutrition services, high quality data systems on nutrition while enhancing food and drinking water safety. These three CIP Programmes are fully consistent with the eight Areas of Interventions under the third objective of the NFP PoA. 6.1. Programme 10: Community based nutrition programmes and services Programme 10, which includes community based nutrition programmes and services, aims at delivering integrated long and short term interventions for improving the nutritional status of mothers and children. This covers the NFP PoA AoIs 3.2, 3.3. 3.4. 3.7 and 3.8 which promote balanced and nutritious food for vulnerable people, food based programmes and growth monitoring of children; nutrition education on dietary diversification; food supplementation and fortification, and women and children’s health; and protection and promotion of breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding. Community based programmes are seen as a key turning point in implementation strategies leading to food and nutrition improvement and as a sound basis for socio‐economic development. Low birth weight (36%), childhood malnutrition (41% stunting; 36% underweight; 16% wasting) and maternal malnutrition (25% CED) continue to be major nutritional problems in Bangladesh. This challenging situation has called for a renewed policy resolve and the Government has commenced with the implementation of the National Nutrition Services (NNS) by the MoHFW since July 2011. A comprehensive package of nutrition services is being mainstreamed for delivery through the community clinics as the first point of contact with the health system at upazila, district and tertiary levels. Existing Child Nutrition Units (CNU) are being strengthened and expanded. Nutrition improvement in the first 1000 days of life within the context of a life cycle approach is emphasized.
6.1.1. Progress towards achievements The NGO sector in Bangladesh has been delivering nutrition activities and programmes to the community for over three decades. A number of activities outlined in the NFP PoA AoIs are being implemented by NGOs. Their involvement is also envisaged to some extent in the implementing of activities under the NNS. Programme 10 of the Country Investment Plan underlines the delivery of an integrated package of nutrition and health services that is linked to community based mechanisms.
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Table 17. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 10
CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
Proportion of infants under six months exclusively breast fed 43% (2007) na na 63.5%
(2011) BDHS 2007,
2011 Poor households raising home gardening and backyard poultry na na na 41%
(Feb‐April) BBS/BRACUni/HKI‐FSNSP
Share of total dietary energy consumption from
FAO, Selected indicators of food and agricultural development in the Asia‐Pacific region
Cereal 78.1% (2005‐07) na na na
Sugar 3.5% (2005‐07) na na na
Oil 6.6% ( 2005‐07) na na na
Roots and tubers 2.5% (2005‐07) na na na
Pulses 2% (2005‐07) na na na
Fruits and vegetables 2% (2005‐07) na na na
Meat and milk 3.1% (2005‐07) na na na
Prevalence of global acute malnutrition among children <5 years < 2SD
17.4 % (BDHS)
13.5% (6‐59 m, HFSNA) na
15.6% (BDHS) Various
Prevalence of severe acute malnutrition among children <5 years < 3SD
2.9% (BDHS)
3.4% (6‐59 m, HFSNA) na
4% (BDHS)
Various
Proportion of women ANC coverage of at least 4 visits 22.0% na na 25.5% BDHS
Exclusive breastfeeding The recommendation to exclusively breastfeed for the first six months of life is met for nearly 64% of children under 2 years. The increase from 43% in 2007 to 64% in 2011 is partly explained by a change in the age pattern in the sample with a higher proportion of infants in 0‐3 months in the 2011 BDHS compared to the 2007 BDHS. Other possible explanations however, include a likely influence of national media campaigns on breastfeeding implemented between 2010 and 2011. In addition, several maternal, neonatal care and child health programmes, including improved feeding, that have been implemented for the last 1‐2 years before the survey and that which covered a quarter of the country may have contributed to the progress. The HPNSDP 2011 ‐2016 target of 50% for six months exclusive breastfeeding appears to have been achieved. Home gardening and backyard poultry Home gardening is traditionally practiced in Bangladesh as a means to improve household food availability, notably through cultivating fruits and vegetables, as well as raising small livestock such as chicken and goats147. DAE for example, provides inputs, supplies as well as technology transfer for homestead gardening at household and community levels. In collaboration with the ___________________________________________________________________________________ 147 HKI, DAE, DLS, FAO programmes
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World Fish Center for instance, it is promoting Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato ‐a rich source of beta carotene‐ in homestead gardens in combination with small indigenous fish in the South of Bangladesh as a part of the CSISA148 Bangladesh Project. This holds great potential for improving nutrition of rural women and young children. Available data suggest that home gardening has reduced in the recent past. Indeed, data from the CMN Survey (2005) show a prevalence of 47.2% of homestead vegetable gardens at national level, while FSNSP estimates show a decline in prevalence of homestead gardening and backyard poultry to 41% in February‐April 2011 (Table 24). The production is largely seasonal with several agricultural constraints that need to be addressed to make it a sustainable practice. An HKI study (2010)149 shows that rural households with developed gardens grow three times more varieties of vegetables and their total vegetable production is four times greater than that of households with traditional gardens. Children living in households with developed gardens consumed a median of 13 types of vegetables per week compared to four types for those with traditional gardens. The increased production of home garden produce enables households to sell surplus, providing extra household income. Expanding household horticulture integrated production through high density mixed fruit orchards and multi bed vegetable systems can result in enhancing the intake of micronutrients in the household diets150. Given that homestead poultry rearing is economically viable151, provision of training – especially of landless women‐ supported with credit and other necessary inputs to strengthen poultry rearing can be considered for widespread implementation. Overall mother and child health and nutrition can be improved on a sustainable basis by the promotion of homestead farming that, beside the homestead gardening promotes backyard poultry and smallscale homestead aquaculture. Share of food groups to total dietary energy (supply) for consumption Trends in per capita availability of dietary energy, protein, and fat are reflective of the changing patterns of food consumption152. The percentage of DEI from roots and tubers and fruits and vegetables to the total energy increased from 1.2% in 1998 to 2.5% in 2007 and 1.0% in 1998 to 2.0% in 2007 respectively, while contribution to dietary energy from oil decreased from 8.7% in 1998 to 6.6% in 2007. The contribution from sugar, pulses, meat, milk, egg and fish was almost static during the period (Figure 14). At the same time, the share of non cereal foods to total Dietary Energy Supply has been increasing very slowly (Table 17), suggesting that the diets are
___________________________________________________________________________________ 148 Expansion of Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia 149 HKI/Asia Pacific (2010) Nutrition Bulletin 8(1) March 150DAE/FAO (2007) Food based nutrition strategies in Bangladesh: experience of integrated horticulture and nutrition development project 151 As shown in Kazi Abdul Fattah (2000) Poultry as a tool in poverty eradiation and promotion of gender equality; and Saleque M.A. and S. Mustafa (1996) Landless women and poultry: The BRAC model in Bangladesh Technical Paper for Development Workers Course Greve, Denmark 152 FAO (1996) The Sixth World Food Survey Rome
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still monotonous and are in urgent need of
diversification. Bangladesh continues to have a high dietary energy supply from cereals as seen in section 3.4.1. Yet, dietary diversity is essential for an adequate supply of micronutrients that is required to improve the situation of ‘hidden hunger’ which arises largely due to deficiencies of micronutrients in the
diet. Across the country datasets examined, the magnitude of association between dietary diversity and calorie availability increases with the mean level of calorie avail‐ability153. Per capita food consumption Consumption of food items is highly dependent on availability of food, price levels, food habits and ultimately purchasing behaviour. The 2010 BBS HIES points to a decline in rice consumption in relation to an increase in total food intake which is indicative of some degree of diet diversification, albeit slow. A decrease of cereal consumption from 469 g/capita/d in 2005 to 464 g/capita/d in 2010 is noted, where Cer En % now contributes to 70% dietary energy compared to a previous contribution of 73%. Consumption of rice has decreased to 416 g/capita/d in 2010 from 440 g/capita/d in 2005 which amounts to a decrease of 1.1% per year in rice. Concurrently, in the same time period, intake of animal foods rich in protein and micronutrients has increased to 109 g/capita/d from 95 g/capita/d, a 2.9% per annum rise. Similarly, the intake of vegetables and fruits increased to 211 g/capita/d in 2010 from 190 g/capita/d in 2005 (+2.2% per annum). Consumption of pulses which are an important source of protein has remained the same and continues to be far below the requirement. Pulse production has been steadily declining as the land being competed for production of other crops. Consumption of edible oil has increased by a quarter which could become a matter of concern should this trend continue. On the whole, diversification of diets merits attention and needs to be accelerated.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 153 Hoddinot J. and Y Yohannes (2002) Dietary diversity as a food security indicator‐ Measurement and Assessment of Food Deprivation and Undernutrition pp 311 ‐312, International Scientific Symposium, June 26 ‐28, 2002, FAO Rome.
Figure 14. Share of food groups as percentage of DES 1998‐2007
Source: SOFI, various years
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
year
Cereal Sugar Oil Roots & Tubers Pulses Fruits & Vegetables Meat, Milk, Egg & Fish Other
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Prevalence of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) among children < 5 years: The pattern and change in acute malnutrition154 has been inconsistent and small. It increased from 15% in 2004 to 17% in 2007 and declined to 16% of children in 2011. Based on WHO standards, the current prevalence of Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) at national level is 16% which is above the emergency threshold of 15%. SAM prevalence on the other hand, has been steadily increasing from 2.9% in 2007 to 4.0% in 2011 and these prevalence rates are also above the SAM emergency threshold of 2%. SAM is defined by a very low weight for height (<‐ 3SD) of the median WHO growth standards, by visible severe wasting or by the presence of nutritional oedema. Programme 10 of the CIP prioritizes activities that link long term strategies with immediate treatment of acute malnutrition, in particular through supplementary and therapeutic feeding using local ingredients and nutrient dense foods at home. National guidelines for management of SAM in Bangladesh have been designed for use by medical and paramedical professionals. SAM management centres in all primary and tertiary level hospitals as well as community based management of acute malnutrition through the NNS are being established. Antenatal Care (ANC) coverage Women’s access to essential health services as measured by rate of skilled attendance and ANC coverage is one of the key strategies associated with pregnancy and child well being outcomes. The percentage of women who make four or more antenatal visits increased from 22% in 2007 to 26% in 2011. Urban women are more than twice as likely as rural women to make four or more antenatal visits. Women residing in urban areas make on an average 1.3 visits more than rural women. The HPNSDP 2011 ‐2016 has set a target of 50% for at least four antenatal visits to be achieved by 2016 which presently has reached only half of the target.
6.1.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action The Government has begun to accelerate the process in reducing the persistently high rates of maternal and child under nutrition by mainstreaming the implementation of nutrition services into health and family planning services, scaling up area based community nutrition and implementation of food and nutrition policy among priority actions. Progress has been noted in the following areas of intervention outlined in the NFP PoA and CIP. Programme 10 of the CIP (Community based nutrition programmes and services) includes 19 ongoing projects for a total of 300 million USD (5.7% of the financed CIP), 19 of which fall under the subprogramme dealing with community based livelihood and nutrition programmes. Another seven projects worth 84 million USD are in the pipeline for this subprogramme. All of the 19 projects in Programme 10 except one are part of the National Nutrition Services (NNS). Attention to community based efforts of homestead gardening, rearing small livestock, aquaculture and awareness building for improved nutrition (subprogramme 10.2) and to linking
___________________________________________________________________________________ 154 Acute malnutrition (leading to wasting) indicated by a low weight for height occurs as a result of recent rapid weight loss, or a failure to gain weight within a reasonably short period of time. It can result from food shortages, a recent bout of illness, inappropriate child care or feeding practices or a combination of these factors.
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long term with immediate treatment of acute malnutrition has therefore been limited so far. The policy instrument for direct interventions to address infant and young child feeding such as food supplementation and counseling for improved feeding of infants and young children is the Operational Plan (OP) of NNS. The NNS is being implemented through the facility‐based community clinics of the MoHFW, under the umbrella of the Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Programme 2011 ‐2016 (HPNSDP). Facility‐based treatment of acute malnutrition in children, iron‐folate supplementation for women, and antenatal care and counseling during pregnancy as well as delivery of basic nutrition services are essential components of the NNS. As a key step towards comprehensive programme implementation, a National Communication Framework and Plan and Plan on Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) has been developed by IPHN under the MoHFW. It focuses on direct interventions targeted to child nutrition during the ‘window of opportunity’ from pregnancy through the first two years of a child’s life. The National Communication Framework and Plan for IYCF have been prepared in concurrence with the National Plan of Action and National Strategy for IYCF to improve feeding practices. The IYCF Communication plan is intended to guide the NNS in detailing communication activities, their implementation and monitoring. The 2011 IYCF strategy is currently implemented with varying intensity and scale by different stakeholders across Bangladesh. The International Code of Marketing for Breast Milk Substitutes (BMS) regulates activity of private sector marketers to ensure that they do not unethically market BMS to mothers, which can thwart progress towards appropriate breastfeeding practices. The 2011 BDHS now uses the WHO Child Growth Standards instead of the previously used NCHS/CDC/WHO reference. These identify the breastfed child as the normative model for growth and development and this are being used in Bangladesh to document how children should grow under optimum conditions of infant feeding and child health practices155. Food quantity and quality are the most direct links between agriculture, food security and health. Thus, investments are being proposed in agriculture that support smallholder farmers ‐ particularly women‐ so as to make significant contributions to child nutrition. The USAID‐supported ‘Strengthening Partnerships, Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally’ (SPRING) intervention for southern Bangladesh aims to support the implementation of food security and nutrition interventions in vulnerable and high malnutrition prone areas. A joint UN initiative (FAO/UNICEF/WFP) following up from the Spanish Government Funded MDGf Project is presently being developed for supporting implementation in food security and nutrition and strengthening synergies with key partners so as to maximize impacts for nutrition. In addition to this, in February 2012, the MoA proposed to strengthen the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN) to conduct research and training on food based nutrition programmes156. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 155 Onis de M, A.W. Onyango, E. Borghi, A. Siyan, C. Nishida and Siekmann (2007) Development of a WHO growth standard reference for school aged children and adolescents Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86(9): 660‐666 156 http://www1.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php;2012‐05‐28
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Finally, the Bangladesh National Women Development Policy 2011 makes comprehensive provisions for women’s rights and empowerment through land ownership, earned property, health, education, training and technology, credit facilities and income generation with a vision of improving nutrition. In addition, there are government programmes that are not intended to be nutrition interventions but impact community nutrition. The Secondary School stipend, School Feeding Programme, Vulnerable Group Feeding Programme and Food‐for‐Work Programmes are some examples. Needs for further action include:
Further strengthening IYCF practices, in line with international norms and codes: As discussed in section 3.4, further sensitization of policy makers about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life with initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth and continuation for up to two years and the risks of artificial feeding on child health is needed. This will notably require using innovative BCC materials and tools on promotion of breastfeeding and safe infant and young child feeding practices for the community. This underscores the need for actively supporting the initiatives of the Bangladesh Breastfeeding Foundation (BBF), Alive and Thrive (A&T) and other agencies. Multifaceted strategies will be needed to implement and strengthen appropriate IYCF initiatives. Compliance with CODEX Alimentarius guidelines for complementary foods is another area for action as well as the activation of international regulations on commercial breast milk substitutes (BMS Codes). At present, the Breast Milk Substitute (Regulation of Marketing) Act 2012 has been formulated and is awaiting approval of the government which will render the existing BMS Code redundant.
Development and promotion of recipes for safe and nutritious complementary foods: Developing recipes for safe and nutritious complementary food using local ingredients and ‘Safe and nutritious complementary feeding’ practices from the age of six months at household and community levels are being promoted based on the Trials on Improved Practices (TIPS) experience in Bangladesh through food‐based nutrition programmes in communities. As part of the policy priorities identified by the GoB, a complementary feeding manual is in the process of being developed by the BBF and will be completed by end 2012. Core issues and indicators of emphasis include exclusive breast feeding of children up to 6 months, early initiation of breastfeeding, minimum acceptable diet for children between 6 to 23 (frequency and diversity) and consumption of iron rich or iron fortified foods for children aged 6 to 23 months. Recipes formulated for safe and nutritious complementary food should be popularized in rural and urban communities and practiced in child feeding.
Demonstrating improvements on nutritional status: The positive impact of food security and agriculture interventions on nutrition needs to be demonstrated and such interventions encouraged to include improvement of the population’s nutritional status among their objectives. In particular, reduction of child stunting strategies should seek to strengthen linkages between complementary feeding requirements/practices and agricultural production. Sufficient priority should also be given to interventions which aim to improve the nutrition security of women of child bearing age, pregnant and lactating women. In line
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with the priority areas identified under the agriculture subsectors157, agricultural based nutrition activities need to be implemented and linkages should be established with NNS.
Community based emphasis for nutrition improvement: Community based nutrition sensitive interventions achieve greater impact on malnutrition158. Understanding and building on the local knowledge, experience and perception regarding nutrition is the first step to ensure adequate and successful interventions. With regard to agriculture, there is need for promoting community based approaches for better access to seeds, tools and materials; training of women farmers/households/agricultural extension workers on appropriate food preparation, food processing for nutrition, use of appropriate technologies, and promotion of nutrition and health education and strengthening public‐private sector collaboration for value addition and income.
Strengthening micronutrient supplementation: Providing advice guidance to households on iodine, iron, and vitamin A, advocacy and monitoring follow‐up and compliance of use of iron –folate acid by pregnant women; provision of zinc in addition to ORS during treatment of diarrhea, provision of de‐worming medication, post‐partum vitamin A supplementation and referrals of complicated cases to primary level, are policy actions that need further action. National Vitamin A plus campaigns and National Immunization Days are being implemented for the wide scale prevention and control of childhood blindness, reduction of childhood mortality and strengthening immunity among one to five year olds and de‐worming is being given to two to five year old children. Food fortification initiatives should also be promoted to address micronutrient deficiencies, as relevant.
6.2. Programme 11: Orienting food and nutrition programmes through data Programme 11, includes orienting food and nutrition programmes through data in order to strengthen nutrition interventions and orient nutrition policies for which key food and nutrition information is required. This covers the NFP PoA AoI 3.1 which aims to provide effective information to support planning and evaluation of food and nutrition security policies and interventions. Up‐to‐date nutrition‐related data and the examination of interrelationships between various development indicators are required to monitor progress and inform food and nutrition security policies. Improvement of statistics services is essential for evidence‐based decision making. At present, the last national nutrition survey was conducted in 1995/1996. The HIES is historically being used for estimates on food consumption and deriving the level of food inadequacy or food energy deprivation. It is also being used to identify key food lists for rationalizing food consumption indicators in the update of FCT, establishing desirable dietary patterns and other normative nutrition standards. In 2011/2012, IFPRI conducted the Bangladesh household food security and nutrition survey the results of which are being finalized.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 157 Ministry of Agriculture Paper (2011) Agriculture Research Priority: Vision 2030 and beyond. 158 Tontisirin K. and L. Bhattacharjee (2008) Community based approaches to prevent and control malnutrition Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 17 (SI), pp 106‐110.
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6.2.1. Progress towards achievements Updating national food composition tables, food consumption and dietary assessment, validating dietary diversity methodologies and capacity strengthening in nutrition survey and analysis to facilitate evidence‐based decision making are some of the key interventions identified in Programme 11. Table 18 shows the progress in relation to these interventions. Table 18. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 11 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
Number of mass media activities for behavioural change communication
na na 635 575 Health Bulletin 2011, DG Health
Services Desirable dietary pattern established and updated
BIRTAN/FPMU/DGHS BIDS/INFS/WFP na Research on
going NFPSCP/FPMU
Food composition tables updated
FCT work on going in INFS,
Dhaka University
FCT on Indigenous
foods initiated under NFPCSP supported research
FCT on indigenous
foods prepared by INFS, Dhaka University with NFPCSP support
Updated FCT for Bangladesh on going, to be completed by
2012
FPMU/NFPCSP
Food security and nutrition databases/ surveillance systems
na BDHS MICS; FSNSP HIES; FSNSP FPMU
Behavioural change communication (BCC) BCC is a key component of health and nutrition programmes as the attitudes, knowledge and day to day practices of mothers and families have a major influence on the health and well being of the families. There has been a decline in the number of BCC activities over 2009 ‐ 2011. During this period, the Operational Plan for Information, Education and Communication ‐ IEC/BCC under the HPNSDP was under planning and preparation, the preoccupation of which is likely to have affected the implementation of activities. With the current commencement of the IEC/BCC Operational Plan under the HPNSDP, the IEC/BCC activities will be scaled up and enhanced. The NNS is presently working on establishing consistency and harmonization in the wealth of BCC materials that have been produced in Bangladesh by BNNC, NNP and several agencies and disseminating core nutrition messages through the NNS. As part of health systems strengthening, strategic coordination and integration of health, population and nutrition BCC159 and leveraging eHealth opportunities are also being emphasized. BCC tools such as TV or radio spots, posters, brochures and flip charts that address behaviours and generate demand for health, family planning and nutrition services, eHealth tools are being used to support and reinforce behaviours through the services of HPNSDP and NNS. The BCC is being implemented within the context of the National IYCF Communication Implementation Framework.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 159 Bangladesh knowledge management project (2012) Knowledge for Health Project (K4Health) MoHFW, John Hopkins University Center for Communication Programmes (JHU/CCP) and funded by USAID
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Desirable dietary patterns Policy makers require dietary and nutrient guidelines as a tool to assess the adequacy of food intake and undertake diet planning. As part of NFP PoA AoI 3.1 ‘long term planning for balanced food’, a desirable dietary pattern is being established in collaboration with BIRDEM. This entails reviewing the energy and nutrient requirements established at the global level and compiling and adapting relevant sections of these to the specific context of Bangladesh by taking into account local food habits and food availability. Based on the FAO/WHO normative estimates, Bangladesh has computed energy requirements according to physical activity levels namely sedentary, moderate and heavy work for different age and sex categories in rural and urban areas (Table 19). The recommendend dietary allowance for nutrients are being compiled based on the ICMR 2010 recommendations160. Work is under way in developing diet plans that identify the types and quantities of foods giving due attention to local food habits, food availability and biodiversity.
Table 19. Energy requirements (kcal) for Bangladeshi adults by weight, sex, area and physical activity
Age Area Male Female
Sedentary Moderate activity
Heavy activity Sedentary Moderate
activity Heavy activity
18‐30 Urban 2,430 2,997 3,758 1,980 2,442 3,062
Rural 2,430 3,045 3,985 1,980 2,480 3,240
30‐60 Urban 2,340 2,880 3,620 1,980 2,480 3,240
Rural 2,340 2,930 3,830 1,980 2,480 3,240
>60 Urban 1,980 2,440 3,060 1,730 2,136 2,680
Rural 1,980 2,480 3,247 1,730 2,171 2,841
Source: Adapted from FAO/WHO normative guidelines (2004) Male: BW 60 kg and Female: BW 55 kg National Food Composition Tables (FCT) FCTs are an important tool for determining desirable food intake patterns for different population groups and to know the nutrient profile of the foods being produced and consumed. They serve as a planning tool in agriculture, food, health and trade sectors; agriculture and nutrition research, dietary assessment, formulation of diets, nutrition labeling, food standards and safety regulations. The revision of the Bangladesh FCT is currently ongoing as part of research undertaken by INFS and CARS and Dhaka University with technical support from NFPCSP‐FAO. The nutrient composition of around 2000 foods, including key foods consumed in Bangladesh will be included in the revised food composition database and the FCT. The nutrient composition of 75 ethnic foods that have been recently analyzed161 will also be included in the national FCT.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 160 Indian Council of Medical Research (2010) Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians 161 Islam S.N., M.N.I. Khan, and M. Akhtaruzzaman (2010) A Food Composition database for Bangladesh with special reference to selected ethnic foods, INFS‐NFPCSP‐FAO, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Food security and nutrition databases/ surveillance systems Reliable and timely data are required for delivering evidence‐based policy advice to the government. The national level food security and nutrition data sources in Bangladesh include the HIES, BDHS, MICS and FSNSP. BBS has been conducting the HIES since 1973/74 on a five year basis. This serves as a core survey for data on income, expenditure, food consumption and poverty situation. Fifteen rounds of HIES have been conducted to date, the latest one being the 2010 HIES. The HIES 2010 series is considered to be the main data source for estimation of poverty and its correlates in Bangladesh. The BDHS provides information on demographic and maternal and child health. BDHS is being conducted under NIPORT, MoHFW since 1993/1994 on a three years basis. Estimates on fertility and childhood mortality levels, fertility preferences, family planning methods, maternal and child health including breastfeeding practices, nutritional status and new born care, knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections (STI) and community level accessibility and availability of health and family planning services are updated. The MICS being conducted by BBS and UNICEF since 1993 provides disaggregated data on children and women at national and sub national levels for key social indicators covering education, environment, and child protection on a three year basis. The FSNSP162 is a surveillance system in Bangladesh that provides nationally representative estimates of food security and nutrition which follows from the NSP implemented by HKI –IPHN since 1990s. Finally, in 2011, the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHHS) was conducted by the IFPRI Bangladesh Policy Research and Strategic Support Programme (PRSSP) on a nationwide basis, the results of which are nearing finalization.
6.2.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action Programme 11 of the CIP constitutes a minor portion of the CIP with a mere 0.5% of the financed CIP attributed to this area. This includes six projects, two of which were completed in 2010/11. As of June 2011, no projects were in the pipeline in this area of food security. Mechanisms and processes are underway for harmonization of food and nutrition security data to be part of the national policy frameworks (NFP, NFP PoA, CIP, SFYP, NNS‐PIP) and share consistency with data from national sources notably HIES, BDHS, MICS and related surveys and surveillance systems. There is need for continuity and harmonization with national monitoring systems and collaboration for data sharing, analysis and communication. Additionally there is need to integrate external data sets and aggregates into the survey and surveillance systems to further expand the intersectoral utility of the system. FPMU in collaboration with NFPCSP –FAO is working towards establishing an electronic food security nutrition information system for access by core users and multi sectors that work on food security and nutrition issues. The NNS is also establishing a nutrition monitoring system with technical support from UNICEF and related partners. The FSNSP is also exploring collaborations with policy makers and researchers to monitor food security and nutrition progress and provide insights on causes of malnutrition and food insecurity and to develop new
___________________________________________________________________________________ 162 Food Security Nutrition Surveillance Project, jointly implemented by BRAC University, BBS, HKI funded by EU
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interventions to address these causes. Monitoring of food prices is carried out by FPMU/FAO NFPCSP in collaboration with DAM and a GIS software monitoring system for food security developed by WFP is being put in place with DG Food collaboration. Needs for further action include:
Monitoring impacts of food security and nutrition interventions: Evaluations of food security programmes in the Barisal region have shown achievement of targets and impressive gains such as improved community access to health services, improved water and sanitation and strengthened cyclone preparedness163 between October 2004 and May 2010. Lessons learned need to be shared and considered for scaling up evaluation efforts.
Updating Food Balance Sheets: Regular updates on the Bangladesh Food Balance Sheets can be used to estimate trends in micronutrient supplies along with diet surveys and multiple indicators to triangulate on likely nutrition trends and impacts. This also underscores supporting recent initiatives of the MoFDM regarding the development of a database and monitoring of food‐based (and other safety nets) interventions.
Implementing food based dietary guidelines: Food based dietary guidelines need to serve as guidance tools to inform agriculture, trade, health and nutrition policies. Major efforts need to be made to improve national diets through demand driven agriculture, food and health policies that can stimulate consumer demand for healthier food choices. Dietary modification can play strong role in the prevention of non communicable diseases (NCD), and it is envisaged that the NNS will assist line directorates in promoting healthy lifestyles as well as nutrition behaviour as part of the health sector programme. The technical support of FAO and WHO in elaborating FBDGs merits attention in this regard. The research findings of FPMU‐NFPCSP assisted project ‘Development of a desirable dietary pattern of Bangladesh’ will help in preparing food based dietary guidelines that need proper implementation through NNS.
Training and Capacity Building: Developing and supporting capacity to enhance the human as well as institutional capacities of NNS as well as that of other line directorates with the responsibilities for delivering nutrition service/intervention are areas for policy action. Training in FCT use, DDP, IYCF promotion and DDS concepts and use at policy and programmatic levels requires urgent attention and action. Special courses for medical and paramedical experts on specialized topics such as IYCF counseling, management of acute malnutrition, nutrition counseling, etc; inclusion of core nutrition modules for pre‐ and in‐service training of health assistants, family welfare visitors, community health care providers, and orientation training for government and non‐ government personnel is envisaged under the NNS. Training on food security and nutrition data for policy use is another area of policy attention and plans for training are underway.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 163 Namely, a reduction in food insecurity from 44% to 40%; a reduction of malnutrition with a decline in stunting from 35.7% to 31.5%; and a decline in wasting from 25.5% to 18.3% (USAID, Tango and Save the Children (2009) Jibon O Jibika – A Title II Program of USAID (2009) Final Evaluation Report).
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Media research: Research is needed to devise a more efficient media communication strategy for nutrition in terms of coverage and outreach strategies with, for example, the evaluation of benefits of channeling messages through prime time on television and bill boards across the country. There is also a need to determine clear targets for BCC and to scale up BCC efforts for creating nutrition awareness and improving public health.
6.3. Programme 12: Food safety and quality improvement Programme 12 deals with issues of food safety and quality improvement activities for strengthening national food safety and quality assurance and surveillance services. This covers the NFP PoA AoIs 3.5 and 3.6 which aim at enhancing access to safe and quality food supply for domestic consumption and international trade; and providing safe drinking water and improved sanitation facilities for all. Food safety is critical to food security in that it should ensure access to food that is safe and nutritious of adequate quantity and quality. Food borne illness can result in lasting effects on personal health, affect childhood development and impact on people’s ability to be productive and earn a living. To this end, there is need to address food safety and quality issues along the entire food supply chain and to support the operation of an integrated national system of food control.
6.3.1. Progress towards achievements The MoHFW with technical support of FAO has been implementing a food safety programme to improve food safety, quality and food control in Bangladesh. BSTI164 under the Ministry of Industries is the focal point for the Codex Alimentarius. Being the standardization body in the country, the primary activities of BSTI include standardization of services and products; Certification Marks and Monitoring quality control of food items; promotion of quality assurance activities; rendering testing facilities for services and products; Table 20. Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 11
CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Source
No. of compulsory food items standardized by BSTI
58 61 64 64 BSTI, MoI
Prevalence of diarrhea in under 5 children (in two week period)
10% (BDHS/NIPORT) 16% (HFSNA) na 5 %
(BDHS/NIPORT) NIPORT/HFSNA
Proportion of population served with safe water supply for domestic use
97% 95% 98% 98% DPHE/NIPSOM
Proportion of population having access to safe drinking water in arsenic affected areas
na 84% 86% 87% DPHE
___________________________________________________________________________________ 164 BSTI was established by the Government through an Ordinance passed in July 1985. The Ordinance has been amended as the BSTI (Amendment) Act, 2003.
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and preparation, promotion and adoption of national standards. Among the 143 BSTI enlisted products, 48 food items received the standard certificate in 2004. The number of compulsory food items standardized increased to 58 in 2007/08, 61 in 2008/09 and 64 in 2009/10 and 2010/11165 (Table 20). In addition, there are some 250 optional standards for different foodstuffs. Unfortunately, among the standardized products, several in the market are also being sold without standard seals or with fake seals. Other departments responsible for standards setting and certification for food safety as well as food testing include: the Department of Plant Protection Wing, under the DAE, MoA which is the IPPC official focal point and is responsible for implementing the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures in Bangladesh; the DG Food is responsible for supply of food stuff and essential commodities to the consumers (Import food grains, rationing), assessing grain quality and standards and to adjust the Food Safety Policy with disaster management/relief distribution system; and the Institute of Public Health Laboratory, DGHS, MoHFW is responsible for testing various food items and drinking water sold in the market for public consumption. Prevalence of diarrhea Dehydration from diarrhea is an important cause of childhood mortality. Oral rehydration therapy has a long history of use in Bangladesh since its development through the ICDDR,B almost 30 years ago. There is a decline in the prevalence of diarrhea for under 5s in the two weeks preceding the survey from 10% in 2007 to 5% as per the 2011 BDHS although a prevalence of 16 % is reported in the HSFNA 2009. The high prevalence in 2009 could be attributed to the seasonal fluctuations and methodological differences in the HFSNA and BDHS surveys. Safe water supply Safe water is a prerequisite for good health and nutrition. The water delivered and used for households is an important aspect of domestic water supplies, which influences hygiene and therefore public health. Bangladesh has made progress in the availability and access to safe water where almost complete access to and coverage of safe water supply for domestic use by the population is noted, well achieving the targets set by the Government for 2011. Almost universal coverage of safe water supply has been attained. The coverage was 75% in 2002, which increased to 97% in 2007‐08 and 98% in 2009‐10 (Table 20) with a target of 100% to have been reached by 2010. Maximum health benefits are likely to be obtained by directing resources towards ensuring access of all households to improved water sources, and in some circumstances in directly upgrading to access at household level (generally through piped means). Significant health gains occur largely when water is available at household level for critical activities related to child‐care, food preparation and other productive activities. In the meantime, the Cabinet recently approved the Bangladesh Water Act 2012, which is to privatise ___________________________________________________________________________________ 165 These include fruit and vegetable juice, syrup, squash, jam, jelly, vinegar, honey, tinned and bottled fruits, sauce, marmalade, pickle, tomato paste, chutney, ketchup, milk powder, butter, baby food, butter oil, ghee, biscuit, bread, candy, chocolate, toffee, tea, liquid glucose, soft drink, noodles, iodized salt, mineral water, ice cream, chili powder, vegetable oil, soybean oil, mustard oil, coconut oil, palm oil, flour and sugar.
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water distribution in the rural areas. While this is mainly intended to address the issue of water contamination, in particular through arsenic, concerns have been raised regarding the possible effects of this Act on poor people’s access to water. Access to safe drinking water in arsenic affected areas Achievements have also been made in terms of the existence of tube wells for drinking water, but many of these tube wells (shallow mainly) are feared to be contaminated with arsenic. The percentage of population having access to safe drinking water which now stands at 87% still needs to be increased.
6.3.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action Similarly to CIP Programme 11, this Programme is a minor component of the overall CIP with only six ongoing projects accounting for only 0.3% of the overall financed overall programme. In this area, there are a few projects in the pipeline, three of them to support the development of a modern food control management system, notably to develop of improved methods and skills monitoring and source tracking of water borne bacterial pathogens to predict and control diarrheal epidemics, to improve food safety, quality and food control, and to develop facilities for production of safe meat as well as to establish regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of destructive plant pests and diseases through appropriate Plant Quarantine Measures. Food safety and hygiene represent an important cornerstone of both nutrition and public health. Key prioritized interventions include a food safety policy, strategies for Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI), improved surveillance systems of food borne illnesses, enhanced capacities of laboratories and systems for food quality assurance and safety and control and preventive approaches to food safety awareness and actions. The IMCI component being implemented in Maternal, Neonatal and Child, Adolescent Care Operational Plan under the HPNSDP, targets the prevention and treatment of neonatal illness, pneumonia, diarrhea, malnutrition and drowning. Community IMCI and referrals are being scaled up and home based counseling is also carried out as necessary. The FAO Food Safety project being implemented in collaboration with MoHFW has catalyzed the process for scaling up the food safety improvement and control system in Bangladesh. A national food safety policy, risk‐based food control programmes, preventative approaches to food safety and quality management articulated through training and educational materials, innovative public education initiatives addressing food safety, strengthened food inspection and enforcement services and enhanced food analysis capability through establishing a food testing central laboratory with appropriate analytical equipment and satellite laboratories for specialized services are some of the food safety related programmatic activities and outputs established and underway. BSTI’s food testing laboratories work in accordance with National and International Standard requirements and accordingly, have undergone modernization and have been upgraded with modern equipments. A state‐of‐the‐art National Food Safety Laboratory of 7000 sft area has been set up in the newly refurbished premises of the Institute of Public Health. It is being
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equipped with sophisticated equipments like Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), Gas Chromatography (GC), Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and preparatory laboratory equipment to conduct a range of chemical and microbiological analyses of food and the capacity to process thousands of samples annually. Besides general physico‐chemical parameters and food‐borne pathogens, testing for heavy metal and environmental contaminants, pesticides and drug residues will also be conducted. Core staff is being provided through assignation by the MoHFW. The FAO Food Safety Project is supporting capacity development activities for them and personnel from other laboratories in the country. In addition to this, a National Food Safety Emergency Response Plan has been drafted by a multi sectoral committee facilitated by the MoFDM and related ministries and research agencies and awaits approval. Given that food safety emergency responses are generally built on an effective food control system, there is need to review experiences of food related incidents and develop a profiling of the system so as to address food safety emergencies. This is an area of policy priority and is being followed up. A Bangladesh Food Safety Network has been established with civil society organisations (CSOs) for the advocacy of food safety, hygiene and food control information and activities under the FAO supported food safety project funded by EU. Finally, as outlined in the NFP PoA AoI under Strategy 3.5, safe, quality food supply, institutionalization of safe and hygienic street food vending has been initiated. Based on an NFPCSP supported pilot research166, the MoHFW with support from the FAO Food Safety Project is implementing the scaling up of street food vending in collaboration with the City Corporation to improve safety of street foods sold in local markets in selected upazilas of Khulna district. A training manual for street food vendors and handlers on food hygiene has also been prepared for use167. Needs for further action include:
Finalization of a food safety and quality policy and action plan: The National Food Safety Advisory Council is being activated, and coordination and enforcement mechanisms at all levels for implementing food safety regulations need to be put in place spearheaded by government action. A food safety and quality policy that has been prepared, awaits comments from the stakeholders before its submission to the Cabinet and a food safety plan of action needs to be prepared. Implementing food safety and quality operations at all stages of food production, processing and service (‘from farm to table’) using Good Hygienic Practices (GHP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) operations, including arsenic contamination will be undertaken through a MoHFW implemented project with FAO technical support on Improving Food Safety and Food Control in Bangladesh that has commenced in July 2012.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 166http://www.nfpcsp.org/agridrupal/sites/default/files/pR_7_of_04_Final_Techncial_Report_‐_Approved.pdf 167 FAO (2012) Training Manual for Street Food Vendors on Food Hygiene
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Improvement of Information, Education and Communication/Behaviour Change Communication (IEC/BCC) programmes on food safety and safe food practices: Under the FAO Food Safety Project, national food safety awareness campaigns have been organized by MoHFW during 2009 ‐2012, with a focus on behavioural change. With technical support from FAO, the Bureau of Health Education, and Bangladesh Center for Communication Programmes developed and implemented food safety campaigns for enhancing public awareness and consumer health with the larger goal of reducing the burden of food borne illness in Bangladesh. A campaign held in April 2012 focusing on the theme ‘Washing and cleaning during food preparation’ targeted rural households across Bangladesh. The approach was based upon findings of the first National Survey of household food safety and hygiene practices, knowledge and beliefs jointly conducted by FAO and the ICDDR,B in 2010. The aforementioned activities have been implemented as part of the food safety preventive measures from ‘farm to table’ for ensuring consumer food safety and health.
Establishing a food borne disease surveillance system: Developing a risk analysis network and implementing comprehensive risk analysis would need to be an integral part of a food borne disease surveillance system and the network of national risk analysis institutions such as the ICDDR,B and IPH need to be formalized. A functioning system for food borne disease surveillance to inform national risk management decisions needs to be established. Nationwide training programmes by experts and training by attachment to food testing laboratories in India are being planned. Surveillance and residue monitoring activities are also envisaged to compile a composite picture of the major food safety challenges confronting Bangladesh.
Strengthening food safety inspection systems: For overseeing safety in food processing, preparation and marketing in Bangladesh and covering imported foodstuffs, there is need to develop options, strategies, and actions required for sustaining a national food safety inspectorate. Strengthening collaboration, cooperation and information sharing between food safety inspection and enforcement agencies across ministries and administrative jurisdictions by establishing a food safety information sharing platform (that displays inspection reports and statistics from MoHFW, MoLGRDC, MoFL, MoC, MoI and MoFDM) and appropriate coordination for food safety is urgently required. To this end, the network of agencies/departments and institutions including the Department of Plant Protection Wing of DAE, BSTI of Ministry of Industries, Departments of Livestock and Fisheries, IPH‐and IEDCR of DGHS and DG Food of Food Division needs to be strengthened.
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7. Food security and CIP financing The NFP commits the GoB to a comprehensive approach to food security. As a result, the effective implementation of the NFP PoA requires a sizeable and sustained financial support to critical sectors such as agriculture and rural development, social protection, health and nutrition. Adopting the CIP, the GoB has specified and prioritized its most immediate investment requirements for increased food and nutrition security. The CIP has defined for each program and sub‐program costing and a financing gap evaluation of food security‐related Government investments included or to be included in the Annual Development Programme (ADP), i.e., the investment component of the Government budget. This section first analyzes recent trends in government budget and spending patterns in sectors related to food security by looking at development and current (revenue) expenditures. Indeed, important elements of food security support, such as agricultural subsidies, food distribution and food subsidies, as well as some employment generation programmes and other small recurrent development programmes are mainly financed out of the non‐development budget and, consequently, they are not part of the ADP budget and of the CIP. With this background, the second section focuses on CIP financing, looking at the budget financed, the gap still to be financed and delivery so far. 7.1. Recent trends in food security in the National Budget An analysis of the National Budget by Ministry can give a rough idea of the direction in spending of the GoB (Table 21)168. Changes in planned expenditures of Ministries and Divisions involved in food security have been consistently positive over the period 2007/08 to 2011/12 and have outstripped the rise in total Government Budget except for two years, 2009/10 and 2011/12, with a particular striking difference in the latter year: 7% versus 25% yearly growth. This can be attributed to the decline in spending of the Ministry of Agriculture, which is in contrast with what was observed in the previous NFP PoA Monitoring Report, and is indeed uncharacteristic of the trend in spending of this Ministry. This maybe in part explained by the reduction in agriculture subsidies from 57,000 million Taka (in the revised Budget) in 2010/11 to 45,000 million Taka in 2011/12. Concerns for this reduction were in fact raised by various observers169. Conversely, spending in rural development and health and nutrition has been particularly sustained in the last two years. Total spending on social security and welfare fell sharply in 2009/10, possibly following the substantial raises undertaken in this field in the years of acute price crisis. In fact, the Budget of the relevant ministries was revised downward by a substantial 62% probably to adjust to the relatively lesser needs.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 168 This exercise if likely to overestimate food security budgeting as activities of many of the Ministries/Divisions involved in food security (esp. Water Resources, Environment, Local Government) are not limited to this field. 169 See for example: Rahman, M. (2011) Dialogue on State of the Bangladesh Economy Analysis of the National Budget FY2011‐1 Keynote Presentation, CPD
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As seen in Section 3.1. however, spending on social protection per se as a percentage of GDP did not fall over the period and rather steadily increased. 2011/12 spending in this field went on to register a 7% increase. The Ministry of Finance data tracks pro‐poor spending which is paramount for enhancing people’s access to food and nutritional wellbeing. While the National Budget spending on poverty (in nominal terms) increased every year over the period 2007/08 to 2010/11 by an average 16%, spending as a percentage of total budget has been much more irregular with a significant drop in 2009/10, from 60% to 53%, that was only partly recovered in the following year (see Figure 15). Women have a central role in ensuring food security. They are essential in food production (including in homestead gardens which produce non rice crops, helping diversifying the diet), food access (in the intra household distribution of food, for example), and for food utilization (in preparing, processing and preserving the food). Integrating gender issues into their projects and programmes is therefore paramount for Government agencies working on food security. Box 3 reviews the evolution in such spending in the National Budget and finds a positive evolution over the last six years with particular efforts being made in the Local Government Division, but also in the sector of agriculture. 7.2. Financing of the CIP The CIP was updated in 2011 based on data as of June 2010. Similarly, in this report financing requirements are assessed using data as of June 2011. This includes information on ongoing investments by the GoB and DPs, and additional investments required (financing gap) to achieve the CIP results and outcomes. Subsequently, the areas requiring additional funds have been prioritised so as to calculate a priority financing gap. The exchange rate used to convert funds from USD to BDT is 69.5, allowing comparisons at constant prices with the original CIP database. Further details are provided in Annex 3. Other currencies (eg: DPs contributions) were converted in USD at the actual rate at the moment of disbursement or at the rate provided by the respective DPs. The analysis of the CIP financing allows further considerations on the progress towards results. The results based framework of the CIP is expected to provide information on the substantial progress towards food security for all, to which the progress of the financial part is a
Figure 15. Spending on anti‐poverty in the National Budget
Source. Based on Ministry of Finance data
‐
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2007/08 (revised) 2008/09 (revised) 2009/10 (revised) 2010/11
Poverty budget in crore taka Poverty as % of total budget
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Table 21. Planned expenditures (in billion Tk) for key partner ninistries/divisions involved in food security FY07‐08 FY08‐09 FY09‐10 FY10‐11 FY11‐12
Revised Bu
dget
Change FY07‐
08/FY06‐07
(revised
)
Change re
vised/
initial
% of total exp
Revised Bu
dget
Change FY08‐
09/FY07‐08
(revised)
Change re
vised/
initial
% of total exp
Revised Bu
dget
Change FY09‐
10/FY08‐09
(revised
)
Change re
vised/
initial
% of total exp
Revised Bu
dget
Change FY10‐
11/FY09‐10
(revised
)
Change re
vised/
initial
% of total exp
Planne
d bu
dget
Change FY11
‐12/
FY10
‐11 revised
% of total exp
MoA 61.0 93% 41% 7% 76.4 25% 18% 7% 73.5 ‐4% 23% 7% 84.4 15% 25% 7% 4.1 ‐12% 5%MoFL 5.1 10% ‐7% 1% 6.0 18% ‐8% 1% 6.4 5% ‐11% 1% 7.9 25% ‐8% 1% 9.8 23% 1%MoWR 14.5 29% 3% 2% 14.9 2% 8% 1% 18.4 24% 24% 2% 21.3 16% 4% 2% 22.3 4% 1%Subtotal agriculture 80.6 70% 28% 10% 97.3 21% 14% 9% 98.2 1% 20% 10% 113.6 16% 18% 9% 106.1 ‐7% 7%LGD 60.7 ‐8% ‐9% 7% 64.1 6% 1% 7% 76.5 19% ‐4% 8% 93.4 22% ‐3% 8% 109.1 17% 7%RDCD 4.1 25% 0% 0% 4.7 16% 18% 0% 3.8 ‐19% ‐3% 0% 6.0 59% ‐12% 0% 8.0 34% 1%MCHTA 4.7 13% 0% 1% 5.5 18% ‐4% 1% 4.3 ‐22% 9% 0% 5.5 28% ‐3% 0% 5.6 2% 0%Subtotal rural development 69.5 ‐5% ‐8% 8% 74.3 7% 2% 8% 84.6 14% ‐3% 8% 104.9 24% ‐4% 9% 122.7 17% 8%
MoSW 8.0 14% ‐1% 1% 10.1 26% 2% 1% 12.6 25% ‐3% 1% 17.7 40% ‐8% 1% 20.4 15% 1%MoWCA 11.1 67% 0% 1% 12.2 9% ‐10% 1% 12.1 0% ‐10% 1% 11.9 ‐1% ‐4% 1% 12.4 4% 1%MoFDM 26.0 79% 21% 3% 51.7 99% ‐9% 6% 41.8 ‐19% ‐72% 4% 69.3 66% 15% 6% 70.9 2% 5%Subtotal social security and welfare 45.1 60% 11% 6% 74.0 64% ‐8% 9% 66.5 ‐10% ‐62% 7% 98.9 49% 8% 8% 103.6 5% 7%
MoHFW sub‐total 52.6 6% ‐4% 6% 62.0 18% 2% 7% 62.7 1% ‐10% 6% 76.2 21% ‐6% 6% 88.7 16% 6%Subtotal health and nutrition 52.6 6% ‐4% 6% 62.0 18% 2% 7% 62.7 1% ‐10% 6% 76.2 21% ‐6% 6% 88.7 16% 6%
TOTAL FOOD SECURITY 247.8 25% 6% 30% 307.5 24% 3% 33% 312.0 1% ‐24% 31% 393.6 26% 4% 32% 421.1 7% 28
% Total GoB expenditure (development + non development)
817.8 20% 918.4 12% 1,004 9% 1,213 21% 1,515 25%
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Box 3. Planned gender spending of GoB ministries/ agencies involved in food security Overall spending on gender of ministries and divisions involved in food security steadily rose since 2006/07 reaching 215 billion Taka in 2011/12. The Local Government Division and the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management stand out in terms of the stress they have put on gender spending over this period boosting it from 12 to 53 billion Taka and 13 to 43 billion Taka, respectively.
Planned budget spending on gender in billion Taka
Source: Calculations based on National Budget information available on the MoF website
In terms of proportion of gender spending of the ministries and divisions involved in food security activities, a clear upward shift was observed in 2008/09, from around 30% to around 50%. This proportion has remained stable ever since. While in the area of social security and welfare, the proportion of gender spending has always hovered between 55% and 65%, gender spending dramatically increased in 2008/09, explaining this overall result. The proportion of gender spending in agriculture was less dramatic (from 17% to 40% between 2006/07 and 2011/12), albeit very steady. Finally, in health and family welfare, gender spending as a proportion of the gender budget also rose progressively, from 25% to 41% over the same period, except for a peak up to 65% in 2008/09.
Proportion of budget spending on gender by ministries and divisions involved in food security, grouped by areas of work
Source: Calculations based on National Budget information available on the MoF website
0
50
100
150
200
250
2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12
Billion
Taka
MoA MoFL MoWR LGD RDCD MCHTA MoSW MoWCA MoFDM MoHFW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12
% gender in bu
dgets
TOTAL Subtotal agricultureSubtotal rural development Subtotal social security and welfareSubtotal health and nutrition
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complementary element to the analysis. The financial progress, and progress of ongoing projects in particular, indicates the areas where further progress in the substantial part can be expected; on the other hand, progress of the pipeline (which includes projects whose funding still needs to be secured and projects whose financing is secured but which have not yet begun), gives an indication of possible future progress. As shown below, as things stand, it is expected that further progress will be achieved in the availability component, which somehow will have to incorporate and mainstream elements of the two other components, especially elements from the utilization component that remain largely underfunded. The CIP 2012 budget As shown in the summary Table 22, the CIP budget 2012 amounts to 9.14 billion USD. Out of this, an amount of 5.24 billion USD is composed of projects and programmes already ongoing and therefore financed by either the GoB or the DPs while 3.9 billion USD still require financing to be identified. Considering only the priority investment, the financing gap stands at 2.72 billion USD. Table 22. The CIP budget 2012 (as of June 2011, in million USD)
Total CIP
Financed (ongoing or completed) Pipeline projects GOB DPs Total Total Priority
A = D+E B C D E F Food Availability 5,115 1,829 664 2,493 2,622 1,924 Food Access 3,555 1,392 1,012 2,405 1,151 695 Food Utilization 471 66 272 338 133 100 Total 9,141 3,287 1,948 5,235 3,906 2,719 Changes in CIP budget 2011 and 2012 In updating the CIP budget with information as of June 2011, some inconsistencies were identified170. These were corrected, giving rise to a Revised CIP Budget 2011171 which amounts to a total of 8.19 billion USD. Following these adjustments, the information was updated to include new projects and spending since June 2010. Table 24 compares the Revised CIP budget 2011 (with information as of June 2010) with the 2012 CIP budget (with information as of June 2011). Details on information used and calculations are provided in Annex 3. The main findings are as follows:
The overall value of the CIP has increased by 11.6% or 947 million USD between June 2010 and June 2011, i.e., from 8,194 million USD to 9,141 million USD.
Financed CIP projects (either ongoing or completed) have increased to 5,235. This is an increase of 71% equivalent to USD 2,170 million, of which 1,713 were made available by
___________________________________________________________________________________ 170 These can be grouped in the following three categories: 1) inclusion of projects that were ongoing in June 2010 although they are relevant to the CIP, but had not been included (this is the case of 27 projects which are identified as ‘Reclassified’: they account for 242 million USD); 2) deletion of one project which is not in the ADP and had been erroneously included; and 3) adjustments in the project costs correcting for inconsistencies. 171 See Annex 3.1 for a comparison of the original CIP 2011 budget and the revised one.
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the GoB (+109%) and 457 by the DPs (+31%). Pipeline projects have decreased by USD 1,222 million (‐25%) to 3,906 million. Prioritized pipeline projects have decreased by 746 million USD (‐22%) to 2,719 million.
In terms of decomposition by NFP Objective, the CIP budget has increased for availability (by 23%) and to a lower extent for access (10%), while it has plummeted for nutrition (‐39%) as illustrated in Figure 15. This results in a change in the proportions of each area of food security in the CIP budget with availability increasing its share to 56.0% (against 51.0% in 2010) mainly at the expense of nutrition ‐reduced to 5.1% of the total CIP from 9.5% in 2012) while the
proportion of investments to promote access declined only marginally to 39.5% (against 38.9% in 2012). The decline in the proportion of nutrition in the overall budget is due both to a decline in the absolute level of the utilization budget (the pipeline has decreased but the resulting increase in implemented projects has not been commensurate) but also to the more than proportional increase in the availability total CIP budget.
Changes in the financed part of the CIP Table 25 provides details on the changes observed in the financed part of the CIP. This includes projects whose implementation is on‐going or was completed between June 2010 and June 2011, newly financed projects, but also changes the project costs. The total financed CIP now stands at 5,235 USD million with an increase of USD 2,170 million resulting from:
‐ projects whose implementation started after June 2010. These account for USD 1,861 million and include 1,038 USD million for projects already in the pipeline in June 2010 (i.e., the CIP gap to be financed) and additional 824 million USD for newly identified interventions that were not previously included in the CIP.
o Among the projects that were included in the pipeline, the majority falls under Programme 2 (496 million USD) and Programme 10 (218 million USD), followed by Programme 1 (117 million USD) and Programme 6 (132 million USD). This gives a sense of the results shown in Figure 15: a large portion of projects that were in the pipeline as of June 2010 were being implemented as of June 2011. For nutrition, projects falling under the NNS were a major part of the pipeline and are now under implementation. However, as is seen below, contrary to the
Figure 15. CIP budget in 2011 and 2012: total and disaggregated by NFP Objective
‐
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Availability Access Nutrition Availability Access Nutrition
2011 2012
million USD
Gap
Financed
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field of availability, projects in the pipeline have not continued expanding, leading to the observed reduction of the nutrition budget in the CIP.
o Among the projects that were not included in the pipeline in the CIP 2011 but whose implementation started in 2010/11 (824 USD million), 480 million fall under Programme 2 and 322 under program Programme 6. Details in Annex 3.4 show that a substantial number of such projects fall under ‘Sub Programme 2.4: Enhance river water flow to the South’. For some of these projects, the foreseen investments are fungible, i.e. the investment may also be used for non CIP related objective. While this may result in an overestimation of the CIP budget, it is difficult to decide without being arbitrary, which proportion of the investment would specifically go towards achieving the CIP. This is the case for example of the ‘Procurement of dredgers and ancillaries for river dredging’ by BWDB whose cost is a substantial 188.5 million USD. For Programme 6, new projects are mostly LGED projects that aim to develop infrastructure and thus raise the same complication.
‐ revisions in cost of projects already financed as of June 2010. These account for a 309 million USD adjustment in the total that was already being financed. Interestingly, such revisions have not always been upward, with, in fact, a number of cases where the total project cost have been reviewed downwards as can been seen from Programme 2 and 8. In Programme 2 for example, the Kurigram Irrigation Project (South Unit) which had been planned for 20,780 lakhs taka as reported in the CIP 2011 was reviewed down to 1,560 lakhs taka upon completion of the project in June 2011, hence the downward revision. The revision of some of the projects’ budget is a frequent practice during the mid‐year budgetary planning. The revised ADP is not only an opportunity to take stock of the level of implementation, but also to reallocate budget between projects, depending on needs and requirements and overall performance.
Number of projects in the CIP Table 23 provides an overview of the number of projects included in the CIP – ongoing and in the pipeline, disaggregated by subprogramme. The total number of ongoing projects is 265, while the projects in the pipeline is 140. The proportion between the two, similarly to what observed earlier on the budget, has reversed compared to the CIP 2011. 62% of the ongoing projects are in the availability component, while only 26% and 12% are in the access and utilization component, respectively. The number of projects in the pipeline is allocated with a very similar distribution. The average size of the projects, 20 million USD for the entire CIP, is higher in the access component – where an average ongoing project has a budget of some 34 million USD. The availability component follows it with an average size of budget per project of 15 million USD and the utilization component stands at 11 million USD. What is interesting, with a view to upcoming projects, is the comparison with the average size of the project in the pipeline: the average budget more than doubles for the projects in the availability component, while it decreases in the access and utilization components, by 16% and 19% respectively. The heavy weight of the availability component among the ongoing projects, the expected increase
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of its budget, according to the pipeline, and finally the increase size of its projects highlight once more the importance of implementation capacities. An important consideration, as also evident by the budget allocation, is that some of the key areas of the CIP remain heavily underfunded, with some areas that have not been filled by any project yet, including in the pipeline. This is even more evident through the analysis of the breakdown by CIP subprogrammes (see CIP budget 2012 in Annex 3.3): while the availability component remains the strongest and most prolific in terms of projects, some areas remain significantly under‐funded while some others include a limited amount of ongoing investments, but a larger pipeline.
• Areas with lack of ongoing investments and insufficient planning: Most important is the quasi‐absence of projects in the pipeline for Programme 8 (subprogrammes 8.1 and 8.2, on improved food management and related capacity development), for Programme 10 (sub‐programmes 10.2 and 10.3, on community‐based homestead gardening, supplementary feeding and long term treatment of acute malnutrition), and for Programme 11 (sub‐programmes 11.2 and 11.3 ‐ studies on dietary diversification and enhancement of nutrition surveys and analyses to contribute to evidence‐based decisions, although the ongoing projects could achieve some results). The limited number of ongoing and planned projects in Programme 7, and the very limited number of projects in the overall nutrition component should also be noted. For the latter, this may be explained, to a certain extent, by the increased mainstreaming of nutrition elements in other CIP programmes. However, explicit use of nutrition indicators in agriculture planning and programming needs to be promoted.
• Areas with insufficient ongoing investments partially recovered by limited planning: Some other sub‐programmes have a scarce amount of ongoing investments, but a more conspicuous pipeline. Such areas comprise:
i. improving availability of high quality inputs, i.e. in subprogramme 3.2 for enhanced availability of inputs for the crop sector, in subprogrammes 4.3 and 4.4 on promotion of public‐private partnerships for inputs provision and processing for fisheries sector, and on co‐management of marine and fresh water fisheries in the South, and in subprogramme 5.3 on inputs for the livestock sector;
ii. enhancing capacities for climate change adaptation, such as for subprogramme 1.3 on adaptation of agriculture to climate change and sub‐programme 2.3 on the risk of saline intrusion in the Southern belt;
iii. access to credit for farmers, as per sub‐programme 3.4; and iv. planning a more effective system for the social safety nets, as per sub‐
programme 9.2, which has however a satisfactory pipeline.
Such shortfalls should alert decision makers in rethinking the emphasis that should be put on these areas while planning. Another recommendation arising from the analysis of the CIP budget is that agricultural programmes should incorporate nutrition indicators as a practical tool in planning and measuring impact.
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Table 23. Number of CIP projects and average budget– ongoing/completed and pipeline by programme
CIP programme
Number of projects (as of June 2011)
Average budget (million USD, as of June 2011)
Ongoing / completed Pipeline Ongoing
/ completed Pipeline
1
Food
Availability
Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension 54 34 6 26
2 Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes 51 15 34 23
3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 24 8 11 105 4 Fisheries and aquaculture development 22 20 6 17
5 Livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production 13 8 5 28
Availability 164 85 15 31
6
Food
Access
Improved access to market, value addition in agriculture and non farm incomes 33 16 32 44
7 Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 3 7 2 15
8 Enhanced public food management system 8 8 45 22
9 Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets 26 9 38 18
Access 70 40 34 29
10
Food
Utiliza
tion Community based nutrition programmes and
services 19 9 16 9
11 Orient food and nutrition actions through data 6 1 4 6
12 Food safety and quality improvement 6 5 2 8
Utilization 31 15 11 9 Total 265 140 20 28 Changes in the CIP pipeline (gap to be financed) The total financing gap, consisting of projects already identified but not yet financed, is now estimated at 3.91 billion USD which compares to 5.06 billion USD shown in the CIP published in June 2011 (see Table 24). Given the limited resources available, the same prioritization procedure used in the original CIP was applied by subprogramme to pipeline projects. The priorities had been determined in a participatory manner during extensive consultations conducted in 2010‐11 and are as follows:
‐ TOP priority: 90% of the financial requirement prioritized ‐ HIGH priority: 70% of the financial requirement prioritized ‐ MEDIUM priority: 50% of the financial requirement prioritized ‐ LOWER priority: 40% of the financial requirement prioritized
Table 24. Revised CIP budget 2011 and CIP budget 2012 (in million USD) CIP budget 2011 Revised (data up to June 2010) CIP budget 2012 (data up to June 2011)
CIP programme Total CIP
Financed (ongoing and completed) Pipeline projects
Total CIP
Financed (ongoing and completed) Pipeline projects
GOB DPs Total Total Priority GOB DPs Total Total Priority
A = D+E B C D E F A = D+E B C D E F
1
Food
Availability
Sustainable and diversified agriculture 797 62 92 154 643 468
1,170 189 110 299 871 720
2 Improved water management 1,642 424 348 772 870 589
2,068 1,369 354 1,723 345 235
3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 439 122 82 204 235 172
1,114 145 124 270 844 599
4 Fisheries and aquaculture development 456 74 20 94 362 216
466 100 31 131 335 231
5 Livestock development 842 24 38 62 779 443
297 26 44 70 227 139
Availability 4,112 706 580 1,286 2,889 1,889 5,115 1,829 664 2,493 2,622 1,924
6
Food
Access
Improved access to markets 1,232 403 195 597 635 368
1,759 781 271 1,052 706 369
7 Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 108 0 5 6 102 72
108 0 5 6 103 72
8 Enhanced public food management system 659 163 202 365 293 212
538 157 202 359 179 126
9 Effective safety nets 1,242 294 476 770 472 340
1,150 454 534 988 162 129
Access 3,241 860 878 1,738 1,502 993 3,555 1,392 1,012 2,405 1,151 695
10
Food
Utiliza
tion Community based nutrition
558 5 15 21 537 480
384 57 243 300 84 76
11 Orient food and nutrition actions through data 33 1 10 11 22 13
30 5 19 24 6 3
12 Food safety and quality improvement 186 1 8 9 178 91
56 4 10 14 42 21
Utilization 778 8 33 41 737 584 471 66 272 338 133 100 Total 8,194 1,574 1,491 3,065 5,128 3,465 5 9,141 3,287 1,948 5,235 3,906 2,719
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100
Table 25. Financed CIP budget as of June 2010 and additions in FY 2010/11 (in million USD)
CIP programme
Financed
As of June 2010 including revisions
Project cost changes
New in 2010/11 Total
1
Food
Availability
Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension 154 24 121 299
2 Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes 772 ‐25 976 1,723
3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 204 18 47 270 4 Fisheries and aquaculture development 94 18 20 131
5 Livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production 62 8 ‐ 70
Availability 1,286 43 1,164 2,493
6
Food
Access
Improved access to market, value addition in agriculture and non farm incomes 597 0 455 1,052
7 Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 6 0 0 6
8 Enhanced public food management system 365 ‐6 0 359
9 Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets 770 205 12 988
Access 1,738 199 467 2,405
10
Food
Utiliza
tion Community based nutrition programmes
and services 21 62 217 300
11 Orient food and nutrition actions through data 11 2 10 24
12 Food safety and quality improvement 9 3 2 14
Utilization 41 67 230 338 Total 3,065 309 1,861 5,235
The priority financing gap amounts now to 2.72 billion USD against 3.46 billion USD in the CIP 2011. Table 26 shows the changes by CIP Programme for total and prioritized gap (details of the calculations can be found in Annex 3.1). Overall, the prioritized financing gap has decreased by 22%. This is more so the case for the nutrition sector with an 82% and 83% decline for prioritized and non‐prioritized, respectively172. This decline can be explained as follows:
‐ Projects that were in the pipeline when the CIP 2011 was developed are now under implementation (49 projects worth 733 million USD). This is the case for example of a number of projects under nutrition which fall under the NNS173.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 172 As of 24th of May 2012, about 15 Government agencies running food security related projects are yet to confirm their pipeline projects (other than the ones identified in the ‘green pages’ of the ADP book. 173 NNS projects had not started in June 2011 but were just about to be initiated for which they were considered as ongoing rather than in the pipeline.
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‐ Exclusion from the pipeline of projects which have not materialized and are not found in the ‘green pages’ of the ADP book and which the different agencies have not cited as being in the pipeline as of June 2011.
‐ A lack of additional pipeline project expressed by different agencies. The ‘green pages’ of the ADP which indicate projects that are in the pipeline were used in order to identify pipeline projects but this is likely to exclude projects which are still at very early stages of conceptualisation, or even needs expressed by agencies. Efforts to capture these had been made in developing the CIP but it is likely that this is underestimated given the lack of response from a number of agencies.
These totals conceal major differences between subprogrammes as can be observed in the table below. Table 26. Changes in CIP pipeline, total and priority projects between 2010 and 2011
CIP programme Total Priority
1
Food
Availability Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension 35% 54%
2 Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes ‐60% ‐60% 3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 259% 247% 4 Fisheries and aquaculture development ‐7% 7% 5 Livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production ‐71% ‐69% Availability ‐10% 1%6
Food
Access Improved access to market, value addition in agriculture and non farm incomes 11% 0%
7 Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 0% 0% 8 Enhanced public food management system ‐39% ‐41% 9 Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets ‐66% ‐62% Access ‐23% ‐30%
10
Food
Utiliza
tion Community based nutrition programmes and services ‐84% ‐84%
11 Orient food and nutrition actions through data ‐70% ‐75%
12 Food safety and quality improvement ‐76% ‐77% Utilization ‐82% ‐83%Total ‐24% ‐22%
CIP delivery between June 2010 and June 2011 Table 27 shows the spending that has taken place between June 2010 and June 2011. A total of 836 million USD was spent in the period under review. Interestingly, it is under the access component that most of the spending has taken place with 487 million USD having been disbursed, 64% of which by the GoB. In contrast, spending in the field of nutrition was negligible. Particularly interesting is the comparison between delivery and financing (see Figure 17). New financing has increased more than twofold (USD 1,861 million) compared to delivery (USD 836 million). This indicates that for each dollar spent, more than two dollars have been made available to finance new activities, which would require a substantial scaling up of the delivery
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Table 27. Spending in FY 2010/11 (million USD)
CIP programme Total GOB funds DPs funds
1
Food
Availability
Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension 88 41 47
2 Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes 139 104 35
3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 53 42 11 4 Fisheries and aquaculture development 42 37 5
5 Livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production 22 7 15
Availability 344 231 113
6
Food
Access
Improved access to market, value addition in agriculture and non farm incomes 322 200 122
7 Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 4 0 4
8 Enhanced public food management system 43 43 ‐
9 Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets 118 67 50
Access 487 310 176
10
Food
Utiliza
tion Community based nutrition programmes and services
2 1 1
11 Orient food and nutrition actions through data
2 1 1
12 Food safety and quality improvement
2 0 2 Utilization 6 2 3 Total 836 543 293
capacity either in terms of expansion and/or increased efficiency of the existing delivery mechanisms. This has been the case more so for nutrition where the NNS activities have begun, while spending so far was almost at a halt, but also for Programme 2 where close to one billion USD has been invested between June 2010 and 2011 while only 104 million have been spent. Most prominently, this covers projects such as the ‘Procurement of dredgers and ancillaries for river dredging’ (188 million USD), ‘Capital Dredging of River Systems in Bangladesh’ (142 million
USD) or the ‘Buriganga River Restoration Project’ (136 million). Development Partners’ contribution to the CIP between June 2010 and June 2011 An important component of the monitoring exercise presented in this report has been to update the survey of DPs activities carried out for the CIP which aimed to identify the main ongoing and future commitments in the 12 areas of the CIP. Similarly to what was done for the updating of budget of the
Figure 16. Delivery (spending) and additional financing between June 2010 and June 2011 (million USD)
‐
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Delivery Additional financing
Delivery Additional financing
Delivery Additional financing
million
USD
Dark colour: GoBLight colour: DPs
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original CIP, the DPs’ contribution as of June 2010 was first of all revised for some inconsistencies and omissions. Additional agencies were included in the survey (Spain, Norway, GIZ and CIMMYT) as well as in some cases, projects that were ongoing as of June 2010 but have not been included in the CIP Budget 2011. The detail of the information procured is included in Annex 3.6 while we describe the overall findings below.
ADP projects Table 3.5.a summarises updated DPs’ ongoing projects (including those completed since the beginning of the CIP) channeled through the ADP. The last three columns indicate the change from a year earlier. The ‘total’ column indicates an additional 411.3 million USD. This figure, however, may be decomposed in two parts: the revisions made to the original exercise and the actual changes. 199.6 million USD are in fact adjustments made due to some inconsistencies found in the original calculations but also due to revisions in the project costs indicated by DPs in 2011 and now in 2012174. The ‘actual’ change between the CIP budget 2011 (as of June 2010) and 2012 (as of June 2011) based on information provided by the DPs themselves is in fact 211.7 million USD. Thus, while 94 ADP projects were on going at the time the CIP was developed (which had taken June 2010 as its benchmark), by June 2011, 104 were ongoing or had been completed which means 10 new projects began over this period, five of which under Programme 1. This reflects the larger weight of availability in the CIP although it should be noted that among the new projects, one single one accounts for 150 million USD: the World Bank funded ‘Employment Generation Program for the Poorest’ which falls under CIP Programme 9 ‘Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets’.
Non ADP projects For projects funded by DPs outside the ADP, a 199.4 million USD increase is noted (Table 3.5.b). 75.6 USD of these are adjustments while the actual increase is 133.8 million USD. This actual increase is almost entirely explained by the implementation start of the DFID funded project ‘BRAC Strategic Partnership Arrangement (SPA)‐under that Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction (CFPR)‐ III’. Thus, from 70 reported ongoing projects outside the ADP as of June 2010, only four new programmes were initiated, the latter accounting for almost the entire increase. Possible future DP contributions The possible future contributions to the CIP as indicated by the DPs – or in some cases‐ as identified in the ADP175‐ show that as of June 2011, 1,654 million were committed to
___________________________________________________________________________________ 174 For the Netherlands for example (EKN), in the original CIP calculations, the entire cost of the projects had been considered rather than just the Dutch contribution, thereby substantially blowing up the total contribution of this agency. In the case of JICA and the World Bank, figures indicated for certain projects substantially differed from what had been given when the CIP was developed. 175 For example, among the ADP projects identified as being in the pipeline from the ADP book, the ‘Shahjalal fertilizer project’ was included given its relevance to Programme 3. A large part of this project is to be funded by
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be funded either through the ADP or outside the ADP. 59.6% of this amount fell under the availability component of the CIP, 36.5% under the access component and 3.5% under the nutrition component (Table 3.5.c). This is 769.9 million USD more than in the CIP published in 2011. This change however hides the fact that in some cases, the amount committed as of June 2011 is in fact less than in June 2010. In some cases, this is due to adjustments to previously committed amounts. This is the case for example of Denmark which in June 2010 has expressed a 75 million USD commitment towards Programme 1 later revised to 60 million USD. In other cases, projects that were in the pipeline are now ongoing. This is, however, the case of only three projects. For the rest, agencies have not mentioned in any form amounts that had been committed in the CIP development. Whether these are omissions or reflect real changes in the agencies’ plans needs to be ascertained. Among agencies whose committed funds have noticeably increased are China, IFAD, the EU, DFID and the GAFSP. As explained earlier, the Government of China was included to reflect its contribution to a fertilizer ADP project which contributes to Programme 3. No other information is available for this agency however. Regarding the GAFSP, immediately after the approval of the CIP in June 2010 and its endorsement by the DPs, the GoB submitted a project proposal for the ‘Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP)’ which was approved as first GAFSP grant to a country in Asia, making the CIP immediately effective in its role of resource mobilization tool. For IFAD, a number of new projects are in the pipeline: ‘Sustainable Market Infrastructure for Livelihoods Enhancement (SMILE)’ and ‘Micro‐enterprise and Agricultural Promotion Project (MAPP)’ under Programme 6. The ‘Haor Infrastructure and Livelihood improvement Project (HILIP)’ which was in the pipeline under Programme 6 as of June 2011 has now had components added under Programmes 1 and 2. The EU which had not reported any pipeline projects as of June 2010 now has two important projects: the continuation of the ‘Rural Employment Opportunities for Public Assets (REOPA)’ and ‘Food Security 2012 Bangladesh – Ujjibito’ under Programme 9. Finally, DFID is commissioning two Research Programme Consortia (RPC) on ‘Climate Impacts on Agriculture in marginal and Conflict Affected areas in South Asia’ and on ‘Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Security in South Asia’. It is also mobilizing some funds towards the ‘Health Sector Development Programme (HSDP)’ and additional funds for the ‘Economic Empowerment of the Poorest (EEP) project’.
Based on the above analysis, a number of recommendations may be made: Continue focusing on the gender dimension of food security: Women have a key role in ensuring food security through their function in food production, ensuring food access and food utilization. Recent efforts by the GoB to mainstream gender into initiatives to ensure food security need to continue and be further strengthened.
China which was therefore added to the list of DPs funding CIP programmes.
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Enhancement of the capacity to deliver: Government agencies and DPs need to focus on implementation capacities: between July 2010 and June 2011, the delivery of projects and programmes has been low (51% of the expected delivery). Such level of execution performance highlights the need for a substantial development of disbursement capacities of the implementing agencies, in order to achieve a faster and more focused delivery of the ongoing and planned interventions. This is particularly important for the availability component, which represents more than half of the entire CIP (including for the financial gap), and whose share within the CIP has increased by 23%.
Further mainstreaming of nutrition in CIP interventions and increase in nutrition investments: Since its formulation, the CIP has reflected in its principles the utmost importance of nutrition to achieve food security in Bangladesh. Thus, the highest levels of the CIP’s results’ chain have adopted the impact indicators of the NFP, all related to nutrition. In a broader sense, nutrition and food utilization have been chosen as the ultimate performance indicators of national policies and investments in food security. The nutrition part, already limited in the CIP 2011, has further fallen by 39%. To avoid further marginalization of this component in the CIP, it is essential to mainstream it in the ongoing projects and programmes in order for them to contribute directly to the nutritional dimension. Concurrently, the GoB and DPs need to ensure that the number and size of investments directly focusing on this dimension specifically comprised within CIP Programmes 10 to 12 are boosted. It is encouraging to note that at the policy level, utilization seems to be in the process of being mainstreamed with increasing mention of this component by high level officials of the MoA and other ministries mainly mandated to implement the availability component.
Focus on CIP areas lagging behind: While the availability component remains the prominent one in the CIP, the absence of projects in the pipeline for Programme 8, the limited number of projects under Programme 7, and the very limited number of projects in the overall utilization component should be noted‐ although the latter may be partly explained by a degree of elements pertaining to utilization in other CIP programmes. In particular, the absence of any projects under subprogrammes 8.1 on efficiency and effectiveness of public food management system and 8.2 on strengthening capacity of the MoFDM to better manage the food system calls for a review of priorities by decision makers.
Strengthen strategic partnerships around the common goal of food security: Both the current delivery rate and the financial gap to complete the CIP are factors of risk in the achievement of the NFP Objectives. Partnerships between involved GoB agencies and the DPs need to be strengthened to ensure that the NFP goals can be achieved, involving civil society and the private sector to complement ongoing efforts.
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8. Overall assessment and recommendations
8.1 Overall assessment Increased human well‐being in Bangladesh The National Food Policy is leading to tangible gains in food security and human well‐being in Bangladesh. Two of the three NFP goal‐level indicators are within reach of their 2015 targets: under‐5 underweight and under‐5 stunting. The third indicator, population undernourishment, is most likely off‐target, although this is based on linear extrapolation as recent information is unavailable. These trends concur with satisfactory progress on the four CIP and PoA indicators in the SFYP, although further acceleration of progress seems feasible. The slow moving indicator: undernourishment The apparent off‐target indicator is a cause for concern. It suggests undernourishment scarcely declined despite massive poverty reduction. This underscores the imperative of significant strengthening of NFP interventions under the food utilization pillar and to streamline nutrition under the other pillars in order to fully maximize the impacts on food security and nutrition of the progress made in food availability and food access. A first avenue for remedying this is to exploit more fully links between nutrition, agriculture and health and links between nutrition, social protection and income growth, in order to encourage food production and consumption that is more diversified and nutritious. Piggy‐backing nutrition to existing momentum of successes in availability and access will best utilize delivery capacity, lessons and expertise. Success lopsided: uneven progress on the three pillars of food security Progress under the availability pillar has been significant. Agricultural GDP growth is on‐target for 2011, with low variability in rice production and reasonable rice import dependency to stabilize domestic markets. However, no significant progress in production diversification was recorded. The access pillar has been substantially strengthened too. Poverty declined steeply, and the average poor person is less poor. Real wages in rice terms rose, even though food prices rose faster than other prices. Efforts under the nutrition pillar have reaped successes but further mobilization is needed for broader based gains. Health and other interventions have led to reductions in chronic energy deficiency amongst women and anemia in adolescent girls. Overall, progress on consumption diversification has been faster than production diversification. Setbacks include that the proportion of children receiving a minimum acceptable diet may have worsened (although the trend assessment is complicated by the use of a stricter definition of the indicator); the consumption of adequately iodized salt fell (due to quality and price issues); and increasing incidence of overweight population signals morbidity from imbalanced diets, applying to both poor and non poor groups. Consolidating success: protections against reversals in progress The picture of progress is accompanied by a still worrying vulnerability to shocks and setbacks. Further integration of availability, access and utilization pillars will consolidate successes, but also required are protection measures within each of availability, access and utilization to
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prevent reversals in progress and to mitigate harmful effects of shocks on production, families and nutrition. Food security and CIP financing Between June 2010 and June 2011, the total value of the CIP increased by 947 million USD (+11.6%). The amount of financed CIP projects increased by 2,170 million USD (+71%), of which 1,713 million USD was from the GoB (+109%) and 457 million USD from DPs (+31%). The total size of projects in the pipeline decreased by 1,222 million USD (‐24%) to 3,906 million USD, due to projects whose implementation started (e.g. NNS: 115 million USD) and missing information on additional needs. Delivery stands at 836 million USD, which is the total CIP execution as of 2010/11. Additional financing totals 2,170 million USD, of which 1,861 million USD is for new projects initiated in 2011. Additional financing is larger than delivery. The analysis of the change of CIP between June 2010 and June 2011 shows a disproportionate growth of the availability component, mainly at the expenses of the utilization component. The decline in the proportion of nutrition in the overall budget is due both to a decline in the absolute level of the utilization budget, but also to the more than proportional increase in the availability total CIP budget. 8.2 Recommendations NFP Objective 1: availability Food production in Bangladesh is dominated by a single crop (rice) and a single season (boro, which accounts for over 60% of rice production). Investments in fisheries, livestock and horticulture need to be scaled up in order to raise productivity and encourage farmers to diversify. Bottlenecks in development, production and dissemination of seeds resistant to salinity and other ecological stresses; and declining groundwater, add to the vulnerabilities.
Programme 1 on sustainable and diversified agriculture through research and extension Focus on coordinated, problem solving and integrated research. Undertake agro‐ecological zone‐based research so as to deal with the impact of climate change.
Scale‐up agricultural research funding to allow a ‘technological breakthrough’. Strengthen linkages among research, extension, education and farmers.
Programme 2 on improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes
Approve and implement key legislation and policy documents. Reduce irrigation costs while ensuring sustainability and efficiency of the use of this resource.
Accelerate the promotion of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater irrigation. Develop agro‐ecology based water management systems. Modernize existing irrigation and water management systems and community participation.
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Programme 3 on improved quality of input and soil fertility Train farmers on quality seed production and strengthen capacities of institutions that produce and certify seeds.
Establish inter‐institutional coordination in development and promotion of new varieties.
Strengthen existing training on balanced fertilization, promote use of USG technology and organic fertilizers, and strengthen fertilizer quality control.
Programme 4 on fisheries and aquaculture development
Replace brood stocks and adopt selective breeding. Develop community‐based co‐management that ensure sustainable wetlands and productive fisheries and meet the needs of resource users and other stakeholders.
Support affected fishery communities during fishing ban periods. Monitor shrimp farm development, ensure quality and boost productivity of this sector. Strengthen the Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation.
Programme 5 on livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production
Develop public–private partnerships in diversified vaccine production and marketing. Use crossbreeding to improve local cattle and adopt initiatives to improve local goats. Strengthen biosecurity in poultry farms and poultry markets. Scale up formulation of initiatives and budget allocation in the livestock sub‐sector. Review taxes, tariffs and subsidy policies on dairy products to provide adequate incentives to local producers and protect consumers.
NFP Objective 2: access Widened access to food has been accompanied by concentrations of deprivation and little progress in narrowing inequalities. In addition, even with access, some families struggle with unprotected seasonal, idiosyncratic and community‐wide risks. The Government’s success in rice procurement, storage and distribution needs bolstering with expanded storage capacity and better integration of rice procurement, distribution and trade policies in view of the progress toward self‐sufficiency in rice production. Access has been enhanced by income and real wage growth, but climate change, declining access to natural resources, vulnerability to price shocks require farther attention. Bangladesh has been ‘show cased’ for its strong food security policy framework, and regular monitoring of it will contribute to sustain implementation and support coordinated multi‐sectoral actions against food insecurity.
Programme 6 on improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture, and to non farm incomes
Improve storage, processing and ensure waste reduction. Maintain quality in rural infrastructure development and integrate rural infrastructure development with safety net programmes.
Promote farmers’ organization in marketing farm products. Narrow the gender wage gap. Tailor technical skill development to the emerging national needs.
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Scale up credit for agro‐processing, storage, marketing, and strengthen producer support services to promote growth of high value crops.
Programme 7 on strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of the NFP and CIP actions
Institutionalise the annual monitoring process promoting a sustainable consolidation of the related capacity.
Enhance timeliness and coverage of the information supplied by all relevant stakeholders (GoB, DPs, etc.) for the CIP monitoring.
Mainstream effective capacity development for implementation support in DPs projects with a view to national ownership and sustainability.
Incorporate results from monitoring in the DPs’ programming principles and priorities. Valorize civil society’s perspectives and experiences in the monitoring process.
Programme 8 on enhanced public food management system
Flexibly adjust procurement and trade interventions to the high volatility market conditions.
Speed up the identification, formulation and financing of programmes to enhance food management and build related capacities.
Introduce a country‐wide computerized food stock/storage monitoring system. Develop an effective early warning food information system.
Programme 9 on institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets
Finalise the National Social Protection Strategy, following appropriate broad‐based consultations.
Scale up graduation models with well designed learning efforts to collate and analyse successful experiences.
Strengthen productive, rather than only relief based, safety nets to ensure greater sustainability of poverty reduction impacts.
Stabilise access to food through timely safety net provision in lean seasons and during shocks.
Ensure that livelihoods are resilient to climate change through adapted safety nets. NFP Objective 3: utilization Challenges lie in a combination of factors including slow pace of consumption diversification, lack of nutrition awareness, poor infant and young child feeding, childhood illnesses and inadequate hygiene and sanitation. Dietary diversification needs to be increased to reduce micronutrient deficiencies in the country, particularly iron deficiency anemia and vitamin A deficiency. Micronutrient supplementation should be strengthened and food fortification should be promoted, particularly in staple foods. Community based nutrition services should be strengthened considering the intergenerational and lifecycle approach. The institutional setup for multisectoral coordination needs to be improved. Food safety and quality control needs to
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be developed and existing legislation updated and enforced. Water and sanitation, especially in urban areas and during disasters, needs to be better assured.
Programme 10 on community based nutrition programmes and services Further strengthening infant and young child feeding practices, in line with international norms and codes.
Develop and promote recipes for safe and nutritious complementary foods. Demonstrate improvements of dietary diversification on nutritional status. Expand homestead gardening to homestead farming to leverage benefits for nutrition. Understand and build on the local knowledge, experience and perception to ensure adequate and successful interventions.
Strengthen micronutrient supplementation and food fortification, as necessary. Programme 11 on orienting food and nutrition programmes through data
Monitor impacts of food security and nutrition interventions. Update Food Balance Sheets. Implement food based dietary guidelines to inform agriculture, trade, health and nutrition policies.
Enhance the human as well as institutional capacities of NNS as well as that of other line directorates with the responsibilities for delivering nutrition services/interventions.
Quantify media research requirements for nutrition. Programme 12 on food safety and quality improvement
Finalize a food safety and quality policy and action plan. Promote healthy street food vending. Improve Information, Education and Communication/Behaviour Change Communication (IEC/BCC) programmes on food safety and safe food practices.
Establish a food borne disease surveillance system. Strengthen food safety inspection systems.
CIP financing
Enhance the delivery capacity under programmes with faster growing financing and further prioritize the upcoming unfunded investments.
Accelerate identification of and financing of initiatives under subprogrammes lagging behind (especially certain subprogrammes under Programmes 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 11).
Continue focusing on the gender dimension of food security. Further mainstream nutrition in CIP interventions and increase in nutrition investments. Fund mobilization beyond the coverage of ADP requires strengthening strategic partnerships between the Government, DPs as well as civil society and the private sector.
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Annexes
Annex 1. Comparison of the CIP and PoA impact/outcome indicators Adjustments to the indicators used for the NFP PoA Monitoring Report 2010 have been necessary in designing the NFP PoA/ CIP Monitoring Report 2011 for three reasons:
i) The food security context of the country has changed, calling for a review of certain indicators to adapt them to the new realities;
ii) The CIP is being monitored in addition to the NFP PoA. Adjustments have therefore been made to exploit synergies between the two parallel exercises and avoid duplication;
iii) The CIP has brought new priorities to light which had been ignored in the NFP PoA monitoring exercise but must now be incorporated.
The table below presents the result of this exercise with the list of output indicators to be used for the joint monitoring of the CIP and NFP PoA. The first two columns indicate the CIP programme and the corresponding Areas of Intervention of the NFP PoA. These will be monitored together using the indicators listed in the column entitled ‘CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators’. Three colours have been used to indicate to which NFP Objective a programme/NFP AoI/ indicator corresponds to (Box 4). It is to be noted that in certain cases, an NFP AoI under one NFP Objective has been associated with a CIP programme that falls under a different NFP Objective as they seemed to match more closely176. In some cases, the same happened for indicators.
___________________________________________________________________________________ 176 For example, AoI 2.1. (Agricultural Disaster Management: Enhanced disaster preparedness and post disaster rehabilitation in agricultural systems) has been listed under Programme 1 of the CIP (Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension) although the former was categorized as an Access AoI in the NFP and the latter falls under Availability in the CIP.
Box 4. Colour code used for NFP objectives AVAILABILITY
ACCESS NUTRITION
CIP Progrexpected a
PROGRAMMSustainable agriculture tresearch anProductivityproduction resilience toincreased thgeneration of sustainabsolutions
CIP Progrexpected a
PROGRAMMImproved Wand InfrastrIrrigation PuSustainable water manafor respondneeds
ramme title andaggregate outpu
ME 1 and diversified through integratd extension: y is enhanced, fois diversified ano climate changehrough effectiveand propagationble technical
ramme title andaggregate outpu
ME 2 Water Managemructure for urposes: and efficient agement is ensuing to farmer
d ut
Corres
ted
ood d e is e n
1.1. Agricextensionnon‐crop developeddemand lservice ex
1.9. Early Well funcWarning SintegratedEarly War
2.1Managprepar
rehabilita
d ut
Corres
ent
red
1.2 Use anresources IncreasedImprovedof safe irrdependenreduced c
ponding NFP PoIntervention
ultural researchn: Demand‐drivenew technologid and disseminaed and pro‐pooxpanded
Warning Develotioning domestiSystem establishd/coordinated wrning System
1. Agricultural Diement: Enhanceredness and posation in agricultu
ponding NFP PoIntervention
nd managements: d irrigation coved delivery and efrigation water; rency on ground wcost
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oA Area of n
and en crop and es ated; r extension
opment: c Early hed and with Global
saster ed disaster st disaster ural systems
oA Area of n
t of water
erage; fficient use educed water;
CIP/NFP Po
No. of improdeveloped byNo. of new n
No. of farmeagriculture p
Share of rice
HYV rice area(excluding BoAnnual changproduction
(Til, Rape
CIP/NFP PoA
% of croppedAverage trenNorthern regsince 1990 Change in groyear moving Surface watetotal irrigatioIrrigation cosproduction co
oA output proxy
ved new rice vay GoB agenciesnon‐rice varieties
rs trained on suractices by DAE
on total croppe
a as % total rice oro hybrid) ge in major crop
Edi& Mustard, Gro
A output proxy
d area under irrigd of water tablegions (in meters
ound water tablaverage) in seleer irrigation areaon area st as % of total Bost
y indicators
rieties
s developed Wheat Maize Potato Pulses
Vegetables Oil Seeds
Fruits stainable E
ed land
area
ps'
Rice Wheat Maize Potato Pulses Brinjal
Pumpkin Beans
Lal Shak ble Oilseeds oundnut and Soya bean)
Banana Guava Mango
Jackfruit
indicators
gation e in per year)
e depth (3 cted places as % of
Boro
CIP Progrexpected a
PROGRAMMImproved qsoil fertility:inputs is imfertility is en
CIP Progr
expected aPROGRAMMFisheries & developmenincrease of fthrough impand natural managemen
ramme title andaggregate outpu
ME 3 uality of input a: Access to qualiproved and soil nhanced.
ramme title andaggregate outpuME 4 aquaculture nt: Sustainable fishery productiproved technoloresources nt
d ut
Corres
nd ty
1.3. Suppagriculturof qualitysupply of fish and pTimely sufertilizer eagriculturimplemenprices; StrengtheincreasedsustainabAgriculturagriculturregulated
1.5. AgricIncr
agricultfarme
financial livest
d ut
Corres
on ogy
1.4. AgricIncreasedcrops; Incand livest
ponding NFP PoIntervention
ly and sustainabral inputs: Increay crop seeds; incrquality seeds anpoultry farming;pply and balancensured; ral machines andnts available at a
ened IPM and ICd efficiency and bility of agricultural land use for nral purposes effed
ultural credit anreased formal crture, to small aners; assured covloss due to failutock and fish pro
ponding NFP PoIntervention
ultural diversificd production of hcreased productitock
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oA Area of n
ble use of ased supply reased nd feeds for
ce use of
d affordable
M;
ral land use;non‐ectively
nd insurance: redit to d marginal verage of ure of crops, oduction
oA Area of n
cation: high value ion of fish
CIP/NFP PoA
Annual changand maize semoving averaImproved seeprivate comprequirements
Supply of urerequirementsSupply of TSPrequirementsSupply of MorequirementsChange in croover 3 previo
(Til, Rape
Agricultural cbillion taka) % of target
CIP/NFP PoA
GDP from fishagriculture Gconstant pric
Annual changproduction
A output proxy
ge in improved reeds production age) eds supply (BADpanies ) as % agrs
ea as % of estimas P as % of estimats oP as % of estims op yields (movinous years)
Edib& Mustard, Gro
credit disbursem
A output proxy
hery sector as %DP (excluding foce 1995‐1996
ge in national fis
indicators
rice, wheat (3‐year
C, DAE and onomic
Rice Wheat Maize Potato Pulses
Vegetables Oil Seeds
ated
ted
mated
ng average
Rice Wheat Maize Potato Pulses Brinjal
Pumpkin Beans
Lal Shak ble Oilseeds undnut and Soya bean)
Banana Guava Mango
Jackfruit ment (in
indicators
% of orest), at
sh
CIP Progrexpected a
PROGRAMMLivestock Dea focus on pproduction:increase of production through impbetter animresilient mapractices.
CIP Progr
expected a
PROGRAMMImproved acvalue‐additiand to non fValue chaincontributingto food andincomes.
ramme title andaggregate outpu
ME 5 evelopment, witpoultry and dairy Sustainable livestock is developed proved technolo
mal health and anagement
ramme title andaggregate outpu
ME 6 ccess to marketsion in agriculturefarm incomes: s are developedg to better acces increased rural
d ut
Corres
th y
ogy,
1.4. AgricIncreasedcrops; Incand livest
d ut
Corres
s, e,
d ss
1.6. Physidevelopmstorage, mfacilities, connectivinternatio1.7. AgricTrade: Reagriculturmarket in1.8. PolicyUpdated markets e2.3 EnabliFood tradEnvironmand stock
2.5. Incomwomen aEnhancingand disabagricultur
2.6. AgrobMSMEs Dgrowth ofprocessin
2.7. Markand humaskills deveand internrequirem
ponding NFP PoIntervention
ultural diversificd production of hcreased productitock
ponding NFP PoIntervention
cal Market inframent: Improving market and transimproving markvity at local, national levels ultural Marketineduced marketinral products; strentegration y/Regulatory Enlegislation regulenacted and enfing Environmentde and stocks: Ement of Private Foks
me generation fond disabled peog participation obled people in rural and other rur
based/AgroprocDevelopment: Incf agro‐based /agg and MSMEs
ket driven educaan developmenteloped based onnational market ents
114
oA Area of n
cation: high value ion of fish
oA Area of n astructure private sportation ket onal and
ng and ng costs of engthened
vironment: ating food orced t of Private nabling ood trade
or rural ople: of women ural ral activities
cessing creased gro‐
tion, skills t: People's n domestic
CIP/NFP PoA
GDP from liveagricultural Gconstant pricTotal product
Annual changAnnual changdeaths due to
CIP/NFP PoA
Difference beretail price offarmgate
Difference befarmers’ price
# of growth cwomen markParishad Com
Wage differewomen in agPolicy and refood marketsEnabling envtrade and stoReal GDP gromanufacturinNumber of st(polytechnic institutes, vocommercial cRatio of TVETsecondary/hienrolment in
A output proxy
estock sector asGDP (excluding fce 1995‐96) tion (quantity) o
EgMilk (Meat (
ge in artificial insge in number of o avian flu
A output proxy
etween farm gatf selected goods
etween dealers’ es of fertilizers
centres, rural maket centres, and mplexes develop
ential between mriculture gulatory environs enacted and enironment of privocks owth of small scang tudents enrolledinstitutes, techncational institutcolleges) T students in yeaigher secondary year t‐1
indicators
% of orest, at
of ggs (million) (million MT) (million MT) semination poultry
indicators
te and s as % of
Coarse rice
Lentil
Onion
Brinjal
Potato
and
Urea TSP MoP
arkets, Union
ped by LGED
male and
nment on nforced vate food
ale
d in TVET nical es, PTI and
ar t to school
CIP Progrexpected a
PROGRAMMStrengtheneimplementamonitoring actions: Natdesign, impmonitor NFinvestment strengthene
CIP Progrexpected a
PROGRAMMEnhanced PManagemenEnhanced eeffectivenesManagemen
CIP Progr
expected a
PROGRAMMInstitutionaand Capacitmore effectEffectivenessocial safetyare improvestrengthenecapacities toimplement t
ramme title andaggregate outpuME 7 ed capacities foration and of NFP and CIP tional capacitieslement and P PoA and operations are ed
ramme title andaggregate outpu
ME 8 ublic Food nt Systems: fficiency and ss of Public Foodnt Systems
ramme title andaggregate outpu
ME 9 l Development ty Development tive safety nets: ss and targeting y net programmed through ed institutional o design and them.
d ut
Corres
r
to
d ut
Corres
d
1.10. ProdEnhancedprocuremeffectivelyharvest
1.11. Pubstabilizatimanagemeffectiven
d ut
Corres
for
of es
2.2. Emerfrom Pubcoverage emergenc
2.4. Effebased prImproveddisadva
improvedenhance
ponding NFP PoIntervention
ponding NFP PoIntervention
ducer price suppd effectiveness oment system; proy supported dur
lic Stock Managon: Improved pu
ment and enhancness of OMS
ponding NFP PoIntervention
rgency Food Distlic stocks: Improand effectivenecy distribution p
ectiveness of tarrogrammes and d coverage of vuantaged people d targeting, redued adequacy to people's need
115
oA Area of n
oA Area of n
port: of public oducer ring post‐
ement/Price ublic stock ced
oA Area of n tribution oved ess of rogrammes
rgeted food safety nets: lnerable and and areas, ced leakage, vulnerable ds
CIP/NFP PoA
No. and valueprojects undeCIP available performance
CIP Monitorinproduced
CIP/NFP PoA
Effective graiof fiscal year Average use foodgrain stoActual procurAchievementprocurementWholesale prprocurementBoro per unitOpening stocQuantity of rOMS as % of
CIP/NFP PoA
Budget covermillion cards
Safety net pr% of GDP Budgeted covgeneration pmillion man mQuantity of VMT)
A output proxy
e of new investmer CIP approvedbudget executio
e (%)
ng Reports regu
A output proxy
in storage capacin mt) of effective Govorage capacity (%rement t of public Boro t target (%) rice during the Bt period as percet cost productionck as % of budgeice distributed ttotal domestic s
A output proxy
rage of VGF and
VGFVGD (m
ogrammes expe
verage of emplorogram for the pmonth) VGF and GR distr
indicators
ment on
larly
indicators
city (at close
vernment %)
Boro entage of n et target hrough supply
indicators
VGD,
F (lakh man) man month) enditure as
oyment poor (in
ributed (in
CIP Progrexpected a
PROGRAMMCommunityprogrammeNutrition animproved atthrough intelong term in
ramme title andaggregate outpu
ME 10 y based nutritiones and services: nd health are t community levegrated short annterventions.
d ut
Corres
n
vel nd
3.2 Balancvulnerablavailabilitof low cosnutrition;vulnerabl(includingeffectivelynutrition monitorinprogramm3.3 Nutritdiversificawomen eprimary hformal an Increasedbackyard poor hous3.4 Food sfortificatioVitamin Aof iron‐focoverage iodized saIncreasedfortificatiomicronutrand zinc 3.7 WomImprovedImprovedgeneral h(NMR); Inmaternal Reduced t3.8 Protebreastfeefeeding: SbreastfeeExpandedEnsured scomplemStrengtheinitiative; IncreasedparticularBMS Codemilk subst
ponding NFP PoIntervention
ced and nutritioe people: Increaty through local st foods for bala Poor, distressede women and chg those from moy covered by fooprogrammes anng and promotiomes. tion education oation: Increasedducated in nutrihealth care activnd non‐formal edd home gardeninpoultry raising aseholds supplementatioon: Increased coA, coverage and late supplementof HH with adeqalt; d coverage of fooon with importarients, e.g. vitam
men and childrend child and mothd adolescents’ anealth; Reduced nfant (IMR), child(MMR) mortalittotal fertility ratection and promeding and compleStrengthened exeding practices; d practice of bresafe and nutritioentary feeding; ened baby‐friend
d maternity leaverly post‐partum;es respected by titutes marketer
116
oA Area of n ous food for ased production anced d and hildren onga areas) od based d growth on (GMP)
on dietary % of ition and ities through ducation; ng and activities by
n and overage of compliance tation and quately
od items for ant min A, iron
health: her health; nd women’s neonatal d (CMR) and ty rates; te (TFR) otion of ementary xclusive
astfeeding; ous dly hospital
e, the breast rs
CIP/NFP PoA
Proportion ofexclusively br
Poor househogardening an
Share of totaconsumption
Prevalence o(GAM) amon2SD Prevalence o(SAM) among
Proportion ofat least 4 visi
A output proxy
f infants under sreastfed
olds raising homnd backyard pou
l dietary energyn from:
Roots
Fruits and
Mef global acute mng children < 5 y
f severe acute mg children < 5 ye
f women ANC cots
indicators
six months
me ltry
y
Cereal
Sugar Oil
s and tubers
Pulses
d vegetables
eat and milk malnutrition years ) <‐
malnutrition ears ) < 3SD
overage of
CIP Progrexpected a
PROGRAMMOrient foodprogram thrEffective infplanning, mevaluation opolicies and
CIP Progr
expected a
PROGRAMMFood SafetyImprovemesafety contrand food bosurveillancestrengthene
ramme title andaggregate outpu
ME 11 and nutrition rough data: formation suppo
monitoring and of food security d interventions.
ramme title andaggregate outpu
ME 12 y and Quality nt: National foorol managementorne illness e services are ed
d ut
Corres
orts
3.1. Longfood: Longrowth esStandard different integratedstandard establishe
d ut
Corres
d t,
3.5. Safe dimprovedsanitationaccessible
3.6 Safe, qEnhancedfood, for also for in
ponding NFP PoIntervention
g term planning fg‐term targets fstablished; food intake estapopulation groud plan for attainfood intake targed
ponding NFP PoIntervention
drinking water ad sanitation: Safn facilities availae for all by 2010
quality food supd access to safe adomestic consunternational trad
117
oA Area of n for balanced for physical
ablished for ups; ing gets
oA Area of n and e water and ble and
pply: and quality mption and de
CIP/NFP PoA
Number of mBehavioural c(BCC) Desirable Dieestablished aFood ComposExisting food databases/su
# of compulsstandardizedPrevalence ochildren (in twProportion ofsafe water suProportion ofto safe drinkiaffected area
A output proxy
mass media activchange commun
etary Pattern (DDand updated sition Tables (FCsecurity and nu
urveillance syste
ory food items by BSTI f diarrhea in undwo week periodf population serupply for domestf population having water in arseas (%)
indicators
ities for nication
DP)
CT) updated utrition ms
der 5 d) ved with tic use (%) ving access enic
118
Annex 2. Composition of Thematic Teams TT
Ministry/ Division
Them
atic Team A: foo
d availability
1 FPMU, MoFDM 2 BCIC, MoI 3 MoA 4 LG Division, MoLGRD&C 5 Food Division, MoFDM 6 MoFL 7 MoWR 8 FPMU, MoFDM 9 NFPCSP‐FAO 10 NFPCSP‐FAO
Them
atic Team B:
food
access
11 FPMU, MoFDM 12 DMR Division, MoFDM 13 MoSW 14 RDCD, MoLGRDC 15 FPMU, MoFDM 16 NFPCSP‐FAO 17 NFPCSP‐FAO
Them
atic Team C:
food
utilization
18 FPMU, MoFDM 19 MoPME 20 MoHFW 21 MoWCA 22 LG Division, MoLGRDC 23 FPMU, MoFDM 24 NFPCSP‐FAO 25 NFPCSP‐FAO
Them
atic Team D: d
ata exchan
ge 26 FPMU, MoFDM
27 Monitoring, DAE, MoA 28 DAE, MoA 29 Agriculture Wing, BBS 30 Agriculture Wing, BBS 31 DAM, MoA 32 MIS&M, Department of Food, MoFDM33 IMED 34 Finance Division ,MoF 35 FPMU, MoFDM 36 NFPCSP‐FAO 37 NFPCSP‐FAO
38 NFPCSP‐FAO
119
Annex 3. Cost and financing of the CIP This section provides the background data and tables used to estimate the CIP cost and financing requirements. Term ‘project’ is used to describe on‐going and planned investment interventions whether or not they represent actual projects (e.g. financed by some DPs) or development activities streamlined in the Government system. The ADP is the tool used by the Government to gather ‘projects’ approved to be supported within 2015. All investments undertaken by the Government are channeled through it. In turn, part of the DP contribution is channeled through the ADP (i.e. complementing the budget contributions to projects); part is channeled outside of the ADP, e.g. when DPs finance NGOs to undertake certain activities. Annex 3 is divided in 4 sections:
‐ Annex 3.1 compares the CIP Budget 2011 as published in 2011 with the revised CIP budget 2011 which includes corrections and revisions.
‐ Annex 3.2 shows the number of projects and their average cost by subprogramme. ‐ Annex 3.3 provides the summary cost tables by CIP component, programmes and sub‐
programmes. ‐ Annex 3.4 and Annex 3.5: database of respectively all on‐going ‘projects’ relevant to the
CIP (to calculate available financing) and intended future ‘projects’ as a means to evaluate further needs (financing gap).
‐ Annex 3.6a, b and c provide information on DPs on‐going financing (both through ADP and non ADP and potential future contributions.
For the CIP financing, the monitoring report has taken into account a fixed exchange rate of 69.5 BDT per USD. Such decision is justified by the fact that this exchange rate was the prevailing one at the time donors converted the budget of their projects into BDT. Other currencies (e.g. DPs’ contributions) were converted in USD at the actual rate at the moment of disbursement or at the rate provided by the respective DPs: the respective exchange rates have been made constant, too, and then the amounts converted in BDT. The choice of such exchange rate is further motivated by the fact that the main source for the inventory of projects relevant to CIP is the ADP book, for which an exchange rate is not available, but probably has used an exchange rate prior to the more significant devaluation.
120
Annex 3.1. Original and revised CIP budget 2011 (million USD)
Original CIP budget 2011 (data up to June 2010)
Revised CIP budget 2011 (data up to June 2010)
CIP programme Total CIP
Financed (ongoing or completed) Pipeline projects
Total CIP Financed (ongoing or
completed) Pipeline projects
GOB DPs Total Total Priority GOB DPs Total Total Priority
A = D+E B C D E F A = D+E B C D E F
1
Food
Availability
Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension 781.2 33.9 143.3 177.2 604.1 441.3 797 62 92 154 643 468
2 Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes 1,630.4 410.8 361.2 772.0 858.3 583.6 1,642 424 348 772 870 589
3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 343.0 28.1 83.1 111.2 231.8 170.3 439 122 82 204 235 172
4 Fisheries and aquaculture development 392.9 19.7 17.0 36.6 356.3 211.6 456 74 20 94 362 216
5 Livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production 835.1 22.1 38.0 60.1 775.1 439.7 842 24 38 62 779 443
Availability 3,983 514.5 642.5 1,157 2,826 1,846 4,112 706 4,176 706 580 1,286
6
Food
Access
Improved access to market, value addition in agriculture and non farm incomes 1,258.3 417.0 206.4 623.4 634.9 368.3 1,232 403 195 597 635 368
7
Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 113.2 0.2 14.4 14.6 98.6 69.0 108 0 5 6 102 72
8 Enhanced public food management system 637.3 142.2 202.0 344.2 293.2 212.1 659 163 202 365 293 212
9
Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets 1,064.6 116.6 476.2 592.7 471.8 340.5 1,242 294 476 770 472 340
Access 3,073 676 899 1,575 1,499 990 3,241 860 3,241 860 878 1,738
10
Food
Utiliza
tion Community based nutrition
programmes and services 558.0 5.2 15.5 20.6 537.4 480.0 558 5 15 21 537 480
11 Orient food and nutrition actions through data 33.2 1.2 10.1 11.3 21.9 13.0 33 1 10 11 22 13
12 Food safety and quality improvement 186.5 1.3 7.6 8.9 177.5 90.8 186 1 8 9 178 91 Utilization 778 8 33 41 737 584 778 8 778 8 33 41
Total 7,834 1,198 1,575 2,773 5,061 3,420 8,130 1,574 8,194 1,574 1,491 3,065
121
Annex 3.2. Number of CIP projects and budget – ongoing/completed and pipeline, by subprogramme
Compo
nent
Program
me
Sub
prog
ramme
Sub programmes
Priority rank
ing1
77 Number of projects
(as of June 2011)
Average budget(in million USD, as of
June 2011)
Ongoing and
completed Pipeline
Ongoing and
completed Pipeline
1
Food
Availability
Sustainable and
diversified
agriculture th
rough
integrated
research and
extension
1 Enhance research & knowledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity sustainably
H 20 11 3 4
2
Improve extension services to propagate knowledge & practices, supported by community‐based experimentation & learning and indigenous knowledge
H 28 15 8 18
3 Promote the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change T 6 8 2 69
TOTAL 54 34 6 26
2
Improved
water
managem
ent a
nd
infrastructure fo
r irrigation pu
rposes 1 Improve water management in water
distribution systems and at farm level M 13 3 33 11
2 Improve & increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the South H 26 11 17 27
3 Reduce impact of saline water intrusion in the South H 1 1 0 18
4 Enhance river water flow to the South T 11 ‐ 77 NA
TOTAL 51 15 34 23
3
Improved
quality of inp
ut
and soil fertility
1 Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and certified for quality of diversified crops
H 19 2 13 400
2 Develop public‐private partnerships through capacity development T ‐ 3 NA 7
3 Improve and increase sustainability of soil fertility management H 5 2 3 2
4 Facilitate access to credit and other financial services by smallholders and the rural poor T ‐ 1 NA 20
TOTAL 24 8 11 105
4
Fisheries a
nd aqu
aculture
developm
ent
1 Develop small scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills H 6 4 2 14
2 Improve management of fisheries resources H 15 14 8 19
3 Develop public‐private partnerships in support of infrastructure and services development
M ‐ ‐ NA
4
Promote production in the South through sustainable shrimp and prawn development and community based co‐management of wetlands
L 1 2 5 6
TOTAL 22 20 6 17
___________________________________________________________________________________ 177 T= top priority, H= high priority, M= medium priority; L= low priority, as explained in Annex 3.3.
122
5
Food
Availability
Livestock de
velopm
ent, with
a
focus o
n po
ultry an
d dairy
prod
uctio
n
1 Strengthen animal health services, including better diagnosis and surveillance systems to mitigate disease outbreaks
M 3 1 7 99
2 Strengthen husbandry capacity at household level through community based improved knowledge and advisory services
H 3 5 3 22
3 Improve availability and quality of inputs through public‐private partnerships H ‐ 1 NA 20
4 Research on livestock development, including genetic improvement L 7 1 5 ‐
TOTAL 13 8 5 28
Total Food Availability 164 85 15 31
Share of Food Availability on Total CIP 62% 61%
6
Food
Access
Improved
access to market,
value additio
n in agriculture and
no
n farm
incomes
1 Improve physical access to markets, facilities and information M 27 7 38 83
2 Mobilize and promote producer & marketing groups for improved market access and knowledge
T 3 4 6 4
3 Develop adequate storage, processing & value addition and reduce waste through public‐private partnerships
H ‐ 1 NA 46
4 Promote and assist the development of off farm activities and rural businesses M 3 4 5 17
TOTAL 33 16 32 44
7
Strengthen
ed capacities
for implem
entatio
n and
mon
itorin
g of NFP
and
CIP actio
ns
1 Strengthen capacities to implement, monitor and coordinate National Food Policy‐Plan of Action and CIP
H 3 3 2 3
2 Strengthen national capacities for design, implementation & monitoring of CIP projects H ‐ 2 NA 21
3 Strengthen capacities of civil society organizations to contribute to CIP development & implementation
H ‐ 2 NA 26
TOTAL 3 7 2 15
8
Enhanced
pub
lic fo
od
managem
ent system 1
Enhance efficiency and effectiveness of Public Food Management Systems and improve its impact on price stabilization
T ‐ ‐ NA NA
2 Build capacities of Ministry of Food and Disaster Management and Directorate of Food to better manage the food system
T ‐ ‐ NA NA
3 Increase and modernize public storage and handling facilities, including in disaster prone areas
H 8 8 45 22
TOTAL 8 8 45 22
9
Institu
tional
developm
ent a
nd
capacity develop
men
t for m
ore effective
safety nets
1
Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate social safety net programmes and formulate a new integrated strategy for social safety net programmes
T 1 2 5 37
2 Investment in employment and income generation of social safety nets (including in ADP)
H 25 7 39 13
TOTAL 26 9 38 18
Total Food Access 70 40 34 29
Share of Food Access on Total CIP 26% 29%
123
10
Food
Utilization
Commun
ity based
nutrition
programmes and
services 1
Community based livelihood and nutrition programmes, building on the National Nutrition Service (NNS)
T 17 7 17 12
2
Support community based efforts of homestead gardening, rearing small livestock, aquaculture and awareness building for improved nutrition
H 1 1 0 ‐
3 Link long term with immediate treatment of acute malnutrition, in particular through therapeutic and supplementary feeding
T 1.0 1.0 8.3 0.1
TOTAL 19 9 16 9
11
Orie
nt fo
od and
nutrition actio
ns
through data
1 Undertake updated & comprehensive national survey of food consumption & food composition
M 1 1 12 6
2
Undertake study of dietary diversification and supplementation needs and develop advocacy, awareness and educational materials to facilitate behavioural change in eating habits and practices
H 1 ‐ 4 NA
3 Strengthen national capacities in surveying and analysis to facilitate evidence‐based decisions
M 4 ‐ 2 NA
TOTAL 6 1 4 6
12
Food
safety and
qu
ality
improvem
ent 1 Improve surveillance system of food borne
illnesses M 1 1 3 12
2 Develop and enhance capacities of laboratories and systems for food quality assurance and safety and control of food
M 1 1 2 14
3 Support the development of a modern food control management system H 4 3 2 5
TOTAL 6 5 2 8
Total Food Utilization 31 15 11 9
Share of Food Utilization on Total CIP 11.7% 10.7%
TOTAL CIP 265 140 20 28
124
Annex 3.3. Existing financing and incremental cost per programme and sub‐programme as of June 2011 Annex.3.3 is the update of Table 4.1 in Annex 4 of the CIP. It follows the CIP Programme and focus and priority areas of intervention (sub‐programmes), indicating for each of the programmes the budget available for relevant investments and the total additional requirement. The CIP implementation period was taken as a reference (July 2010 – June 2015).
Ongoing investments: For this section, ongoing investments included in the CIP provided the basis and figures were then aggregated for each subprogramme. In addition to this, the ADP as of June 2011 was meticulously scrutinized to identify projects that had not been included in the CIP. These comprised:
Projects that were in the pipeline in the CIP and whose implementation began had began as of June 2011
Projects which were not in the pipeline in the CIP but whose implementation had began as of June 2011
Projects which were on going as of June 2010 and seem of high relevance to the CIP, but had not been included in the CIP. We qualify these projects as ‘reclassified’.
The total budget (column G) as well as the disaggregation between GoB (column H) and DP funding (column I) is provided. In some cases, these numbers varied from the CIP as the Government or the DPs adjusted their budgets, at times quite substantially. These numbers were taken from several sources: the ADP Book, the Working Papers for the June 2011 ADP meeting of the relevant ministries. Others were provided by the Thematic Members of the relevant ministries. Once prepared, these figures were sent to all relevant agencies for verification178.
Additional requirements for new investments: As with the CIP, pipeline projects in the areas of investments relevant to the CIP impact and outcomes were listed (Annex 3.5). As for the ongoing projects, this was done on the basis of information included ADP Book (‘the green pages’), the Working Papers for the June 2011 ADP meeting of the relevant ministries and inputs from the relevant TT members.
Post prioritization requirements: The same criteria used for prioritization of programmes by subprogrammes in the CIP which had been obtained through an extensive participatory consultation process was applied. Thus, the following rates were applied for each of the CIP sub‐programmes depending on priority ranking:
Top (T): 90% of the financial requirement prioritized
High (H): 70% of the financial requirement prioritized
___________________________________________________________________________________ 178 However, as of 22nd May, 15 agencies are yet still to provide feedback.
125
Medium (M): 50% of the financial requirement prioritized
Low (L): 40% of the financial requirement prioritized
Spending between June 2010 and June 2011: the amounts disbursed both by the GoB and the DPs in the period covered by this monitoring report have been indicated in columns M and N as well as the total (column L), by subprogramme.
126
CIP budget 2012 and delivery in FY 2010/11 by subprogramme (million USD) ID
Compo
nent
Prog
ramme
Subprogrammes
Priority rank
ing
TOTAL CIP Ongoing and completed projects Pipeline projects Delivery in 2010/11
M USD % Total % GOB DPs Additional needed % Prioritised
needs Total GOB DPs
1
Food
Availability
Sustainable and diversified
agriculture
through integrated
research and
exten
sion
1
Enhance research & knowledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity in a sustainable manner
H 112 1.2% 67 1.3% 42 25 45 1.2% 32 18 12 6
2
Improve extension services to propagate knowledge & practices, supported by community‐based experimentation & learning and indigenous knowledge
H 497 5.4% 221 4.2% 146 75 275 7.0% 193 68 30 38
3 Promote the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change
T 561 6.1% 11 0.2% 0.4 10.3 551 14.1% 496 2 0 2
TOTAL 1,170 12.8% 299 5.7% 189 110 871 22.3% 720 88 41 47
22% 26%
2
Food
Availability
Improved
water m
anagem
ent
and infrastructure fo
r irrigation
purposes
1 Improve water management in water distribution systems and at farm level
M
458 5.0% 426 8.1% 211 215 32 0.8% 16 54 47 7
2 Improve & increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the South
H 743 8.1% 449 8.6% 316 132 295 7.5% 206 57 36 22
3 Reduce impact of saline water intrusion in the South H 19 0.2% 0.4 0.0% 0.4 ‐ 18 0.5% 13 ‐ ‐ ‐
4 Enhance river water flow to the South T 848 9.3% 848 16.2% 841 6 ‐ 0.0% ‐ 28 21 6
TOTAL 2,068 22.6% 1,723 32.9% 1,369 354 345 8.8% 235 139 104 35
9% 9%
127
ID
Compo
nent
Prog
ramme
Subprogrammes
Priority rank
ing
TOTAL CIP Ongoing and completed projects Pipeline projects Delivery in 2010/11
M USD % Total % GOB DPs Additional needed % Prioritised
needs Total GOB DPs
3
Food
Availability
Improved
quality of inpu
t and
soil fertility
1
Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and certified for quality of diversified crops
H 1,052 11.5% 253 4.8% 143 110 800 20.5% 560 44 42 3
2 Develop public‐private partnerships through capacity development
T 20 0.2% ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ 20 0.5% 18 ‐ ‐ ‐
3 Improve and increase sustainability of soil fertility management
H 21 0.2% 17 0.3% 3 14 4 0.1% 3 8 0 8
4 Facilitate access to credit and other financial services by smallholders and the rural poor
T 20 0.2% ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ 20 0.5% 18 ‐ ‐ ‐
TOTAL 1,114 12.2% 270 5.2% 145 124 844 21.6% 599 53 42 11
22% 22%
4
Food
Availability
Fish
eries a
nd aqu
aculture develop
men
t
1 Develop small scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills
H 70 0.8% 14 0.3% 14 ‐ 56 1.4% 40 4 4 ‐
2 Improve management of fisheries resources
H 379 4.1% 113 2.2% 81 31 266 6.8% 186 37 31 5
3
Develop public‐private partnerships in support of infrastructure and services development
M
‐ 0.0% ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
4
Promote production in the South through sustainable shrimp and prawn development and community based co management of wetlands
L 17 0.2% 5 0.1% 5 ‐ 12 0.3% 5 2 2 ‐
TOTAL 466 5.1% 131 2.5% 100 31 335 8.6% 231 42 37 5
128
ID
Compo
nent
Prog
ramme
Subprogrammes
Priority rank
ing
TOTAL CIP Ongoing and completed projects Pipeline projects Delivery in 2010/11
M USD % Total % GOB DPs Additional needed % Prioritised
needs Total GOB DPs
9% 8%
5
Food
Availability
Livestock develop
men
t, with
a fo
cus o
n po
ultry and dairy
produ
ction
1
Strengthen animal health services, including better diagnosis and surveillance systems to mitigate disease outbreaks
M
121 1.3% 22 0.4% 7 15 99 2.5% 49 7 3 4
2
Strengthen husbandry capacity at household level through community based improved knowledge and advisory services
H 118 1.3% 10 0.2% 2 8 108 2.8% 76 1.2 0.2 1.0
3 Improve availability and quality of inputs through public‐private partnerships
H 20 0.2% ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ 20 0.5% 14 ‐ ‐ ‐
4 Research on livestock development, including genetic improvement
L 38 0.4% 38 0.7% 17 21 ‐ 0.0% ‐ 13 3 10
TOTAL 297 3.3% 70 1.3% 26 44 227 5.8% 139 22 7 15
6% 5%
Total Food Availability 5,115 56.0% 2,493 47.6% 1,829 664 2,622 67.1% 1,924 344 231 113
Share of Food Availability on Total CIP 48% 1 0 67% 71% 41% 42% 39%
6
Food
Access
Improved
access to market, value
additio
n in agriculture and
non
farm
incomes
1 Improve physical access to markets, facilities and information
M
1,597 17.5% 1,019 19.5% 779 240 578 14.8% 289 312 200 113
2
Mobilize and promote producer & marketing groups for improved market access and knowledge
T 34 0.4% 18 0.3% 2 15 17 0.4% 15 2 0 2
3
Develop adequate storage, processing & value addition and reduce waste through public‐private partnerships
H 46 0.5% ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ 46 1.2% 32 ‐ ‐ ‐
129
ID
Compo
nent
Prog
ramme
Subprogrammes
Priority rank
ing
TOTAL CIP Ongoing and completed projects Pipeline projects Delivery in 2010/11
M USD % Total % GOB DPs Additional needed % Prioritised
needs Total GOB DPs
4 Promote and assist the development of off farm activities and rural businesses
M
82 0.9% 16 0.3% ‐ 16 66 1.7% 33 8 ‐ 8
TOTAL 1,759 19.2% 1,052 20.1% 781 271 706 18.1% 369 322 200 122
18% 14%
7
Food
Access
Stren
gthe
ned capa
citie
s for
implem
entatio
n and mon
itorin
g of
NFP
and
CIP actions
1
Strengthen capacities to implement, monitor and coordinate National Food Policy‐Plan of Action and CIP;
H 14 0.2% 6 0.1% 0 5 8 0.2% 6 4 0 4
2 Strengthen national capacities for design, implementation & monitoring of CIP projects
H 43 0.5% ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ 43 1.1% 30 ‐ ‐ ‐
3
Strengthen capacities of civil society organizations to contribute to CIP development & implementation
H 51 0.6% ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ 51 1.3% 36 ‐ ‐ ‐
TOTAL 108 1.2% 6 0.1% 0 5 103 2.6% 72 4 0 4
3% 3%
8
Food
Access
Enh
anced pu
blic fo
od m
anagem
ent
system
1
Enhance efficiency and effectiveness of Public Food Management Systems and improve its impact on price stabilization
T ‐ 0.0% ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
2
Build capacities of Ministry of Food and Disaster Management and Directorate of Food to better manage the food system
T ‐ 0.0% ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
3 Increase and modernize public storage and handling facilities, including in disaster prone areas
H 538 5.9% 359 6.9% 157 202 179 4.6% 126 43 43 ‐
TOTAL 538 5.9% 359 6.9% 157 202 179 4.6% 126 43 43 ‐
5% 5%
130
ID
Compo
nent
Prog
ramme
Subprogrammes
Priority rank
ing
TOTAL CIP Ongoing and completed projects Pipeline projects Delivery in 2010/11
M USD % Total % GOB DPs Additional needed % Prioritised
needs Total GOB DPs
9
Food
Access
Institu
tional D
evelop
men
t and Ca
pacity Develop
men
t for
more effective safety nets
1
Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate social safety net programmes and formulate a new integrated strategy for social safety net programmes
T 80 0.9% 5 0.1% 0 5 75 1.9% 67 0 0 0
2 Investment in employment and income generation of social safety nets (including in ADP)
H 1,070 11.7% 983 18.8% 454 529 88 2.2% 61 118 67 50
TOTAL 1,150 12.6% 988 18.9% 454 534 162 4.2% 129 118 67 50
4% 5%
Total Food Access 3,555 38.9% 2,405 45.9% 1,392 1,012 1,151 29.5% 695 487 310 176
Share of Food Access on Total CIP 46% 0.0% 0 1 29% 26% 58% 57% 60%
10
Food
Utilization
Com
mun
ity based
nutrition
programmes and
services
1 Community based livelihood and nutrition programmes, building on the National Nutrition Service
T 375 4.1% 291 5.6% 55 236 84 2.2% 76 2 1 1
2
Support community based efforts of homestead gardening, rearing small livestock, aquaculture and awareness building for improved nutrition
H 0 0.0% 0.2 0.0% 0.2 ‐ ‐ 0.0% ‐ 0.2 0.2 ‐
3
Link long term with immediate treatment of acute malnutrition, in particular through therapeutic and supplementary feeding
T 8 0.1% 8 0.2% 2 6 0.1 0.0% 0.1 ‐ ‐ ‐
TOTAL 384 4.2% 300 57 243 84 2.2% 76 2 1 1
2% 3%
11
Food
Utilization
and
nutritio
n actio
ns
1
Undertake updated & comprehensive national survey of food consumption & food composition
M
18 0.2% 12 0.2% 1 10 6 0.2% 3 ‐ ‐ ‐
131
ID
Compo
nent
Prog
ramme
Subprogrammes
Priority rank
ing
TOTAL CIP Ongoing and completed projects Pipeline projects Delivery in 2010/11
M USD % Total % GOB DPs Additional needed % Prioritised
needs Total GOB DPs
2
Undertake study of dietary diversification and supplementation needs and develop advocacy, awareness and educational materials to facilitate behavioural change in eating habits and practices
H 4 0.0% 4 0.1% 0 4 ‐ 0.0% ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
3
Strengthen national capacities in surveying and analysis to facilitate evidence based decisions
M
8 0.1% 8 0.1% 3 5 ‐ 0.0% ‐ 2 1 1
TOTAL 30 0.3% 24 0.5% 5 19 6 0.2% 3 2 1 1
0.2% 0.1%
12
Food
Utilization
Foo
d safety and
quality
improvem
ent
1 Improve surveillance system of food borne illnesses M
15 0.2% 3 0.1% 0 3 12 0.3% 6 0 0 0
2
Develop and enhance capacities of laboratories and systems for food quality assurance and safety and control of food
M
16 0.2% 2 0.0% 0 2 14 0.4% 7 0 0 0
3 Support the development of amodern food control management system
H 25 0.3% 9 0.2% 3 6 16 0.4% 8 2 0 1
TOTAL 56 0.6% 14 0.3% 4 10 42 1.1% 21 2 0 2
1.1% 0.8%
Total Food Utilization 471 5.1% 338 6.4% 66 272 133 3.4% 100 6 2 3
Share of Food Utilization on Total CIP 6% 3.4% 3.7% 0.7% 0.4% 1.1%
TOTAL CIP 9,141 100% 5,235 100% 3,827 1,948 3,906 100% 2,719 836 542 2,719
132
Annex 3.4 Ongoing and completed CIP projects as of June 2011 (million USD) ‐updated annex 4.5 of CIP 2011 Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.1: Enhance research & knowledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity in a sustainable manner
Yes
BARC
National Agricultural Technology Project
Ongoing
Jul‐0
7
Dec‐12
17,872 869 17,003 3,888 76 3,812 13,424 551 12,873 IDA,
IFAD
Yes
BARC
Agricultural sector support programme
Ongoing
Jul‐0
7
Sep‐12
365 ‐ 365 90 ‐ 90 73 ‐ 73 IDA,
IFAD
Yes
BARI
Orange Development Project
Completed
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
423 423 0 128 128 ‐ 3 3 ‐
DANIDA
Yes
BARI Agriculture Sector
Programme Support Phase II: agricultural extension component O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Sep‐12
304 ‐ 304 44 ‐ 44 75 ‐ 75
No
BARI Farm Machinery
Technology Development and Dissemination O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
1462 1462 ‐ 383 383 ‐ 1,079 1,079 ‐
No
BARI Upgrading of Pulses
Research Sub‐Station, Madaripur to Regional Pulses Research station O
ngoing
Jan‐11
Jun‐14
1816 1816 ‐ 60 60 ‐ 1,756 1,756 ‐
No
BARI Continuation and
expansion of pesticide research in pesticide analytical laboratory O
ngoing
May‐11
Jun‐15
859 859 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 859 859 ‐
JDCF
Reclassified
BINA
Strengthening Research Activities and Sub‐Stations Development of BINA O
ngoing
May‐10
Jun‐13
11292 11292 0 4,078 4,078 ‐ 7,214 7,214 ‐
133
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.1: Enhance research & knowledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity in a sustainable manner
No
BJRI Basic & Applied
Research in Jute
Ongoing
Sep‐10
Apr‐13
6593 6593 0 1,515 1,515 ‐ 5,078 5,078 ‐
No
BLRI Strengthening research
and on farm trial programmes of BLRI regional stations O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐14
1,138 1138 0 285 285 ‐ 854 854 ‐
Yes
BRRI Strengthening and
Capacity Building of Biotechnology Laboratory in BRRI O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
1,004 1,004 0 258 258 ‐ 266 266 ‐
JDCF
Yes
BRRI Research and
Development of Hybrid Rice in Bangladesh O
ngoing
Jul‐0
5
Jun‐11
758 758 0 468 468 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
No
BRRI
Minimizing Rice Yield Gap
Ongoing
Jan‐11
Dec‐13
252 252 0 42 42 ‐ 210 210 ‐
No
BRRI Farm Machinery
Technology Development and Dissemination O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
1412 1412 0 235 235 ‐ 1,177 1,177 ‐
No
BRRI Farm Machinery
Technology Development and Dissemination O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
1,462 1462 0 244 244 ‐ 1,218 1,218 ‐
No
BRRI Strengthening and
Capacity Building of Biotechnology Laboratory in BRRI O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
650 650 0 108 108 ‐ 542 542 ‐
JDCF
134
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.1: Enhance research & knowledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity in a sustainable manner
No
BSRI Strengthening of
Biotechnology of Sugarcane Research Institute O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
884 884 0 229 229 ‐ 655 655 ‐
No
BSRI Pilot Date palm,
Palmyra Palm and Golpata Development Project O
ngoing
Nov
‐10
Dec‐13
862 862 0 59 59 ‐ 803 803 ‐
No
DAE
Farm Machinery Technology Development and Dissemination O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
320 320 0 100 100 ‐ 220 220 ‐
No
SRDI
Minimizing Rice Yield Gap
Ongoing
Jan‐11
Dec‐13
93 93 23 23 ‐ 70 70 ‐
Yes
Support to Assist Landless, Marginal and Small Farmers to Overcome Soaring Input and Food Prices
Ongoing
Jan‐10
Aug‐11
4,858 ‐ 4,858 320 ‐ 320 ‐ ‐ ‐ EC
Subtotal Programme 1.1 54,679 32,149 22,530 12,556 8,290 4,266 35,575 22,554 13,021
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.2: Improve extension services to propagate knowledge & practices
Yes
AIS
Intensification of agriculture information service in 10 agriculture regions O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐13
1,544 1544 0 428 428 ‐ 423 423 ‐
Yes
AIS Agriculture Sector
Programme Support
Ongoing
Jul‐0
7
Sep‐12
285 0 285 59 ‐ 59 49 ‐ 49
DANIDA
135
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.2: Improve extension services to propagate knowledge & practices, supported by community‐based experiment. & learning and indigenous knowledge
No
AIS
Mujibnagar Integrated Agricultural Development Project O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐13
619 619 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 619 619 ‐
Reclassified
BADC
Greater Khulna‐Jessore‐Kushtia Integrated Agricultural Development Project (Phase 2)
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
2405 2405 0 503 503 ‐ 1,509 1,509 ‐
Reclassified
BADC
Greater Bogra‐Rangpur‐Dinajpur Integrated Agricultural Development Project (Phase II)
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
2311 2311 0 147 147 ‐ 1,704 1,704 ‐
No
BADC
Tuber Crop Development Project
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
38,553 38,553 0 2,401 2,401 ‐ 36,152 36,152 ‐
No
BADC
Integrated Quality Horticulture Development Project O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐14
3635 3635 0 502 502 ‐ 3,133 3,133 ‐
No
BARI Integrated Quality
Horticulture Development Project O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Dec‐13
5481 5481 0 800 800 ‐ 4,681 4,681 ‐
No
BARI
Tuber Crop Development Project
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
2752 2752 0 460 460 ‐ 2,292 2,292 ‐
Yes
DAE National Agricultural
Technology Project (KGF) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Dec‐12
7,991 184 7807 2,249 121 2,128 7,262 184 7,078
136
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.2: Improve extension services to propagate knowledge & practices, supported by community‐based experiment. & learning and indigenous knowledge
Yes
DAE Agricultural Extension
Component (AEC) under ASPS‐II O
ngoing
Oct‐06
Jun‐12
10,721 1,342 9379 7,972 740 7,232 2,749 602 2,147 na
Yes
DAE National Agricultural
Technology Project
Ongoing
Jul‐0
7
Dec‐12
12,389 936 11453 2,239 119 2,120 5,205 367 4,838 na
Yes
DAE Greater Rangpur
Agriculture & Rural Development O
ngoing
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐12
4,749 1,343 3406 651 262 389 1,761 562 1,199 na
Yes
DAE Strengthening
Mushroom Development Project O
ngoing
Jan‐08
Jun‐13
5,451 5,451 0 1,305 1,305 ‐ 2,100 2,100 ‐
Yes
DAE Orange Development
Project Co
mpleted
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
2,005 2,005 0 198 198 ‐ 155 155 ‐
Yes
DAE Improvement of Crops
Production though Farm Mechanization Ongoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐12
14,925 14,925 0 7,499 7,499 ‐ 5,988 5,988 ‐
Yes
DAE
Construction of Rubber Dams in Small & medium River for Increasing Food Production
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
843 843 0 131 131 ‐ 643 643 ‐
Yes
DAE Agriculture Sector
Programme Support
Ongoing
Jul‐0
7
Sep‐12
10,720 1,341 9379 1,767 204 1,563 4,422 789 3,633
DANIDA
137
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.2: Improve extension services to propagate knowledge & practices, supported by community‐based experiment. & learning and indigenous knowledge
Reclassified
DAE
Construction of Rubber Dams in Small & medium River for Increasing Food Production
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
2429 2429 0 200 200 ‐ 2,229 2,229 ‐
No
DAE Integrated Pest
Management
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Dec‐12
2,125 2125 0 487 487 ‐ 1,638 1,638 ‐
No
DAE Integrated Quality
Horticulture Development Project O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Dec‐13
7,862 7862 0 1,123 1,123 ‐ 6,739 6,739 ‐
No
DAE Minimizing Rice Yield
Gap Project
Ongoing
Jan‐11
Dec‐13
1,995 1995 0 248 248 ‐ 1,747 1,747 ‐
No
DAE Tuber Crop
Development Project
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
837 837 0 57 57 ‐ 780 780 ‐
No
DAE
Integrated Agriculture Development Project for poverty Reduction and Food Security Project (IAPRFP)
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐14
1,500 1500 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 1,500 1,500 ‐
Reclassified
BADC
Greater Mymensingh‐Tangail Agricultural Development Project‐2nd Phase O
ngoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
2,334 2,334 0 61 61 ‐ 1,772 1,772 ‐
138
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
No
DAM Integrated Quality
Horticulture Development Project O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Dec‐13
2,470 2470 0 113 113 ‐ 2,357 2,357 ‐
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through
1.2: Improve extension services to propagate
Yes
LGED
Community Based Resource Management Project O
ngoing
Jul‐0
2
Jun‐14
20,046 2,960 17086 15,071 1,900 13,171 4,975 1,060 3,915 IF
AD
Yes
MOA National Agricultural
Technology Project (PCU) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Dec‐12
7,344 409 6935 544 544 ‐ 6,781 (154) 6,935
IDA, IFAD
Subtotal Programme 1.2 176,320 110,590 65,730 47,215 20,552 26,663 106,698 80,984 25,713 ‐
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.3: Promote the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change
Yes
DAE Comprehensive
Disaster Management Programme CDMP II O
ngoing
Oct‐10
Dec‐14
2,433 ‐ 2433 10 ‐ 10 2,422 ‐ 2,422
UNDP
Yes
DLS
Disaster and Climate Risk Management in Livestock Sector, CDMP II O
ngoing
Jan‐10
Dec‐14
175 0 175 ‐ ‐ ‐ 175 ‐ 175
DFID, EU, Sida,
Norway, A
usAID,
UNDP
Yes
DoF
Disaster and Climate Risk Management in Fisheries Sector, CDMP II O
ngoing
Jan‐10
Dec‐14
175 0 175 ‐ ‐ ‐ 175 ‐ 175
DFID, EU, Sida,
Norway, A
usAID,
UNDP
Yes
MoE
F
Community based adaptation to climate change and water security
na
na
na
2,085 0 2085 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2,085 ‐ 2,085 na
139
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.3: Promote the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change
Yes
Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) TA for project development
na
na
na
1,043 ‐ 1043 1,043 ‐ 1,043 ‐ ‐ ‐ ADB
Reclassified
MOEF
Supporting Implementation of the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan – TA grant project
Ongoing
Feb‐10
Dec‐13
1,724 345 1379 608 122 487 913 183 730 ADB
Subtotal Programme 1.3 7,634 345 7,289 1,661 122 1,540 5,770 183 5,587 ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 1 237,171 141,622 95,549 61,188 28,720 32,468 146,825 102,503 44,322 ‐
2: Improved Water Management and Infrastructure for Irrigation Purposes
2.1: Improve water management in water distribution systems and at farm level
Yes
BADC
Expansion of Irrigation Through Utilization of Surface Water by Double Lifting ( 2nd Phase)
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
9,699 9,699 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 7,804 7,804 ‐ ‐
No
BADC
Pabna‐Natore‐ Sirajgang Irrigation Area Development Project (3rd Phase) O
ngoing
Mar‐11
Jun‐14
15174 15174 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 15,174 15,174 ‐ ‐
No
BADC
Pilot Project for Enhancing Agricultural Production and Poverty Alleviation by Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
2352 2352 0 606 606 ‐ 1,746 1,746 ‐ ‐
Yes
BMDA
Barind Integrated Area Development Project (Phase‐III) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
28,428 28,428 0 10,660 10,660 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Yes
BMDA
Activating Inoperable Deep Tube wells for Irrigation O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐13
20,128 20,128 0 5,500 5,500 ‐ 6,679 6,679 ‐ ‐
140
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
2: Improved Water Management and Infrastructure for Irrigation Purposes
2.1: Improve water management in water distribution systems and at farm level
Yes
BMDA
Command Area Development & Training Project (2nd Phase) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐13
16,154 16,154 0 4,000 4,000 ‐ 5,154 5,154 ‐ ‐
Yes
BMDA
Deep Tubewell Installation Project
Ongoing
Jan‐10
Dec‐13
24,785 24,785 0 5,000 5,000 ‐ 19,585 19,585 ‐ ‐
No
BMDA
Panchagarh,Thakurgaon, Dinajpur and Joypurhat Integrated Agricultural Development Project
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Dec‐13
27,095 27095 0 965 965 ‐ 26,130 26,130 ‐ ‐
No
BMDA
Command Area Expansion and Development O
ngoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐13
5,125 5125 0 1,700 1,700 ‐ 3,425 3,425 ‐ ‐
Yes
BWDB
Water Management Improvement Project (special revised) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
4
Jun‐14
58,986 ‐ 58,986 ‐ ‐ ‐ 58,986 ‐ 58,986 ADB
Yes
BWDB
IPSWAM – Integrated planning for sustainable water management
Completed
Jul‐9
9
Jun‐11
11,380 2,139 9241 900 315 585 716 124 593
Nethe
rland
s
Yes
LGED
Participatory Small scale Water Resources Sector Project O
ngoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐17
78,106 18,949 59157 3,547 1,856 1,691 74,541 17,075 57,466
ADB/
IFAD
Yes
LGED
Small Scale Water Resources Project in Greater Mymensingh, Sylhet and Faridpur O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐13
47,015 15,015 32000 4,766 2,166 2,600 38,554 10,859 27,695
JBIC/JICA
Subtotal Programme 2.1 344,427 185,043 159384 37,644 32,768 4,876 258,494 113,754 144,740 ‐
141
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
2: Improved Water Management and Infrastructure for Irrigation Purposes
2.2: Improve & increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the South
Yes
BWDB
Water Management Improvement Project (special revised) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
4
Jun‐14
98,301 19,723 78578 11,807 2,301 9,505 78,149 16,131 62,017 IDA
No
BADC
Greater Dhaka Irrigation Area Development Project‐2nd Phase O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Dec‐13
9,931 9,931 0 1,622 1,622 ‐ 8,309 8,309 ‐
No
BADC
Greater Faridpur Irrigation Area Development project O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐14
8,969 8,969 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8,969 8,969 ‐
Yes
BADC
Asuganj‐Polash Agro Irrigation (4th Phase)
Ongoing
Jan‐09
Dec‐13
2,453 2,453 0 628 628 ‐ 927 927 ‐
No
BADC
Activating Inoperable Deep Tube wells for Irrigation O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
17,086 17,086 0 1,365 1,365 ‐ 15,721 15,721 ‐
Reclassified
BADC
Construction of Rubber Dams in Small & medium River for Increasing Food Production
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
2,429 2,429 0 1,167 1,167 ‐ 1,235 1,235 ‐
Reclassified
BADC
Greater Mymensingh‐Tangail Agricultural Development Project‐2nd Phase O
ngoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
2,334 2,334 0 61 61 ‐ 1,772 1,772 ‐
Reclassified
BADC
Innovative Use of Surface Water Project (2nd Phase) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
2,318 2,318 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 1,467 1,467 ‐
142
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
2: Improved Water Management and Infrastructure for Irrigation Purposes
2.2: Improve & increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the South
No
BMDA
Barind Rain Water Conservation and Irrigation Project (PhaseII) O
ngoing
Mar‐11
Jun‐14
23,895 23,895 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 23,895 23,895 ‐
Yes
BWDB
Teesta Barrage Project,2nd Phase
Ongoing
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐12
24,862 24,862 0 1,906 1,906 ‐ 13,528 13,528 ‐
Yes
BWDB
Matamuhuri Irrigation Project
Ongoing
Jul‐0
5
Jun‐12
6,220 6,220 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 850 850 ‐
Yes
BWDB
Muhuri‐Kahua Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation Project O
ngoing
Jul‐0
4
Jun‐12
13,929 13,929 0 5,796 5,796 ‐ 3,761 3,761 ‐
Yes
BWDB
Southwest Area integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project O
ngoing
Jul‐0
5
Jun‐13
29,407 5,782 23624 7,066 1,402 5,665 18,157 3,528 14,629 ADB
Yes
BWDB
Kurigram Irrigation Project (North Unit)
Completed
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
10,997 10,997 0 10 10 ‐ 9,528 9,528 ‐
Yes
BWDB
Kurigram Irrigation Project (South Unit)
Completed
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐12
1,560 1,560 0 260 260 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
143
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
2: Improved Water Management and Infrastructure for Irrigation Purposes
2.2: Improve & increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the South
Yes
BWDB
Dhepa‐Punarbhaba Water Management under Biral Upazilla in Dinajpur District O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
2,121 2,121 0 695 695 ‐ 997 997 ‐
No
BWDB
Re‐excavation of connecting rivers, development of irrigation facilities and Fish culture project of Gazner Beel area and Sujanagar Upazilla in Pabna District
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐13
36,171 36,171 0 2,085 2,085 ‐ 34,042 34,042 ‐
No
BWDB
Tarail Pachuria Flood control, Drainage and Irrigation Project O
ngoing
Mar‐09
Jun‐13
28,145 28,145 0 1,665 1,665 ‐ 26,380 26,380 ‐
No
BWDB
Dhepa river left bank flood control, drainage and irrigation project O
ngoing
Aug‐10
Jun‐12
2,286 2,286 0 747 747 ‐ 1,539 1,539 ‐
No
BWDB
Surma right bank flood control, drainage and irrigation project O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐14
4,571 4,571 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 4,571 4,571 ‐
Reclassified
DLS
Re‐excavation of connecting rivers, Development of irrigation facilities and Fish culture project of Gazner Beel area and Sujanagar Upazilla in Pabna District
Ongoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐13
165 165 0 99 99 ‐ 66 66 ‐
144
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Reclassified
DoF
Re‐excavation of connecting rivers, Development of irrigation facilities and fish culture project of Gazner Beel area and Sujanagar Upazilla in Pabna District
Ongoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐13
491 491 0 295 295 ‐ 196 196 ‐
2: Improved Water Management and Infrastructure for Irrigation Purposes
2.2: Improve & increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the South
Reclassified
DoForestry
Re‐excavation of connecting rivers, Development of irrigation facilities and Fish culture project of Gazner Beel area and Sujanagar Upazilla in
Ongoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐13
85 85 0 51 51 ‐ 34 34 ‐
Yes
LGED
Construction of Rubber Dams in Small & medium Rivers for Increasing Food Production (LGED)
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
13,486 13,486 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 12,130 12,130 ‐
Reclassified
LGED
Re‐excavation of connecting rivers, Development of irrigation facilities and Fish culture project of Gazner Beel area and Sujanagar Upazilla in Pabna District
Ongoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐13
3,544 3544 0 2,126 2,126 ‐ 1,418 1,418 ‐
Reclassified
RDA
Action research project on command area development using surface water for rural livelihood improvement
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Dec‐13
1,491 1491 0 377 377 ‐ 221 221 ‐
145
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
No
RDA Action research on
integrated water management O
ngoing
Jan‐11
Dec‐13
5,894 5894 0 188 188 ‐ 5,707 5,707 ‐
Subtotal Programme 2.2 254,840 231,216 23,624 28,210 22,545 5,665 195,420 180,791 14,629 ‐
2: Improved Water Management and Infrastructure for Irrigation Purposes
2.3: Reduce impact of saline water intrusion in the South
Yes
Strengthening of soil salinity management research programme in salinity management Co
mpleted
270 270 0 270 270 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 2.3
270 270 ‐ 270 270 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
2: Improved Water Management and Infrastructure for Irrigation Purposes
2.4: Enhance river water flow to the South
Yes
BWDB
Gorai River Restoration Project
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
94,215 94,215 0 10,035 10,035 ‐ 82,895 82,895 ‐
No
BWDB
Capital Dredging Of River Systems in Bangladesh O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐12
102,812 102,812 0 3,737 3,737 ‐ 98,975 98,975 ‐
No
BWDB
Buriganga River Restoration Project
Ongoing
Apr‐10
Dec‐13
94,409 94,409 0 579 579 ‐ 93,830 93,830 ‐
No
BWDB
Study for Sureswar flood control drainage and irrigation project O
ngoing
May‐10
Jun‐12
156 156 0 55 55 ‐ 101 101 ‐
No
BWDB
Excavation of Chanda‐Barasia river
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐12
5,953 5,953 0 337 337 ‐ 5,616 5,616 ‐
146
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
No
BWDB
Procurement of dredgers and ancillaries for river dredging O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐12
130,988 130,988 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 130,988 130,988 ‐
No
BWDB
Re‐excavation of Bemelia, Lagan Balbhadra river under Nasirnagar upazilla in Brahmanbaria and Habiganj District
Ongoing
Nov
‐10
Jun‐13
4,242 4,242 0 2 2 ‐ 4,240 4,240 ‐
No
BWDB
Procurement of 6 dredgers and ancillary crafts and accessories for MoWR and O
ngoing
Aug‐10
Jun‐12
23,782 23,782 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 23,782 23,782 ‐
2: Improved Water Management and Infrastructure for Irrigation Purposes
2.4: Enhance river water flow to the South
No
BWDB
Kalni‐Kushiara river management
Ongoing
Apr‐11
Jun‐14
60,983 60,983 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 60,983 60,983 ‐
No
BWDB
Pre‐monsoon flood protection and drainage improvement in haor areas O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐15
68,494 68,494 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 68,494 68,494 ‐
Yes
BWDB
Jamuna‐Meghna River Erosion Mitigation Project
Completed
Nov
‐02
Jun‐10
29,885 ‐ 29885 4,483 ‐ 4,483 ‐ ‐ ‐ ADB
Subtotal Programme 2.4 615,919 586,034 29885 19,228 14,745 4,483 569,904 569,904 ‐ ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 2 1,313,757 1,022,285
291,471 97,158 72,630 24,528 1,101,966
880,580 221,386 ‐
147
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility
3.1: Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and certified for quality of diversified crops
Yes
BADC
Modernization and Strengthening of Facilities to increase Supply of Quality Seed Co
mpleted
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
30,613 30,613 0 3,549 3,549 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Reclassified
BADC
Improvement and quality seed production of rice, wheat and maize O
ngoing
Mar‐09
Dec‐13
18,671 18,671 0 10,209 10,209 ‐ 8,462 8,462 ‐ ‐
No
BADC
Development and multiplication of agricultural seeds (Phase II) O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐14
551 551 0 183 183 ‐ 368 368 ‐ ‐
3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility
3.1: Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and certified for quality of diversified crops
No
BADC
Private sector seed development
Ongoing
Jan‐11
Dec‐13
1,816 1,816 0 19 19 ‐ 1,797 1,797 ‐ ‐
No
BADC
Enhancing seed quality supply
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐14
18,646 4,050 14596 ‐ ‐ ‐ 18,646 4,050 14,596 IDB
No
BARI
Enhancing Quality Seed Supply
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐14
5,803 1,473 4330 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5,803 1,473 4,330
Reclassified
BCIC
Sustaining the original rated production capacity by repairing Ashuganj Fertilizer Company Ltd.
Ongoing
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐12
48,133 48,133 0 7,544 7,544 ‐ 32,289 32,289 ‐
Reclassified
BCIC
Restoring original rated production capacity by repairing of Polash Urea Fertilizer Factory Ltd.
Ongoing
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐12
5,533 5,533 0 2,603 2,603 ‐ 130 130 ‐
148
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Reclassified
BCIC Second phase
rehabilitation of Natural Gas Fertilizer Factory Ltd O
ngoing
Jan‐08
Jun‐11
7,011 7,011 0 3,138 3,138 ‐ 873 873 ‐
Yes
BMDA
Quality Seed Production at Farmers Level
Completed
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
1,032 1,032 0 553 553 ‐ 0 0 ‐
Yes
BRRI
Strengthening of Rice Breeder Seed Production & Maintenance of
l k
Ongoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
1,415 1,415 0 346 346 ‐ 346 346 ‐
3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility
3.1: Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and certified for quality of diversified crops
No
BRRI
Enhancing Quality Seed Supply (BRRI)
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐14
5,829 448 5381 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5,829 448 5,381 IDB
Yes
DAE Second Crop
Diversification Project
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐16
34,978 7,498 27480 140 116 24 34,838 7,382 27,456 ADB
Yes
DAE
Production, Storage, Distribution of Quality Rice, Wheat and Jute Seeds at Farmers Level O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
9,131 9,131 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5,312 5,312 ‐
Yes
DAE
Production, Storage, Distribution of Quality Seeds of Pulse, Oil, and Onion at Farmers Level O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
3,108 3,108 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 1,942 1,942 ‐
Yes
DAE
Emergency 2007 Cyclone & Restoration Project: Recovery of Agriculture Sector (Crops) & Improvement
Ongoing
Jul‐0
8
Jul‐1
4
9,294 ‐ 9294 1,860 ‐ 1,860 7,337 ‐ 7,337
World Bank
149
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
MOA Agriculture Sector
Programme Support (Seed Wing) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Sep‐12
788 ‐ 788 ‐ ‐ ‐ 467 ‐ 467
DANIDA
Yes
BADC
Pulse and Oils Seed (2nd Phase)
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
9,882 9,882 0 1,943 1,943 ‐ 6,632 6,632 ‐
Yes Enhancement of
Quality Seeds
Ongoing
Oct‐10
Dec‐14
24,325 ‐ 24,325 9 ‐ 9 24,316 ‐ 24,316 IDB
Subtotal Programme 3.1 236,559 150,365 86,194 32,096 30,203 1,892 155,388 71,505 83,883 ‐
3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility
3.2: Develop public‐private partnerships through capacity development
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 3.2 ‐ ‐ 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility
3.3: Improve and increase sustainability of soil fertility management
Yes
DAE
Granular Urea Technology Extension Project in 80 additional Upazillas Co
mpleted
Sep‐08
Jun‐11
800 ‐ 800 349 ‐ 349 1 ‐ 1
USD
A
Yes
DoE
Coastal and Wetland Biodiversity Management Project (CWBMP) O
ngoing
Apr‐02
Jun‐11
3,858 199 3659 3,680 99 3,582 178 101 77
UNDP
3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility
3.3: Improve and increase sustainability of soil
Yes
DoE Sustainable Land
Management Project
Ongoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
688 237 451.051 374 ‐ 374 315 237 77
UNDP
150
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
fertility management
Yes
SRDI Food Security
Programme 2006, Soil Fertility Component O
ngoing
Jan‐08
Dec‐12
7,825 454 7372 1,389 ‐ 1,389 4,500 454 4,046 EU
Yes
SRDI Soil fertility
assessment, soil degradation and its impact on agriculture
na
na
na
935 935 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 935 935 ‐
Subtotal Programme 3.3 14,107 1,825 12,282 5,792 99 5,693 5,928 1,727 4,201 ‐
3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility
3.4 Develop public‐private partnerships through capacity development
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 3.4 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 3 250,666 152,190 98,476 37,888 30,302 7,586 161,317 73,232 88,084 ‐
4 : Fisheries & aquaculture development
4.1: Develop small scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills
No
BARI Improvement and
quality seed production of rice, wheat and maize O
ngoing
Mar‐10
Dec‐13
3,732 3,732 0 1,742 1,742 ‐ 1,990 1,990 ‐ ‐
Yes
BFRI Impact of Aquaculture Drugs and Chemicals on Aquatic Ecology O
ngoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐12
1,798 1,798 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 1,751 1,751 ‐ ‐
Yes
DoF Restoration of Natural
Breeding Habits of the Halda River O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐13
1,369 1,369 0 0 0 ‐ 1,077 1,077 ‐ ‐
Yes
DoF
Infrastructure Development for Flood Plain Aquaculture in Comilla District O
ngoing
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
250 250 0 0 0 ‐ 71 71 ‐ ‐
151
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
4 : Fisheries & aquaculture development
4.1: Develop small scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills
Yes
DoF
Expansion of Aquaculture Technology Services up to Union Level O
ngoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
2,504 2,504 0 936 936 ‐ 1,539 1,539 ‐ ‐
No
DoF
Fish production, conservation and strengthening management at Kaptai Lake
Ongoing
Oct‐11
Dec‐13
307 307 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 307 307 ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 4.1 9,960 9,960 0 2,679 2,679 ‐ 6,735 6,735 ‐ ‐
4 : Fisheries & Aquaculture Development
4.2 : Improve management of fisheries resources
Yes
BFRI Support to sustainable
development of the Bay of Bengal large marine ecosystem O
ngoing
Sep‐08
Aug‐13
192 192 0 145 145 ‐ 41 41 ‐ ‐
No
BFRI Fish production,
conservation & strengthening management at Kaptai O
ngoing
Oct‐11
Dec‐13
456 456 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 456 456 ‐ ‐
Yes
DoF Regional Fisheries and
Livestock Development Project O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
12,471 923 11548 1,638 129 1,509 5,620 407 5,213
DANIDA
Yes
DoF
National Agricultural Technology Development Project (Fisheries Component) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
5,535 1,762 3773 1,254 227 1,027 2,166 981 1,185
World
Bank
Yes
DoF Greater Faridpur
Fisheries Development Project O
ngoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐14
6,714 6,714 0 200 200 ‐ 4,598 4,598 ‐ ‐
Yes
DoF
Brood Bank Establishment Project
Ongoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
1,250 1,250 0 250 250 ‐ 202 202 ‐
‐
152
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
DoF
Emergency 2007 (Sidr) Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐13
3,448 ‐ 3448 29 ‐ 29 3,419 ‐ 3,419
World
Bank
Yes
DoF
Aquaculture and Fisheries Management in Bhabodha Area, Jessore O
ngoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
986 986 0 270 270 ‐ 698 698 ‐ ‐
4 : Fisheries & Aquaculture Development
4.2 : Improve management of fisheries resources
No
DoF Aquaculture and
fisheries management project in haor area O
ngoing
Oct‐10
Jun‐14
2,229 2,229 0 405 405 ‐ 1,824 1,824 ‐ ‐
Reclassifi
ed
DoF Greater Pabna fisheries
development project
Ongoing
Jan‐09
Dec‐13
1,112 1,112 0 278 278 ‐ 417 417 ‐ ‐
No
DoF
Fisheries development and management of identified degraded water bodies and conservation of small indigenous fishes
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
3,584 3,584 0 1,195 1,195 ‐ 2,389 2,389 ‐ ‐
Reclassifi
ed
LGED
Greater Faridpur Fisheries Development Project O
ngoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐12
55,323 55,323 0 18,441 18,441 ‐ 18,441 18,441 ‐ ‐
Reclassifi
ed
DoF Wetland biodiversity
rehabilitation project
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐12
3,169 65 3105 1,056 22 1,035 1,056 22 1,035 GIZ
Yes
DoF Capacity Building for
Marine Fisheries
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐12
11,947 4,557 7,390 258 213 45 11,431 4,131 7,300 IDB
153
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
BFRI Support to Sustainable
Development of the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem O
ngoing
Sep‐08
Aug‐13
193 193 ‐ 40 40 ‐ 94 94 ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 4.2 108,609 79,345 29,264 25,459 21,814 3,645 52,852 34,700 18,152 ‐
4 : Fisheries & Aquaculture Development
4.3: Develop PPP in support of infrastructure and services
Yes ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 4.3 ‐ ‐ 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
4 : Fisheries & Aquaculture Development
4.4: Promote production in the South through sustainable shrimp and prawn development
No
BFRI
Infrastructural Development and Research Strengthening of Fisheries Research Institute
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
3,597 3,597 0 1,199 1,199 ‐ 2,398 2,398 ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 4.4 3,597 3,597 0 1,199 1,199 ‐ 2,398 2,398 ‐ ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 4 122,166 92,902 29,264 29,337 25,693 3,645 61,985 43,833 18,152 ‐
5 : Livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production
5.1 : Strengthen animal health services, including better diagnosis and
Yes
DLS Avian Influenza
Preparedness & Response Project O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
10,730 1,030 9700 2,047 136 1,911 6,805 633 6,172
World Bank
Yes
DLS
Modernization of Vaccine Production Technology & Extension of Laboratory Facilities O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐13
5,687 5,687 0 2,018 2,018 ‐ 1,956 1,956 ‐ ‐
154
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
surveillance systems to mitigate disease
Yes
DLS
Strengthening of Support of combating Avian Influenza (HPA1) in Bangladesh Project O
ngoing
Jan‐08
Dec‐12
3,581 92 3489 874 ‐ 874 1,451 92 1,359
USA
ID
Subtotal Programme 5.1. 19,998 6,809 13189 4,939 2,154 2,785 10,212 2,681 7,531 ‐
5 : Livestock development with a focus on poultry and dairy production
5.2: Strengthen husbandry capacity at household level through community based improved knowledge and advisory services
Yes
DLS
Emergency 2007 (Sidr) Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐13
3,447 ‐ 3447 162 ‐ 162 3,285 ‐ 3,285
World Bank
Yes
DLS
Support Service for Small holder Dairy and Poultry Farmers at 22 Selected Districts O
ngoing
Oct‐10
Jun‐13
1,560 1,560 ‐ 151 151 ‐ 1,409 1,409 ‐ ‐
5 : Livestock Development with a focus on poultry and dairy production
5.2: Strengthen husbandry capacity at household level through community based improved knowledge and advisory services
Yes
DLS ECRRP (Livestock
Component)
Ongoing
Oct‐10
Jun‐13
2,085 ‐ 2,085 ‐ ‐ 521 2,085 ‐ 1,564
World Bank
Subtotal Programme 5.2 7,092 1,560 5,532 313 151 683 6,779 1,409 4,849 ‐
155
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
5 : Livestock Development with a focus on poultry and dairy production
5.3 : Improve availability and quality of inputs through PPP
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 5.3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
5 : Livestock Development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production
5.4: Research on livestock development, including genetic improvement
Reclassified
BLRI Buffalo Development
Project
Ongoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐14
1,614 1,614 0 124 124 ‐ 1,359 1,359 ‐ ‐
Yes
DLS Breed Upgradation
Through Progeny Test Project O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐13
1,158 1,158 0 324 324 ‐ 488 488 ‐ ‐
Yes
DLS Artificial Insemination
& Embryo Transfer Technology Project O
ngoing
Jan‐09
Dec‐13
5,413 5,413 0 915 915 ‐ 4,159 4,159 ‐ ‐
Yes
DLS Buffalo Development
Project
Ongoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐14
1,757 1,757 0 98 98 ‐ 1,652 1,652 ‐ ‐
5 : Livestock Development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production
5.4: Research on livestock development including genetic improvement
Yes
DLS Second Participatory
Livestock Development Project O
ngoing
Jul‐0
4
Jun‐12
3,764 2,252 1512 617 450 167 1,428 602 826 ADB
Yes
DLS National Agricultural
Technology Project
Ongoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
7,185 494 6691 1,536 47 1,489 3,953 327 3,626
World Bank
156
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
BLRI Regional Fisheries and
Livestock Development Project O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
9,672 1,045 8627 5,578 330 5,248 4,094 715 3,379 IDC
Subtotal Programme 5.4 30,563 13,733 16,830 9,192 2,288 6,904 17,133 9,302 7,831 ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 5 57,653 22,102 35,551 14,444 4,593 10,372 34,124 13,392 20,211 ‐
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture, and to non farm incomes
6.1 : Improve physical access to markets, facilities and information
No
AIS
Strengthening of rural communication through community radio for agriculture development
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Dec‐11
386 67 319 185 50 135 201 17 184 FAO
No
BMDA
Marketing of Agricultural Products through Development of Rural Communication Project
Ongoing
Oct‐10
Jun‐13
29,980 29,980 0 1,500 1,500 ‐ 28,480 28,480 ‐ ‐
No
DRR
Construction of bridge/culvert (up to 12 m long) on the rural roads at Chittagong Hill Tracts region
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
9,910 9,910 0 3,303 3,303 ‐ 6,607 6,607 ‐ ‐
Yes
LGED
Greater Rangpur Agriculture & Rural Development (DAE‐LGED) Co
mpleted
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
2,911 335 2576 499 196 302 ‐ ‐ ‐ IDB
157
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
LGED
Development of Integrated Infrastructure Project
Completed
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
9,592 2,773 6819 2,407 450 1,957 ‐ ‐ ‐ IDB
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture, and to non farm incomes
6.1 : Improve physical access to markets, facilities and information
Yes
LGED
Union Infrastructure Development Project (Dinajpur, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Rangpur, Lalmonirhat, kurigram, Gaibandha and Nilphamari)
Ongoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
13,985 13,985 0 2,298 2,298 ‐ 4,108 4,108 ‐ ‐
Yes
LGED
Village Road and Hat Bazar Development Project: Greater Sylhet O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐13
19,635 19,635 0 3,480 3,480 ‐ 12,704 12,704 ‐ ‐
Yes
LGED
Market Infrastructure Development in Charland Regions O
ngoing
Jul‐0
5
Jun‐13
29,437 8,813 20624 10,267 5,077 5,190 9,000 1,888 7,112
IFAD
, Nethe
rland
s
Yes
LGED
Greater Barisal District Rural Roads & Market Development Project Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
39,750 39,750 0 5,186 5,186 ‐ 32,587 32,587 ‐ ‐
Yes
LGED
Construction of village road/ bridge / culvert & other infrastr. of underdeveloped upazilla of NW Bangladesh
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
42,500 42,500 0 9,923 9,923 ‐ 31,729 31,729 ‐ ‐
158
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
LGED
Agriculture Sector Programme Support (ASPS) Phase‐II Rural road & market access infrastructure
Ongoing
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐12
42,552 21,302 21250 7,183 4,158 3,025 10,331 8,081 2,250
DANIDA
Yes
LGED
Rural Infrastructure Development Project (2nd Revised)
Completed
Jul‐0
2
Jun‐11
44,650 44,650 0 6,930 6,930 ‐ 36 36 ‐ ‐
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture, and to non farm incomes
6.1 : Improve physical access to markets, facilities and information
Yes
LGED
Construction and reconstruction of rural road, bridges and culverts in rural areas on priority basis
Ongoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐12
50,000 50,000 0 6,899 6,899 ‐ 33,791 33,791 ‐ ‐
Yes
LGED
Rural Infrastructure Development in Eastern region of Bangladesh: Greater Chittagong, Noakhali and Sylhet District
Completed
Jul‐0
4
Jun‐11
99,497 23,065 76432 7,551 1,859 5,692 1,734 1,635 99 JICA
Yes
LGED
Rural Infrastructure Development (Public Priority Rural Communication and Hat‐Bazar Development & Rehabilitation) Part‐II
Completed
Jul‐0
5
Jun‐11
99,500 99,500 0 5,992 5,992 ‐ 36,191 36,191 ‐ ‐
Yes
LGED
Second Rural Infrastructure Improvement ( RIP‐2)
Completed
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
144,370 53,980 90390 34,979 9,991 24,988 54,993 26,714 28,279
ADB,KfW,
DFID& GTZ
159
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
LGED
Rural Infrastructure Development (Public Priority Rural Communication and Hat‐Bazar Development & Rehabilitation)
Ongoing
Jul‐0
1
Jun‐12
212,816 212,816 0 2,888 2,888 ‐ 4,883 4,883 ‐ ‐
Yes
LGED
Rural Development Project: Infrastructure Development‐26 (2nd Revised) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
3
Jun‐12
260,287 92,137 168150 36,636 8,760 27,876 16,647 9,930 6,717 ID
A
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture, and to non farm incomes
6.1 : Improve physical access to markets, facilities and information
No
LGED
Rural infrastructure development project (Khulna, Bagerhat and Stakhira District) O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
27,650 27,650 0 9,217 9,217 ‐ 18,433 18,433 ‐
No
LGED
Greater Rangpur, Dinajpur District rural communication O
ngoing
Apr‐10
Jun‐13
48,000 48,000 0 17,684 17,684 ‐ 30,316 30,316 ‐ ‐
No
LGED
Greater Comilla rural infrastructure development (2nd phase) O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
17,861 17,861 0 5,954 5,954 ‐ 11,907 11,907 ‐ ‐
No
LGED
Greater Faridpur rural infrastructure development (2nd phase) O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
41,750 41,750 0 13,917 13,917 ‐ 27,833 27,833 ‐ ‐
No
LGED
Rural infrastructure development project (Greater Dhaka, Tangail and Kishorganj District) O
ngoing
Mar‐11
Jun‐13
44,100 44,100 0 3,392 3,392 ‐ 40,708 40,708 ‐ ‐
No
LGED
Construction of two bridges on the Brahmaputra under Islampur Upazila O
ngoing
Aug‐10
Jun‐12
7,305 7,305 0 3,320 3,320 ‐ 3,985 3,985 ‐ ‐
160
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
No
LGED
Construction of 500m garder bridge over the river of Andermanik O
ngoing
Sep‐10
Jun‐11
88 88 0 29 29 ‐ 59 59 ‐ ‐
No
LGED
Rehabilitation of Aila affected rural infrastructure O
ngoing
Jan‐11
Jun‐13
14,025 14,025 0 2,418 2,418 ‐ 11,607 11,607 ‐ ‐
No
LGED
Sustainable rural infrastructure improvement proiect O
ngoi
ng
Jan‐11
Jun‐13
75,251 22,535 52716 12,974 3,885 9,089 62,277 18,650 43,627
ADB,Ff
W, JFBR
Subtotal Programme 6.1 1,427,789 988,512 439277 217,015 138,760 78,254 491,147 402,879 88,268 ‐
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture, and to non farm incomes
6.2: Mobilize and promote producer & marketing groups for improved market access and knowledge
Yes
BFDC
Establishment of Fish Marketing Facilities in Dhaka Metropolis O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐12
887 887 0 1 1 ‐ 408 408 ‐ ‐
Yes
DAE National Agricultural
Technology Project (Hortex) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐12
3,613 164 3449 ‐ ‐ ‐ 3,245 126 3,119
IDA, IFAD
Yes
DAM Bangladesh
Agribusiness Development Project Ongoing
Jan‐06
Dec‐11
32,217 1,274 30942 1,603 122 1,481 6,951 816 6,135 AD
B
Subtotal Programme 6.2 36,717 2,325 34391 1,603 122 1,481 10,604 1,350 9,254 ‐
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture, and to non farm incomes
6.3 :Develop adequate storage, processing & value addition
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 6.3 ‐ ‐ 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
161
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture, and to non farm incomes
6.4: Promote and assist the development of off farm activities and rural businesses
Yes
DAM Bangladesh
Agribusiness Development Project O
ngoing
Jan‐06
Dec‐11
8,727 ‐ 8727 5,021 ‐ 5,021 3,706 ‐ 3,706 ADB
Yes
Regulatory and Investment Systems for Enterprise and Growth (RISE): component O
ngoing
Aug‐07
Jun‐15
2,175 ‐ 2,175 272 ‐ 272 1,088 ‐ 1,088
Yes
DAM Strengthening Project
Management on Agribusiness
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ADB
Subtotal Programme 6.4 10,902 ‐ 10,902 5,293 ‐ 5,293 4,794 ‐ 4,794 ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 6 1,475,408 990,838 484,570 223,911 138,882 85,028 506,545 404,229 102,316 ‐
7: Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions
7.1: Strengthen capacities to implement, monitor and coordinate National Food Policy‐Plan of Action and CIP
Yes
Food
Divisio
n National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Project (2nd phase)
Jan‐09
Dec‐12
7,344 90 7254 2,448 30 2,418 1,224 15 1,209
USA
ID, EU
Yes
Food
Divisio
n
Strengthening the Government Institutional Capacity of DG Food (Component‐A)
Sep‐08
Dec‐10
260 11 249 92 7 84 43 4 40 ADB
Yes
MoA
Strengthening the Government Institutional Capacity of MOA for Improving Food Security
Sep‐08
Dec‐10
178 16 162 79 16 63 ‐ ‐ ‐ ADB
Subtotal Programme 7.1 7,782 117 7,665 2,619 54 2,565 1,267 19 1,249 ‐
Subtotal Programme 7.2 2,000 ‐ 2000 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2,000 ‐ 2,000 ‐
Subtotal Programme 7.3 572 ‐ 572 ‐ ‐ ‐ 572 ‐ 572 ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 7 10,354 117 10,237 2,619 54 2,565 3,839 19 3,821 ‐
162
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
8 : Enhanced Public Food Management Systems
8.1: Enhance efficiency and effectiveness of Public Food Management Systems and improve its impact on price stabilization
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 8.1 ‐ ‐ 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
8 : Enhanced Public Food Management Systems
8.2: Build capacities of Ministry of Food and Disaster Management and Directorate of Food
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 8.2 ‐ ‐ 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
8 : Enhanced Public Food Management Systems
8.3 : Increase and modernize public storage and handling facilities, including in disaster prone areas
Yes
DG Foo
d Construction of 1.10 lakh MT Capacity Food Godown in the Northern region O
ngoing
Jul‐0
9
Dec‐11
24,100 24,100 0 13,757 13,757 ‐ 8,668 8,668 ‐ ‐
Yes
DG Foo
d Reconstruction of Dilapidated Food Godowns and Ancillary Infrastructures of DOF Co
mpleted
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐11
2,244 2,244 0 769 769 ‐ 999 999 ‐ ‐
163
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
DG Foo
d Construction of 0.84 lakh MT Capacity Food Godown at Halishar CSD campus O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐12
21,871 21,871 0 1,492 1,492 ‐ 20,379 20,379 ‐ ‐
Yes
DG Foo
d Construction of 1.35 lakh MT capacity Godowns O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐13
28,301 28,301 0 3,000 3,000 ‐ 25,301 25,301 ‐ ‐
Yes
DG Foo
d Construction of a Concrete Grain Silo of 50,000 MT capacity at Mongla Port O
ngoing
Jan‐10
Dec‐13
19,946 19,946 0 799 799 ‐ 18,982 18,982 ‐
JDCF
8 : Enhanced Public Food Management Systems
8.3 : Increase and modernize public storage and handling facilities, including in disaster prone areas
Yes
DG Foo
d Construction of 1 million MT Silo (Follow up of BMSFP)
na
na
na
139,000 ‐ 139000 ‐ ‐ ‐ 139,000 ‐ 139,000
World Bank
Yes
DG Foo
d Bangladesh Modernized Food Storage Study Project (BMSFP)
na
na
na
1,400 ‐ 1400 ‐ ‐ ‐ 1,400 ‐ 1,400
World Bank
Reclassified
DG Foo
d Construction of new food godown of northern region of the country O
ngoing
Jul‐0
9
Dec‐11
24,100 24,100 ‐ 9,972 9,972 ‐ 4,986 4,986 ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 8.3 260,962 120,562 140400 29,791 29,791 ‐ 219,715 79,315 140,400 ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 8 260,962 120,562 140,400 29,791 29,791 ‐ 219,715 79,315 140,400 ‐
164
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
9: Institutional Development and Capacity Development for more effective safety nets.
9.1: Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate social safety net programmes and formulate a new integrated strategy for social safety net programmes
Yes
DMB
Operation Support to the employment generation programme for the poorest (EGPP) O
ngoing
Jan‐11
Dec‐13
3,660 37 3623 13 5 8 3,647 32 3,615 na
Subtotal Programme 9.1 3,660 37 3623 13 5 8 3,647 32 3,615 ‐
9: Institutional Development and Capacity Development for more effective safety nets.
9.2: Investment in employment and income generation of social safety nets (including in ADP)
Yes
BRDB
Employment Guarantee Scheme for Hardcore Poor of Northern Region O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐13
4,647 4,647 0 714 714 ‐ 2,173 2,173 ‐ ‐
Reclassified
DAE
Pilot project to increase agricultural production in monga affected areas O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐10
113 113 ‐ 2 2 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Yes
DMB Comprehensive
Disaster Management Programme (2nd Phase) O
ngoing
Jan‐10
Dec‐14
36,100 600 35,500 4,385 52 4,332 31,505 548 30,957
DFID, EU, Sida, N
orway,
AusAID, U
NDP
165
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
DMB ECRRP‐Disaster Risk
Mitigation and Reduction O
ngoing
Aug‐08
Jun‐14
6,895 0 6,895 503 ‐ 503 6,159 ‐ 6,159
World
Bank
Reclassified
DOC Livelihood
improvement of the Garo community O
ngoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐12
825 825 ‐ 530 530 ‐ 295 295 ‐
JDCF
No
DoF
Poverty reduction and livelihood security for the people of economically depressed areas
Ongoing
Apr‐10
Dec‐13
8,319 8,319 0 1,504 1,504 ‐ 6,437 6,437 ‐ ‐
Reclassified
DoForestry
Poverty reduction through social forestry
Ongoing
Mar‐10
Dec‐13
10968 10968 0 5,612 5,612 ‐ 4,591 4,591 ‐ ‐
9: Institutional Development and Capacity Development for more effective safety nets.
9.2: Investment in employment and income generation of social safety nets (including in ADP)
Yes
DPE Capacity building for
school feeding programme O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Jun‐14
114,280 59,771 54,509 8,897 7 8,890 105,383 59,764 45,619 WFP
Yes
DPE EC Assisted School Feeding Programme
Ongoing
Jan‐09
Dec‐14
20,337 7,537 12,800 1,358 37 1,321 18,906 7,480 11,426
WFP, EU
Yes
DSS
Training and Rehabilitation Centre for the Destitute and Orphan Children O
ngoing
Jan‐10
Jun‐12
1,173 938 235 112 100 12 857 838 18 ‐
Yes
DSS Services for Children at
Risk
Ongoing
Jan‐09
Dec‐14
6,312 84 6,228 73 6 67 6,191 72 6,118
World
Bank
166
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
DWA Development
programme of ultra poor women (VGDUP)
Completed
Jan‐07
Jun‐11
17,630 430 17,200 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5,948 287 5,660 EU
Yes
Jatio
Mahila Urban Based Marginal
Women Development
Ongoing
Jan‐09
Jun‐13
1,182 1,182 ‐ 259 259 ‐ 773 773 ‐ ‐
Yes
LGED
CDSP‐ Char Development & Settlement project 3
Completed
Jul‐0
5
Dec‐10
3,418 508 2,910 1,285 245 1,040 ‐ ‐ ‐
IFAD
, Nethe
rland
s
Yes
LGED
Poverty alleviation project through urban partnership O
ngoing
Jul‐0
7
Mar‐15
82,602 5,645 76,957 ‐ ‐ ‐ 56,069 3,305 52,764
DFID,
UNDP
9: Institutional Development and Capacity Development for more effective safety nets.
9.2: Investment in employment and income generation of social safety nets (including in ADP)
Yes
LGED
Rural Employment and Road Maintenance Programme (RERMP) O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐13
94,300 94,300 ‐ 13,990 13,990 ‐ 43,543 43,543 ‐ ‐
Yes
LGED
Rural Employment Opportunity for Public Assets (REOPA)
Completed
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
17,367 425 16,942 397 393 4 ‐ ‐ ‐
EU, U
NDP
Yes
LGED
Enhancing Resilience under Bangladesh Country Programme O
ngoing
Jul‐0
8
Jun‐12
19,885 9,820 10,065 8,719 4,424 4,295 4,815 2,161 2,654 WFP
No
MoSW Support Service
Program for the Socially Disadvantage Women and Girls O
ngoing
Jul‐1
0
Dec‐12
642 ‐ 642 110 ‐ 110 532 ‐ 532
UNFPA
167
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Reclassified
RDA
Action research project on 'Poverty alleviation through REA's IGA training and microcredit for livestock management, bottling of biogas and organic manure production at monga areas'
Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐14
5,156 5155.74 ‐ 462 462 ‐ 4,194 4,194 ‐ ‐
Yes
RDCD
Char Livelihoods Programme (CLP II)
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Dec‐16
79,874 1,639 78235 ‐ ‐ ‐ 79,874 1,639 78,235
DFID,
AUSA
ID
9: Institutional Development and Capacity Development for more effective safety nets.
9.2: Investment in employment and income generation of social safety nets (including in ADP)
Yes
RDCD
Economic Empowerment of the Poorest in Bangladesh O
ngoing
Feb‐08
Jun‐15
88,674 274 88,400 12,401 71 12,330 64,795 193 64,601
DFID
Yes
RDCD
One House One Farm Ongoing
Jul‐0
9
Jun‐13
149,292 149,292 ‐ 18,430 18,430 ‐ 130,143 130,143 ‐ ‐
Yes
DWA Food and Livelihood
security
Ongoing
Jan‐11
May‐14
EU
Yes
DWA Vulnerable Group
Development of the Ultra Poor (VGDUP) O
ngoing
Mar‐07
Dec‐11
EU
Subtotal Programme 9.2 769,990 362,473 407,517 79,742 46,838 32,904 573,182 268,437 304,746 ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 9 773,650 362,510 411,140 79,756 46,843 32,913 576,829 268,469 308,360 ‐
168
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
10 : Community based nutrition programmes and services
10.1: Community based livelihood and nutrition programmes building on the National Nutrition Service (NNS)
No
DoF
Strengthening of fisheries and aquaculture food safety and quality management system in Bangladesh
Ongoing
Jul‐1
0
Dec‐14
9,760 4968 4792 1,084 537 547 8,676 4,431 4,245 EU
Yes
MoH
FW
National Nutrition Programme NNP
Ongoing
Jul‐0
1
Jun‐11
125,051 14,344 110708 ‐ ‐ ‐ 48,136 6,538 41,599 na
Yes
MoH
FW
Micro Nutrient Supplementation
Ongoing
Jul‐0
1
Jun‐11
10,492 2,756 7736 ‐ ‐ ‐ 3,585 1,544 2,041 na
10 : Community based nutrition programmes and services
10.1: Community based livelihood and nutrition programmes building on the National Nutrition Service (NNS)
Yes
Vario
us Protecting and
Promoting Food Security and Nutrition for Families and Children in Bangladesh
Ongoing
Mar‐10
Mar‐13
5,549 ‐ 5,549 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5,549 ‐ 5,549
MDG
‐F
(Spain)
No
DGFP
Maternal, Child, Reproductive and Adolescent Health (MCRAH) (HPNSDP‐OP 18)
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
14,856 3,383 11473 ‐ ‐ ‐ 14,856 3,383 11,473 na
No
DGHS
NNS‐Behavioural Change communication
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
20,200 1,600 18600 ‐ ‐ ‐ 20,200 1,600 18,600 na
No
DGHS
NNS‐ Control of vitamin A deficiency disorders
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
23,700 5,200 18500 ‐ ‐ ‐ 23,700 5,200 18,500 na
169
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
No
DGHS
NNS‐Control and prevention of anemia
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
7,800 1,800 6000 ‐ ‐ ‐ 7,800 1,800 6,000 na
No
DGHS
NNS‐ Control of Iodine deficiency disorders
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
2,920 720 2200 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2,920 720 2,200
na
No
DGHS
NNS‐ Other micronutrient problems of public health importance O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
2,000 180 1820 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2,000 180 1,820
na
10 : Community based nutrition programmes and services
10.1: Community based livelihood and nutrition programmes, building on the National Nutrition Service (NNS)
No
DGHS
NNS‐ Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) including BFHI & BMS Code O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
3,911 570 3341 ‐ ‐ ‐ 3,911 570 3,341 na
No
DGHS
NNS‐ Community based nutrition in selected areas O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
11,203 1,440 9763 ‐ ‐ ‐ 11,203 1,440 9,763 na
No
DGHS
NNS‐ Nutrition of emergencies
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
2,736 200 2536 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2,736 200 2,536 na
No
DGHS
NNS‐ Establishment of Nutrition Service and GMP in Community Clinics O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
12,621 500 12121 ‐ ‐ ‐ 12,621 500 12,121 na
No
DGHS
Non‐Communicable Diseases (NCD) (HPNSDP‐OP 7) O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
3,539 1,769 1769 ‐ ‐ ‐ 3,539 1,769 1,769 na
170
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
No
DGHS
Community Based Health Care (CBHC) (HPNSDP‐OP 3) O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
27,344 6,830 20514 ‐ ‐ ‐ 27,344 6,830 20,514
GAV
I
No
DGHS
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) (HPNSDP‐OP 23 O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
2,619 993.668 1625 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2,619 994 1,625 na
Subtotal Programme 10.1 286,301 47,253 239,048 1,084 537 547 201,395 37,698 163,697 ‐
10 : Community based nutrition programmes and services
10.2 : Support community based efforts of homestead gardening, rearing small livestock, aquaculture and awareness building for improved nutrition
Yes
BLRI
Conservation & Improvement of Native Sheep Through Community Farming & Commercial Farming Project
Ongoing
Jul‐0
6
Jun‐11
842 842 0 156 156 ‐ 9 9 ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 10.2 842 842 ‐ 156 156 ‐ 9 9 ‐ ‐
171
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
10 : Community based nutrition programmes and services
10.3: Link long term with immediate treatment of acute malnutrition, in particular through therapeutic and supplementary feeding
No
DGHS
NNS‐ Community and facility based management of severe and moderate acute malnutrition
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
5,800 1500 4300 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5,800 1,500 4,300 na
Subtotal Programme 10.3 5,800 1,500 4,300 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5,800 1,500 4,300 ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 10 292,943 49,595 243,348 1,240 693 547 207,204 39,207 167,997 ‐
11 : Orient food and nutrition program through data:
11.1 : Undertake updated & comprehensive national survey of food consumption & food composition
Yes
BBS Nutritional surveillance
component
Ongoing
Jun‐08
Jun‐13
8,055 938 7,117 2,335 375 1,960 5,720 563 5,157 EU
Subtotal Programme 11.1 8,055 938 7,117 2,335 375 1,960 5,720 563 5,157 ‐
172
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
11 : Orient food and nutrition program through data
11.2: Undertake study of dietary diversification & supplementation needs and advocacy, awareness & educational materials
No
DGHS
NNS‐ Monitoring, evaluation and operation research, survey: development of monitoring tool, establish linkage with central MIS, establish national resource centre for nutrition, survey as per program need
Ongoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
3,000 200 2800 ‐ ‐ ‐ 3,000 200 2,800 na
Subtotal Programme 11.2 3,000 200 2,800 ‐ ‐ ‐ 3,000 200 2,800 ‐
11 : Orient food and nutrition program through data
11.3 : Strengthen national capacities in surveying and analysis to facilitate evidence‐based decisions
Yes
BBS
Assistance in the data processing and analysis of the Bangladesh census of agriculture O
ngoing
Jul‐0
9
Jul‐1
1
11 ‐ 11 11 ‐ 11 ‐ ‐ ‐ FAO
Yes
BBS Agriculture Census
Project 2007
Completed
Jul‐0
7
Jun‐10
3,995 3,995 0 808 808 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ FAO
Yes
BBS Monitoring the
situation of Children and Women (Phase 2)
Completed
Jan‐07
Jun‐11
1,062 58 1004 437 42 395 ‐ ‐ ‐
UNICEF
No
DGHS
NNS‐ Nutrition Surveillance Program (NSP) O
ngoing
Jul‐1
1
Jun‐16
4,100 1300 2800 ‐ ‐ ‐ 4,100 1,300 2,800 na
Subtotal Programme 11.3 9,168 5,353 3,815 1,256 850 406 4,100 1,300 2,800 ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 11 20,223 6,491 13,732 3,591 1,225 2,366 12,820 2,063 10,757 ‐
173
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
12 : Food Safety and Quality Improvement
12.1 : Improve surveillance system of food borne illnesses
Yes
MoH
FW
Improving Food Safety, Quality and Food Control in Bangladesh O
ngoing
Jan‐09
Dec‐12
2,393 274 2119 198 1 196 1,857 270 1,587 EU
Subtotal Programme 12.1 2,393 274 2,119 198 1 196 1,857 270 1,587 ‐
12 : Food Safety and Quality Improvement
12.2 : Develop and enhance capacities of laboratories and systems for food quality assurance
Yes
MoH
FW
Improving Food Safety, Quality and Food Control in Bangladesh O
ngoing
Jan‐09
Dec‐12
1,595 183 1413 132 1 131 1,238 180 1,058 na
Subtotal Programme 12.2 1,595 183 1,413 132 1 131 1,238 180 1,058 ‐
12 : Food Safety and Quality Improvement
12.3 : Support the development of a modern food control management system
No
BARI
Development of safe vegetable production technology utilizing municipal organic waste in peri urban
Ongoing
Jan‐11
Jun‐13
918 918 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 918 918 ‐
JDCF
No
DoF Control of formalin use in fish preservation and mass awareness O
ngoing
Mar‐11
Dec‐13
699 699 0 66 66 ‐ 633 633 ‐
Reclassified
DPHE
Strengthening capacity for water quality analysis and monitoring system in Bangladesh O
ngoing
Apr‐09
Mar‐12
2,143 20 2123 714 7 708 536 5 531 na
174
Prog
ramme
Sub‐
Prog
ramme
Includ
ed in
CIP 20
11
GOB agen
cy
Project title
Project
status
Project start
Project e
nd Project cost as of June 2011
(lakh TK) Delivery in FY 2010/11 Funds Available between 2011‐15 (lakh TK)
DP
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes
MoH
FW
Improving Food Safety, Quality and Food
Control in Bangladesh Ongoing
Jan‐09
Dec‐12
3,989 457 3532 329 2 327 3,096 450 2,646 na
Subtotal Programme 12.3 7,749 2,094 5,655 1,109 75 1,035 5,183 2,006 3,176 ‐
TOTAL PROGRAMME 12 11,737 2,551 9,186 1,439 77 1,362 8,278 2,456 5,822 ‐
175
Annex 3.5 Projects in the CIP pipeline as of June 2011 (updated Table 4.6 of CIP 2011)
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.1 : Enhance research & knowledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity in a sustainable manner
No BADC Mujibnagar Integrated Agricultural Development Project 14931 14,931 ‐ 21 21 ‐
No BARI Mujibnagar Integrated Agricultural Development Project 619 619 ‐ 1 1 ‐
Yes BJRI Development and Dissemination of Agricultural Technologies for Jute and Allied Fiber Crops
988 988 ‐ 1 1 ‐
No BRRI Mujibnagar Integrated Agricultural Development Project 773 773 ‐ 1 1 ‐
No BRRI Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 1,931 337 1,594 GAFSP 3 0 2
No BARI Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 2,067 266 1,801 GAFSP 3 0 3
No BFRI Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 1,264 73 1,191 GAFSP 2 0 2
No BSRI Pilot project for development of sugarbeet cultivation technologies in Bangladesh
345 345 ‐ 0 0 ‐
No DAE Integrated agriculture extension approach for poverty reduction and food security project (IAPRFP)
1,500 1,500 ‐ 2 2 ‐
Yes DAE Popularisation of use leaf colour chart and saving urea through its use
‐ na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No DAE Increase production and creation of employment for rural people through engineering technology
i
6,929 6,929 ‐ 10 10 ‐
Subtotal Programme 1.1 31,346 26,761 4,586 45 39 7
176
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.2: Improve extension services to propagate knowledge & practices, supported by community‐based experimentation & learning and indigenous knowledge
Yes AIS Promotion of Digital Krishi and Livelihood Improvement through Agriculture & communication Center
1880 1,880 ‐ na 3 3 ‐
No BADC Magura‐ Jessore‐ Noril‐ Khulna‐ Satkhira Integrated Agricultural Development Project
14,766 14,766 ‐ ‐ 21 21 ‐
Yes BADC Sylhet Division Integrated Irrigation Development Project 8,429 8,429 ‐ ‐ 12 12 ‐
Yes BADC Chittagong Hill Tracts Integrated Agricultural Development Project (Phase III)
1,415 1,415 ‐ ‐ 2 2 ‐
No DAE Integrated agricultural development project of East region 2,037 2,037 ‐ 3 ‐ 3
No DAE Pirojpur Gopalganj Bagerhat integrated agricultural development project
25,886 25,886 ‐ ‐ 37 37 ‐
No DAE Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 10,322 4,625 5,698 GAFSP 15 7 8
No MoA Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 11,436 1,564 9,873 GAFSP 16 2 14
No DAE Integrated agricultural productivity project 14,900 4,924 6,066
Agricultural Food
Security Trust Fund
21 7 9
Yes DAE Farmer’s Training at Upazilla level for Transfer of Technology (2nd Phase)
8,246 8,246 ‐ 12 12 ‐
Yes DAE Greater Mymensingh Integrated Agricultural Development Project 53,310 53,310 ‐ 77 77 ‐
177
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.2: Improve extension services to propagate knowledge & practices, supported by community‐based experimentation & learning and indigenous knowledge
Yes DAE Land Utilization and Crop Intensification in Sylhet Region (Phase I)
47,500 47,500 ‐ 68 68 ‐
Yes DAM Greater Mymensingh Integrated Agricultural Development Project 1,000 1,000 ‐ 1 1 ‐
Yes DAM Land Utilization and Crop Intensification in Sylhet Region (Phase I)
2,340 2,340 ‐ 3 3 ‐
No DAM Pirojpur Gopalganj Bagerhat integrated agricultural development project
3,265 3,265 5 5 ‐
No DAM Magura‐ Jessore‐ Noril‐ Khulna‐ Satkhira Integrated Agricultural Development Project
2,000 2,000 3 3 ‐
Subtotal Programme 1.2 31,346 26,761 4,586 45 39 7
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.3: Promote the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change
No DAE Agricultural support for smallholders in Southwestern region 12,795 3,695 9,100 18 5 13
No DAE Agricultural adoption in climate risk prone area of Bangladesh 17,012 na na
AgriculturalFood Security Trust Fund
24 ‐ ‐
No DLS Adaptation of poultry and livestock rearing in the context of climate change
2,000 2,000 IDB 3 3 ‐
No DRR Construction of flood shelters in the flood prone and river erosion areas (2nd phase)
‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No LGED Construction of integrated disaster shelter project 240,000 ‐ 240,00
0 IDA 345 ‐ 345
178
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension
1.3: Promote the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change
No LGED Disaster mitigation under WFP 97,100 ‐ 97,100 WFP 140 ‐ 140
No MoFDM Climatic change related drought management project 13,800 ‐ 13,800 20 ‐ 20
No RDA Multipurpose use of sweet water for climate victims for livelihood improvement
13,800 10,316 ‐
Subtotal Programme 1.3 382,707 5,695 360,000 551 8 518
2: Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes
2.1: Improve water management in water distribution systems and at farm level
No BADC
Project for irrigation expansion in poverty prone areas under Greater Rangpur district through modern minor irrigation practices
12,000 12,000 ‐ 17 17 ‐
No BADC Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 8,136 3,971 4,165 GAFSP 12 6 6
Yes BADC Survey and Monitoring Project for Development of Minor Irrigation (3rd Phase)
2,221 2,221 ‐ ‐ 3 3 ‐
Subtotal Programme 2.1 22,357 18,192 4,165 32 26 6
2: Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes
2.2: Improve & increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the South
Yes BMDA Irrigation Programme Through Surface Water Augmentation 8,740 8,740 ‐ ‐ 13 13 ‐
No BRDB Irrigation expansion programme 1,983 1,836 147 3 3 0
No BWDB Kurigram Irrigation Project (North Unit) 53,700 ‐ 53,700 IDB 77 ‐ 77
179
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
2: Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes
2.2: Improve & increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the South
No BWDB River bank protection, flood control and irrigation umbrella project (64 sub‐projects)
52,974 76
No BWDB Re‐excavation of Kumar river 5,294 5,294 ‐ IDB 8 8 ‐
No BWDB
Char Kukri‐Mikri flood control, drainage and prevention of saline water intrusion project in the district of Bhola
13,261 13,261 ‐ 19 19 ‐
No BWDB Rehabilitation of Raktadah‐Lohachura beel drainage scheme in Naogaon District
1,720 1,720 ‐ 2 2 ‐
No BWDB Flood control and development of Kamrangir Char 10,805 10,805 ‐ 16 16 ‐
No BWDB
Re‐excavation/dredging of Mahananda river from Khalgat to Nasipur at Sadar Upazilla in Chapainawabganj District
7,674 7,674 ‐ 11 11 ‐
No BWDB
Integrated water resources management of Chalan beel area including beel Haloti development projet
36,405 36,405 ‐ 52 52 ‐
Yes BWDB Chandpur‐Comilla Integrated Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation Project
12,238 12,238 ‐ ‐ 18 18 ‐
Subtotal Programme 2.1 204794 97,972 53,847 295 141 77
Subtotal Programme 2.2 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
2: Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation
2.3: Reduce impact of saline water intrusion in the South
Yes BWDB Rehabilitation of Coastal Infrastructures damaged by Alia (Southern Zone)
12,853 12,853 ‐ ‐ 18 18 ‐
180
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA purposes
Subtotal Programme 2.3 12853 12,853 ‐ 18 18 ‐ Subtotal Programme 2.4 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility
3.1: Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and certified for quality of diversified crops
Yes BADC Establishment of Seed Multiplication Farm in the South‐Western Coastal Region Project
25,360 25,360 ‐ ‐ 36 36 ‐
No BCIC Shahjalal fertilizer project 500,900 142,292 358,608 China 721 205 516
Subtotal Programme 3.1 526260 167,652 358,608 757 241 516
3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility
3.2: Develop public‐private partnerships through capacity development
Yes tbd Programmes aiming to develop public‐private partnerships through capacity development
13,900 2,085 11,815 20 3 17
3.2: Develop public‐private partnerships through capacity development
No BADC Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 1,610 692 917 GAFSP 2 1 1
3.2: Develop public‐private partnerships through capacity development
No SCA Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 564 254 310 GAFSP 1 0 0
Subtotal Programme 3.2 16,073 3,031 13,042 23 4 19
3: Improved quality of input and
3.3: Improve and increase sustainability of soil fertility
Yes SRDI Soil Resource Management and Farmers Service Project (SMFS) 2,500 2,500 ‐ 4 4 ‐
181
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA soil fertility management
Yes SRDI Establishment of soil and fertilizer testing laboratories and research centres
422 422 ‐ 1 1 ‐
Subtotal Programme 3.3 2922 2,922 ‐ 4 4 ‐
3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility
3.4 Develop public‐private partnerships through capacity development
Yes tbd
Programmes aiming to facilitate access to credit and other financial services by smallholders and the rural poor
13,900 ‐ 13,900 20 ‐ 20
Subtotal Programme 3.4 13900 ‐ 13,900 20 ‐ 20
4: Fisheries & aquaculture development
4.1: Develop small scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills
Yes BFRI
Establishing Haor Fisheries Research Station in Kishoreganj and Beel Fisheries Research Station in Gopalganj
21,359 21,359 ‐ 31 31 ‐
No DOF Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 3,968 330 3,638 GAFSP 6 0 5
tbd
Programmes aiming to facilitate access to credit and other financial services by smallholders and the rural poor
13,900 ‐ 13,900 20 ‐ 20
No DoF Community base baor fisheries management project na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 4.1 39,227 21,689 17,538 56 31 25
4: Fisheries & aquaculture development
4.2 : Improve management of fisheries resources
Yes BFRI Development and Dissemination of Pearl Culture Technology 9,634 9,634 ‐ 14 14 ‐
No DLS Regional Fisheries and Livestock Development Project (Noakhali component)
9,672 1,045 8,627 DANIDA 14 2 12
No DoF Integrated fish culture development project in unused water bodies ‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No DoF Establishment of beel nursery and fingerling stocking in inland open waters
‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
182
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
No DoF Greater Jessore Fisheries Development Project ‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No DoF Fisheries Development Project in Rangpur Division ‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
4: Fisheries & aquaculture development
4.2 : Improve management of fisheries resources
No DoF Aquaculture development and fisheries extension project in CHT (3rd phase)
‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No DoF Fisheries sector rural development project (2nd phase) ‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No DoF Cage and pen culture extension project ‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No DoF Fisheries development and conservation in and around Sundarban areas
‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No DoF Inland capture fisheries development project 150,000 140,50
0 9,500 World Bank 216 202 14
No DoF Bangladesh marine fisheries capacity building project 11,947 4,557 7,390 IDP 17 7 11
No DoF Integrated protected area comanagement project 3,803 278 3,525 USAID 5 0 5
No MoFL
Integrated fisheries development project in flood control, drainage and irrigation project area and other water bodies (4th phase)
‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 4.2 185056 156,014 29,042 266 224 42
Subtotal Programme 4.3 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
183
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
4: Fisheries & aquaculture development
Sub Programme 4.4: Promote production in the South through sustainable shrimp and prawn development and community based co‐management of wetlands
No DoF Project on development of coastal fisheries and socio economic status of coastal fishers
8,500 1,200 7,300 IDB/ World Bank/FAO 12 2 11
No DoF Fresh water prawn culture extension project ‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 4.4 8500 1,200 7,300 12 2 11
5: Livestock development with a focus on poultry and dairy production
Sub Programme 5.1 : Strengthen animal health services, including better diagnosis and surveillance systems to mitigate disease outbreaks
No DLS Livestock disease prevention and control project ‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
5: Livestock development with a focus on poultry and dairy production
5.1 : Strengthen animal health services, including better diagnosis and surveillance systems to mitigate disease outbreaks
Yes DLS Strengthening of the Institutional Capacity and policy reform of DLS 784 58 726 na 1 0 1
Yes DLS Conservation and improvement of native sheep through community farming system.
68,000 6,200 61,800 98 9 89
Subtotal Programme 5.1 68784 6,258 62,526 99 9 90
5: Livestock development with a focus on poultry and dairy production
5.2 : Strengthen husbandry capacity at household level through community based improved knowledge and advisory services
No BLRI Community based cattle rearing for employment generation and poverty reduction project
‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No DLS Smallholder dairy development project in milk potential areas 6,194 ‐ 6,194 IDB 9 ‐ 9
Yes DLS
Community Based Fodder & Other Unconventional Feed Production and Development for Animal Nutrition Project
11,000 1,000 10,000 na 16 1 14
No DLS Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 3,050 51 2,999 GAFSP 4 0 4
184
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Yes DLS Dairy & Beef Development for Employment Generation and Poverty Reduction
55,000 5,000 50,000 na 79 7 72
Subtotal Programme 5.2 75,244 6,051 69,193 108 9 100
5: Livestock development with a focus on poultry and dairy production
Sub Programme 5.3 : Improve availability and quality of inputs through public‐private partnerships
Yes tbd Programmes aiming to improve availability and quality of inputs through public‐private partnerships
13,900 2,085 11,815 20 3 17
Subtotal Programme 5.3 13900 2,085 11,815 20 3 17
5: Livestock development with a focus on poultry and dairy production
5.4: Research on livestock development, including genetic improvement
No BLRI Technology development of strategic control of food and mouth disease
‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 5.4 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture and to non farm incomes
6.1: Improve physical access to markets, facilities and information
No LGED Rural transport improvement project (RTIP‐2) 315,000 ‐ 315,00
0 IDA 453 ‐ 453
No LGED Greater Kushtia district infrastructure development project na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No LGED Sylhet Division Rural infrastructure development project na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No LGED Barisal Division Rural infrastructure development project na na ‐ ‐ ‐
185
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
No LGED Rangpur Division Rural infrastructure development project na na ‐ ‐ ‐
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture and to non farm incomes
6.1: Improve physical access to markets, facilities and information
Yes LGED Integrated Food Security through rural Infrastructure Development 70,700 3,775 66,925 102 5 96
Yes LGED
Rural Infrastructure Development (Public Priority Rural Communication & Rural Market Development & Rehabilitation) Project : Part‐II
15,960 5,586 10,374 23 8 15
Subtotal Programme 6.1 401660 9,361 392,299 578 13 564
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture and to non farm incomes
6.2: Mobilize and promote producer & marketing groups for improved market access and knowledge
No DoC Increasing agricultural production and creation of rural employment through village based cooperatives
na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No DoC Development of cooperatives based direct marketing system of agricultural products
na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
Yes DOC Ensuring Cooperative based Milk Production 7,557 7,557 ‐ 11 11 ‐
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture and to non
6.2: Mobilize and promote producer & marketing groups for improved market access and knowledge
Yes DOC
Expansion of Milk Producers Cooperative in greater Faridpur, Barisal and Khulna District for Reduction of Poverty
4,110 4,110 ‐ 6 6 ‐
186
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA farm incomes
Subtotal Programme 6.2 11667 11,667 ‐ 17 17 ‐
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture and to non farm incomes
6.3: Develop adequate storage, processing and value addition and reduce waste through public‐private partnerships
No BFDC
Strengthening BFDC and development of fish marketing network including value added fish product
31,800 875 30,925 IDB 46 1 44
Subtotal Programme 6.3 31800 875 30,925 46 1 44
6 : Improved access to markets, value‐addition in agriculture and to non farm incomes
6.4: Promote and assist the development of off farm activities and rural businesses
No BRDB
Poverty reduction through minor crop production, preservation, processing and marketing program (2nd phase)
5,258 5,258 ‐ 8 8 ‐
No BRDB Integrated employment support program for poor women (IRESPPW) 7,455 7,455 ‐ 11 11 ‐
No BRDB Rural livelihood project (RLP) 33,162 33,162 ‐ 48 48 ‐
No DoC Livelihood improvement of the disadvantaged women ‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 6.4 45875 45,875 ‐ 66 66 ‐
7: Strengthened capacities for implementation and
7.1: Strengthen capacities to implement, monitor and coordinate National Food Policy‐Plan of Action and CIP
Yes FPMU Forecasting of demand and supply of foodgrain (AtoI PM office) 1,043 1,043 ‐ 2 2 ‐
Yes Programmes aiming to further strengthen the capacities to monitor and implement the NFP PoA
4,500 100 4,400 6 0 6
187
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA monitoring of NFP and CIP actions
No MoEF Climate Change Capacity Building & Knowledge Management – a technical assistance grant project
70 70 ‐ 0 0 0
Subtotal Programme 7.1 5613 1,213 4,400 8 2 6
7: Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions
7.2: Strengthen national capacities for design, implementation and monitoring of CIP operations
Yes tbd
Programmes aiming to strengthen national capacities for design, coordination, monitoring and implementation of CIP programmes.
28,000 1,000 27,000 40 1 39
Yes MoA Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 1,878 ‐ 1,878 3 ‐ 3
Subtotal Programme 7.2 29,878 1,000 288,78 43 1 42
7: Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions
7.3 : Strengthen capacities of civil society organisations to contribute to CIP development and implementation
Yes tbd
Programmes aiming to strengthen the capacities of civil society organizations to contribute to CIP development and implementation
35,000 ‐ 35,000 50 ‐ 50
7.3 : Strengthen capacities of civil society organisations to contribute to CIP development and implementation
Yes MoA Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP) 686 686 1 ‐ 1
Subtotal Programme 7.3 35686 0 35686 51 ‐ 51
188
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
Subtotal Programme 8.1 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 8.2 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
8 : Enhanced Public Food Management Systems
8.3 : Increase and modernize public storage and handling facilities, including in disaster prone areas
No BADC Establishment of integrated seed cold storage in Kurigram 3,296 3,296 ‐ 5 5 ‐
Yes DG Food Construction of 25,000 mt capacity mutlistoried warehouse at Santahar Silo Premises , Bogra
5,875 4,780 1,095 ‐ 8 7 2
Yes DG Food Construction of 100,000 mt capacity Vertical Grain Silo at Chittagong Silo Premises , Chittagong
40,223 40,223 ‐ ‐ 58 58 ‐
Yes DG Food Construction of Flour Mill at Postagola, Dhaka 13,020 13,020 ‐ ‐ 19 19 ‐
Yes DG Food
Construction of 105,000 mt capacity new Food Godowns with ancillary Facilities at Different Strategic Locations of the Country
36,740 36,740 ‐ ‐ 53 53 ‐
Yes DG Food Bangladesh Modernized Food Storage Study Project (BMSFP) 729 ‐ 729 World Bank 1 ‐ 1
Yes DG Food Construction of 1 million MT Silo (Follow up of BMSFP) ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
No DG Food Construction of new food godown of northern region of the country 24,829 24,100 729 36 35 1
Subtotal Programme 8.3 124711 122,158 2,553 179 176 4
9: Institutional Developme
9.1: Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate
No BBS Enlisting the ultra poor of Bangladesh 16,916 ‐ 16,919 na 24 ‐ 24
189
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA nt and Capacity Development for more effective safety nets.
social safety net programmes and formulate a new integrated strategy for social safety net programmes
Yes tbd Capacity development and institutional strengthening for more effective safety nets
35,000 5,000 30,000 50 7 43
Subtotal Programme 9.1 51916 5,000 46,919 75 7 68
9: Institutional Development and Capacity Development for more effective safety nets.
9.2: Investment in employment and income generation of social safety nets (including in ADP)
Yes BSRI
Create Employment Opportunity of Char Dwellers in Greater Rangpur District through Sugarcane Cultivation
970 970 ‐ JDCF 1 1 ‐
No DSS Development and expansion of poor and destitute training and rehabilitation center (2nd phase)
‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
No DSS
Sheikh Rasel training and rehabilitation center in 63 districts for the destitute children (2nd phase)
‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
Yes DSS Support services programme for the vulnerable group SSVG 2nd part 2,000 2,000 ‐ na 3 3 ‐
Yes LGED Rural Infrastructure Development Through Integrated Food Security
seeprogramme6.2. ‐ ‐
Yes LGED CDSP‐ Char Development & Settlement project 4 57,864 57,864 ‐ 83 83 ‐
No RDCD Comprehensive Village Development Program 3rd phase ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 9.2 60834 60,834 ‐ 88 88 ‐
10 : Community based
10.1: Community based livelihood and nutrition programmes,
No DWA Food and Livelihood security 22,333 733 21,600 32 1 31
190
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA nutrition programmes and services
building on the National Nutrition Service (NNS) Yes tbd
Investment in social protection, agriculture and price policies to improve supply , access and demand for foods containing high nutrient l bl l
5,560 5,560 ‐ 8 8 ‐
Yes tbd
Investment in agricultural research to improve productivity of non staple foods that have value addition and high nutrient value for ensuring improved diet quality
5,560 5,560 ‐ 8 8 ‐
10 : Community based nutrition programmes and services
10.1: Community based livelihood and nutrition programmes, building on the National Nutrition Service (NNS)
Yes tbd
Training and capacity building of farmers and extension workers on food based nutrition and health across age groups along with participatory field monitoring and evaluation.
5,560 5,560 ‐ 8 8 ‐
Yes tbd
Strengthening and updating nutrition behavior change communication strategies for improving nutritional status, especially women and children
5,560 5,560 ‐ 8 8 ‐
Yes tbd Monitoring and evaluation framework of health, agriculture, food and other relevant sectors.
5,560 5,560 ‐ 8 8 ‐
No MoSW Poverty Reduction and Livelihood Security for of the People of Economically Depressed Areas
8,319 8,319 ‐ 12 12 ‐
Subtotal Programme 10.1 58452 36,852 21,600 84 53 31
10 : Community based nutrition programmes and services
10.2 : Support community based efforts of homestead gardening, rearing small livestock, aquaculture and awareness building for improved nutrition
No DLS
Conservation & Improvement of Native Sheep Through Community Farming and Commercial Farming Project
‐ na na na ‐ ‐ ‐
Subtotal Programme 10.2 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
191
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
10 : Community based nutrition programmes and services
10.3: Link long term with immediate treatment of acute malnutrition, in particular through therapeutic and supplementary feeding
No MoA Strengthening the capcity of BIRTAN on training and research 87 87 ‐ 0 0 ‐
Subtotal Programme 10.3 87 87 ‐ 0 0 ‐
11 : Orient food and nutrition program through data
11.1 : Undertake updated & comprehensive national survey of food consumption & food composition
Yes MoFDM
Undertake updated & comprehensive national survey of food consumption & food composition
4,500 700 3,800 na 6 1 5
Subtotal Programme 11.1 4500 700 3,800 6 1 5
Subtotal Programme 11.2 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 5
Subtotal Programme 11.3 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
12: Food Safety and Quality Improvement
12.1 : Improve surveillance system of food borne illnesses
Yes tbd 8,500 na 8,500 na 12 ‐ 12
Subtotal Programme 12.1 8500 ‐ 8,500 12 ‐ 12
12: Food Safety and Quality Improvement
12.2 : Develop and enhance capacities of laboratories and systems for food quality assurance and safety and control of food
Yes DoF Development of fisheries and aquaculture food safety and quality management system in Bangladesh
9,760 4,968 4,792 EU 14 7 7
Subtotal Programme 12.2 9760 4,968 4,792 14 7 7
192
Program Sub‐program Included in the CIP 2011
GOB Agency Project Title
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (lakh taka) suggested
DP
Funds required between 2011‐2015 (million USD)
Total GoB PA Total GoB PA
12 : Food Safety and Quality Improvement
12.3 : Support the development of a modern food control management system
No DGHS
Development of improved methods and skills monitoring and source tracking of water borne bacterial pathogens to predict and control diarrheal epidemics
2,138 na na JDCF,JICA, CDC‐USA 3 ‐ ‐
MoHFW Improving food safety, quality and food control in Bangladesh ‐ na na EKN 12 ‐ 12
No DLS Facilities development for production of safe meat 700 700 IDB 1 ‐ 1
Subtotal Programme 12.3 2838 ‐ 700 16 ‐ 13
193
Annex 3.6 Development Partners’ contributions The total amount of funds made available by DPs on agriculture, food security and nutrition in 2010/11 is 2.5 billion USD, representing an increase of about 31% compared to the previous year. Out of this, 1.8 billion USD are ongoing and closed investments channeled through the ADP, and therefore direct contributions to the achievement of the NFP/CIP objectives. The remaining ongoing interventions, for an amount of 0.7 billion USD, are outside the ADP, but still contribute to achieving the objectives of the CIP. Among the main sources of information used to make these calculations are: (i) the Annual Development Plan (ADP) of the GOB, (ii) information provided by the GOB agencies and (iii) data provided by the members of the Local Consultative Group for Agriculture, Rural Development and Food Security (LCG/ARDFS), chaired by FAO which includes the major DPs. Compared to the previous update of the CIP (June 2011), owing to several rounds of validation, the current CIP 2012 budget is a closer representation of the universe of DPs projects intervening in the area of agriculture, food security and nutrition in Bangladesh. The CIP inventory and the following tables represent the areas of interest of the most active development partners. Donors community The group of DPs, involved in the updating exercise is mostly comprised of members of the LCG/ARDFS, including: ADB, AusAid, DANIDA, DFID, EKN (The Netherlands), EU, FAO, IDB, IFAD, JICA, SDC, UNDP, UNICEF, USAID, WB and WFP. Compared to the previous update, two additional donors have entered the CIP: (i) the Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme (GAFSP), which has granted 50 million USD to Bangladesh to increase agricultural productivity in agro‐ecologically affected areas, and (ii) the Government of China, which pledged 560 million USD for an investment to increase the production of fertilizers. The following tables include aggregated information on the individual DPs' contribution to the CIP sub‐sectors:
‐ Table 3.6a includes ongoing and completed investments carried out in partnership with the GOB and hence eligible to the CIP (USD 1,796 million);
‐ Table 3.6b contains ongoing investments implemented in partnership with NGOs or other contractors, and therefore excluded from the ADP accounts (USD 709 million); and
‐ Table 3.6c provides an indication of donors’ future commitments, in and outside the ADP (USD 1,755 million).
Profile of DPs’ investments The allocation of DPs' ongoing and completed contribution to the three components of the CIP (Table 3.6a) reflects the overall distribution of the entire CIP, with about 49% contributing to availability, 48% to access and the remaining 3% to utilization. The allocation of resources outside the ADP (Table 3.6b) is better balanced: investments in nutrition represent 17% of the total, much higher than the CIP data. On the possible future commitments (Table 3.6c), the proportion is biased by the large investment of China, which alone represents 32% of the commitments. Taking the commitment as indication of the DPs’ future interests, climate change, access to markets, and food management are the areas with the highest allocations. With the exclusion of the investment of China, about 51% of the remaining funds are allocated to the access component, indicating high interest in access to markets and poverty reduction.
194
Fungibility of DPs' interventions The compilation of the CIP inventory was done by allocating projects to CIP programmes and subprogrammes. This classification was done in consultation with the implementing agencies and the relevant donors. While such exercise is straightforward for some projects, it is quite complex for multisectoral projects. For projects with high fungibility, the expected outcomes have driven the classification and the respective budget allocated to programmes and subprogrammes were estimated accordingly (this is the case for example of the GAFSP funded IAPP). In other cases, the allocation to different programmes and subprogrammes was considered too complex, and the budget was allocated to the most relevant component. The latter approach was used in particular for projects focusing on poverty reduction, with implications on at least two components of the CIP (access and utilization), sometimes three for cases of project with implication on agricultural poverty and productivity. The case of the DFID (and others) funded UPPR and EEP/SHIREE are particularly representative. Both projects have been relevant to the CIP for their potential contribution to food security (to the economic access component, more specifically); moreover, the UPPR has a sub‐component on urban agriculture and farmers’ capacity development. The budget division however was not feasible and the projects have been classified under Programme 9 on effective social safety nets, in view of the learning potential from their implementation. Regarding nutrition, direct interventions have been mainly incorporated in Programme 10 ‘Community based nutrition programmes and services’. The main reference for costing was the Health and Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program (HPNSDP), composed of a set of 32 Operation Plans (OP), addressing health and nutrition. The most relevant OP for CIP is the National Nutrition Services, aimed at reducing malnutrition (especially among children and women) and at achieving sustainable improvements in nutritional status. For the CIP costing, the OPs most relevant to nutrition have been taken into consideration. These include the entire NNS, and a part of other OPs mainly focused on health, but which have significant impact on nutritional status. It has been estimated that only a share of the total cost would be relevant for nutrition and for the CIP. The OPs taken into consideration are:
‐ OP 3 ‐ Community Based Health Care (16.5% of its total cost): including services such as de‐worming, provision of vitamin A capsules, iron‐folic tablets.
‐ OP 7 ‐Non‐Communicable Diseases Control (12.8% of its total cost): such as diabetes, heart diseases and other conditions related to inappropriate diets and unhealthy lifestyles.
‐ OP 18 ‐ Maternal, Reproductive and Adolescent health (16.9 % of its total cost): provision of essential service packages.
‐ OP 23 ‐ Information, Education and Communication (19.4% of its total cost): health, nutrition and family planning.
‐ The OP 13 ‐ Planning, Monitoring and Research (DGHS) has been accounted for in Programme 11 (Orient food and nutrition actions through data). This takes into consideration those actions which do not directly address nutrition but provide the evidence base and data that will assist and contribute to key decisions on nutrition policies and programmes.
195
Annex.3.6a. DPs ongoing and completed CIP projects channeled through the ADP and changes between June 2010 and June 2011 (million USD) ‐ Table 4.2. in CIP 2011 CIP Component Food Availability Food Access Food Utilization
Total CIP Bud
get 2
012 (data
as of Jun
e 20
11)
Change from CIP Budget 2011
CIP programme
1. Sustainab
le and
diversified
agriculture
2. Im
proved
water
resource m
anagem
ent
3. Im
proved
qua
lity of
inpu
ts and
soil fertility
4. Fishe
ries an
d aq
uacultu
re
developm
ent
5. Livestock
developm
ent
Availability
6. Im
proved
access to
market
7. m
plem
entatio
n &
mon
itorin
g NFP
and
CIP
8. Enh
anced pu
blic
food
man
agem
ent
9. Effectiv
e safety
nets
Access
10. C
ommun
ity based
nu
trition
11. Foo
d an
d nu
trition
actio
ns th
rough da
ta
12. Foo
d safety
Utilization
Total
of which re
vision
s
of which actua
l chan
ges
ADB 1.0 72.4 28.6 ‐ 4.8 106.8 144.9 0.3 ‐ ‐ 145.1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 251.9 63.8 3.3 60.5 AusAid ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 14.2 14.2 ‐ ‐ ‐ 15.1 15.1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 29.2 3.3 3.3 ‐ Denmark/ DANIDA 8.9 ‐ ‐ 8.7 6.7 24.4 7.6 ‐ ‐ ‐ 7.6 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 32.0 (33.1) (33.1) ‐ DFID 120.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 116.6 236.6 5.3 ‐ ‐ 173.6 178.8 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 415.4 29.6 29.6 ‐ EKN ‐ 65.1 ‐ ‐ ‐ 65.1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 65.1 (119.1) (119.1) ‐ EU 0.5 ‐ 10.4 0.1 0.2 11.1 ‐ 3.4 ‐ 49.7 53.1 27.3 10.2 9.9 47.4 111.6 6.5 6.5 ‐ FAO 0.2 ‐ ‐ 0.1 ‐ 0.3 0.5 ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.7 (0.1) (0.1) ‐ GAFSP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ IDB 2.3 ‐ 35.0 4.5 ‐ 41.8 3.3 ‐ ‐ ‐ 3.3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 45.0 5.5 5.5 ‐ IFAD 16.1 43.3 ‐ 2.9 ‐ 62.2 23.5 ‐ ‐ ‐ 23.5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 85.7 45.0 45.0 ‐ JICA ‐ 69.0 ‐ ‐ 2.5 71.5 186.0 ‐ 35.0 ‐ 221.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 292.5 182.5 182.5 ‐ SDC ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ UNDP 16.7 ‐ 6.1 ‐ ‐ 22.8 ‐ ‐ ‐ 1.7 1.7 2.1 ‐ ‐ 2.1 26.5 (14.3) (14.3) ‐ UNICEF ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ (15.0) (15.0) ‐ USAID ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 11.0 10.2 ‐ ‐ 21.2 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 21.2 16.2 16.2 ‐ WFP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 8.3 8.3 1.5 ‐ ‐ 1.5 9.9 0.0 0.0 ‐ World Bank 37.3 84.8 53.4 ‐ 16.0 191.4 ‐ ‐ ‐ 183.1 183.1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 374.5 191.7 41.7 150.0 China ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ GIZ 1.8 ‐ 8.8 ‐ ‐ 10.5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 10.5 10.5 9.4 1.2 Norway 15.7 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 15.7 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 15.7 15.7 15.7 ‐ Spain ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 8.0 ‐ ‐ 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 ‐ CIMMYT ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Total DP 220.3 334.5 142.2 16.3 161.0 874.4 381.9 13.9 35.0 431.5 862.2 38.9 10.2 9.9 59.0 1,795.6 396.7 185.1 211.7 Share on total 12.3% 18.6% 7.9% 0.9% 9.0% 48.7% 21.3% 0.8% 1.9% 24.0% 48.0% 2.2% 0.6% 0.5% 3.3% 100.0%
196
Annex 3.6b DPs ongoing and completed CIP projects channeled outside the ADP and changes between June 2010 and June 2011 (million USD) ‐ Table 4.3. in CIP 2011
CIP Component Food Availability Food Access Food Utilization ChangefromCIPBudget2011
CIP programme
1. Sustainab
le and
diversified
agriculture
2. Im
proved
water
resource m
anagem
ent
3. Im
proved
qua
lity of
inpu
ts and
soil fertility
4. Fishe
ries an
d aq
uacultu
re
developm
ent
5. Livestock
developm
ent
Availability
6. Im
proved
access to
market
7. m
plem
entatio
n &
mon
itorin
g NFP
and
CIP
8. Enh
anced pu
blic
food
man
agem
ent
9. Effectiv
e safety nets
Access
10. C
ommun
ity based
nu
trition
11. Foo
d an
d nu
trition
actio
ns th
rough da
ta
12. Foo
d safety
Utilization
TotalCIP
Total
of which re
vision
s
of which actua
l chan
ges
ADB ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ AusAid ‐ 1.7 ‐ ‐ ‐ 1.7 ‐ ‐ ‐ 65.2 65.2 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 66.9 33.9 32.2 1.7 Denmark/DANIDA ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ DFID ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 131.8 131.8 14.8 ‐ ‐ 50.7 65.5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 197.3 146.6 14.8 131.8 EKN 7.3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 7.3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 7.3 (0.2) (0.3) 0.0 EU 14.1 ‐ ‐ ‐ 1.0 15.1 ‐ ‐ ‐ 49.0 49.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 64.1 (2.7) (2.7) ‐ FAO ‐ 0.4 ‐ ‐ 0.5 0.9 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.9 0.9 0.9 ‐ GAFSP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ (1.0) (1.0) ‐ IDB ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ IFAD ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 32.8 ‐ ‐ ‐ 32.8 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 32.8 (5.7) (5.7) ‐ JICA ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ SDC ‐ 0.2 3.4 1.6 5.0 10.1 2.4 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2.4 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 12.6 0.1 0.1 ‐ UNDP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.3 0.3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.3 0.3 ‐ 0.3 UNICEF ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ USAID 79.5 ‐ 24.3 21.2 24.6 149.6 9.7 32.8 ‐ ‐ 42.5 116.5 ‐ ‐ 116.5 308.6 18.0 18.0 ‐ WFP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 16.3 16.3 2.0 ‐ ‐ 2.0 18.3 ‐ ‐ ‐ World Bank ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ China ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ GIZ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Norway ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Spain ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ CIMMYT ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 8.3 (8.3) Total DP 100.9 2.4 27.7 22.8 162.8 316.6 59.7 32.8 ‐ 181.5 274.0 118.5 ‐ ‐ 118.5 709.1 190.1 64.6 125.5 Share on total 14.2% 0.3% 3.9% 3.2% 23.0% 44.6% 8.4% 4.6% 0.0% 25.6% 38.6% 16.7% 0.0% 0.0% 16.7% 100.0%
197
Annex 3.6c Possible future contributions by DPs‐ both ADP and non ADP (million USD) ‐ Table 4.4. in CIP 2011
CIP Component Food Availability Food Access Food Utilization
Chan
ge from
CIP Bud
get
2011
CIP programme
1. Sustainab
le and
diversified
agric
ulture
2. Im
proved
water
resource
man
agem
ent
3. Im
proved
qu
ality
of inp
uts
and soil fertility
4. Fishe
ries an
d aq
uacultu
re
developm
ent
5. Livestock
developm
ent
Availability
6. Im
proved
access
to m
arket
7. m
plem
entatio
n
& m
onito
ring NFP
an
d CIP
8. Enh
anced pu
blic
food
man
agem
ent
9. Effectiv
e safety
nets
Access
10. C
ommun
ity
based nu
trition
11. Foo
d an
d nu
trition
actions
through da
ta
12. Foo
d safety
Utilization
Total CIP
ADB 20.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 20.0 ‐ 0.5 ‐ ‐ 0.5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 20.5 (49.5) AusAid ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Denmark/ DANIDA 51.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 51.0 9.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 9.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 60.0 (15.0) DFID 23.8 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 23.8 ‐ ‐ ‐ 10.0 10.0 20.1 ‐ ‐ 20.1 53.8 35.6 EKN ‐ 30.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 30.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 12.5 12.5 42.5 (83.7) EU 5.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 9.0 14.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 96.0 96.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 110.0 110.0 FAO ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ (4.4) GAFSP 35.0 ‐ 1.8 5.2 4.3 46.3 ‐ 3.7 ‐ ‐ 3.7 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 50.0 50.0 IDB ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ IFAD 55.0 6.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 61.0 143.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 143.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 204.0 177.0 JICA ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ SDC ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 8.5 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8.5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 8.5 (6.5) UNDP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ UNICEF ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ (80.0) USAID 67.7 15.0 14.0 27.0 2.5 126.2 103.6 7.5 ‐ ‐ 111.1 16.3 ‐ 5.0 21.3 258.6 189.5 WFP ‐ 7.0 ‐ 2.0 3.0 12.0 18.0 ‐ ‐ 14.5 32.5 11.2 ‐ ‐ 11.2 55.7 (73.1) World Bank ‐ ‐ ‐ 125.0 ‐ 125.0 ‐ ‐ 200.0 ‐ 200.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 325.0 54.5 China ‐ ‐ 560.0 ‐ ‐ 560.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 560.0 560.0 GIZ 6.1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 6.1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 6.1 6.1 Norway 0.6 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.6 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.6 0.6 Spain ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ CIMMYT ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Total DP 264.08 58.00 575.77 159.23 18.82 1075.9 282.10 11.69 200.00 120.48 614.27 47.59 0.00 17.50 65.09 1,755.26 870.97 Share on total 15.0% 3.3% 32.8% 9.1% 1.1% 61.3% 16.1% 0.7% 11.4% 6.9% 35.0% 2.7% 0.0% 1.0% 3.7% 100.0%
___________________________________________________________________
Published by FPMU, Food Division
Ministry of Food and Disaster Management Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
with technical and financial support by
National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme