Monetary and Banking Reforms of India

SUBMITTED BY :

DARSHIKA VANI (54115)

DIVYA PATIDAR (54120)

DIVYANI BHARGAVA (54121)

PRATIK CHHABRA (54135)

PRIYANKA SALUJA (54136)

Agenda• Introduction

• Monetary Policy– Role of RBI– Current Monetary policy– Monetary Policy Review– Factors affecting Monetary Policy

• Banking Reforms– History & Development in Banking Role & Objectives Reforms & Measures taken– Narsimhan Committee Recommendations

• Impact of Banking Reforms

INTRODUCTION

Monetary Policy

Monetary Policy –Meaning….

Reserve Bank of India states that,

•Monetary policy refers to the use of instruments under the control of the central bank to regulate the availability, cost and use of money and credit.

Monetary policy is the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank. It involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.

Objectives• Maintaining price stability

• Ensuring adequate flow of credit to the productive Sectors of the economy to support economic growth

• Rapid economic growth

• Balance of payment equilibrium

• Full employment

• Equal income distribution

Role of RBI• One of the most important functions of central banks is formulation and

execution of monetary policy. In the Indian context, the basic functions of the Reserve Bank of India as enunciated in the Preamble to the RBI Act, 1934 are:“to regulate the issue of Bank notes and the keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage.”

• Thus, the Reserve Bank’s mandate for monetary policy flows from its monetary stability objective. Essentially, monetary policy deals with the use of various policy instruments for influencing the cost and availability of money in the economy. As macroeconomic conditions change, a central bank may change the choice of instruments in its monetary policy. The overall goal is to promote economic growth and ensure price stability.

Methods and Role of RBI• The RBI aims to achieve its objectives of economic

growth and control of inflation through various methods.

These methods can be grouped as: – General/ quantitative methods

– Selective/ qualitative methods

General/ Quantitative methods

• These methods maintain and control the total quantity or volume of credit or money supply in the economy.– Open Market Operations

• Open market operations indicate the buying/ selling of govt. securities in the open market to balance the money supply in the economy

– Deployment of Credit• The RBI has taken various measures to deploy credit in different

sector of the economy. The certain %age of the bank credit has been fixed for various sectors like agriculture, export etc.

Direct InstrumentsCash reserve ratio (CRR)

The money supply in the economy is influenced by CRR.

It is the ratio of a bank’s time and demand liabilities to be kept in reserve with the RBI.

The RBI is authorized to vary the CRR between 3% and 15%.

Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR):

Under SLR, banks have to invest a certain percentage of its time and demand liabilities in govt. approved securities.

The reduction in SLR enhances the liquidity of commercial banks.

Indirect InstrumentsLiquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF):– Consists of daily infusion or absorption of liquidity on a

repurchase basis, through repo (liquidity injection) and reverse repo (liquidity absorption) auction operations, using government securities as collateral.

i. Repo Rate:

– Repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends shot-term money to the banks against securities. When the repo rate increases borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive. 

ii.Reverse Repo Rate:

– The rate at which RBI borrows from commercial banks.

PM’s view at the Monetary Policy…

• “I think we expect the Governor to evolve a policy with the help of professional persons for a national consensus if we have to carry on with implementing social and economic changes in a complex economy,“

The remarks assume significance in the context of the raging debate over RBI's hawkish policy stance on checking inflation vis a vis government priority on growth.

• "The time has come to look at the possibilities and limitations of the monetary policy in a globalised economy and dealing with the constraints of the macro economic problems

Thoughts from the ex-Governor•  The debate on growth-inflation balance has been clouded by some

"oversimplifications".

• “One such oversimplification is to say that governments are for growth and central banks are for price stability.”

• “Another oversimplification is to assert that there is a tension between growth and inflation, and that one necessarily has to play the trade-off between growth and inflation in policy making" 

SELECTIVE/ QUALITATIVE MEASURES

• The RBI directs commercial banks to meet their social obligations through selective/ qualitative measures.

• These measures control the distribution and direction of credit to various sectors of the economy.

CEILING ON CREDIT

MARGIN REQUIREMENTS

DISCRIMINATORY RATES OF INTEREST

FACTORS AFFECTING MONETARY POLICYThere exist a non-monetized sector

Excess of non-banking financial institutions (NBFI)

Existence of unorganized financial market

Money not appearing in an economy

Monetary policy and fiscal policy lacks coordination

The Indicators since ‘91

The Indicators now…

Indicator Current rate

Inflation 6.46%

Bank rate 9.00%

CRR 4.00%

SLR 23%

Repo rate 7.75%

Reverse repo rate 6.75%

Marginal Standing facility rate

8.75%

Current Monetary Policy• Repo Rate

It has been decided to:

Reduce the policy repo rate under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) by 25 basis points from 7.5 per cent to 7.25 per cent with immediate effect.

• Reverse Repo Rate

The reverse repo rate under the LAF, determined with a spread of 100 basis points below the repo rate, stands adjusted to 6.25 per cent with immediate effect.

• Marginal Standing Facility Rate

The Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) rate, determined with a spread of 100 basis points above the repo rate, stands adjusted to 8.25 per cent with immediate effect.

• Bank Rate

The Bank Rate stands adjusted to 8.25 per cent with immediate effect.

Current Monetary Policy• Cash Reserve Ratio

The cash reserve ratio (CRR) of scheduled banks has been retained at 4.0 per cent of their net demand and time liabilities (NDTL).

Banking reforms in India

History and Development in Indian Banking Sector

Banking Sector can be divided into four phases

1. Evolutionary phase (Prior to 1950)

2. Foundation Phase (Between 1950 -1968)

3. Expansion Phase( 1968-1984)

4. Consolidation Phase( 1984-1990)

5. Reformatory Phase ( After 1990)

Phase-1-> Evolutionary Phase(Prior to 1930)

• Enactment of RBI Act 1935 gave birth to Scheduled Banks in India.

• First Bank which was established with Indian Ownership and management was Oudh Commercial Bank, formed in 1881

• Next was Ayodhya Bank in 1884, followed by Punjab National Bank in 1894 and Nedungadi Bank in 1899.

• Allahabad Bank was established in 1865 with the help of European Management was also very prominent in those days.

• In 20th Century ,We had twelve more scheduled banks coming up with the major ones being Bank of Baroda(1906), Canara Bank (1906), The Indian Bank (1907),The Bank of India(1908), Central Bank of India(1911)

Evolutionary Phase-New Developments In the 20th century , the banking sector was recognized as a powerful

instrument to drive the economic development of the country.

By 1921, the need of a State bank which had all support and resources from the government was felt.

Three Presidency banks were amalgamated to form Imperial Bank of India.

Role: -

To extend banking facilities

To render money resources more accessible to trade and industry

Promote financial system which extends support to social and economic advancement

Play the role of quasi-central bank and there by making it a sole repository of all funds

Phase 2-> Foundation Phase(1948-1968) By 1935 , Reserve Bank of India came into existence.

Period of reorganizing and consolidation for existing banking system

Banking Companies Act was passed in 1949 to conduct and control commercial banks

Banking sector which in the pre-independence era was supporting the needs of the government , rich individuals and traders opened its doors .

Credit was extended to small borrowers, agricultural sector

Transformation of Imperial Bank of India to State Bank of India.

Redefining the role of SBI in Indian economy

Strengthening the cooperative credit structure

Setting up framework for providing long term finance to agriculture and Industry.

Phase 3->Expansion Phase (1968-1984) The Year 1969 brought the “First Banking Revolution”

Socialization of Banking.

Nationalization of 14 Banks to make banking services reach the masses.

Rapid branch expansion, credit creation ,deposits mobilization

Penetration of banks into rural areas.

Banks funded all major Government projects and Schemes.

Second Phase of Banking revolution came in April,1980 with nationalization of 6 more banks.

Birth of Regional Rural Bank in 1975 and NABARD in 1982

Commercial Banks declined from 281 in 1968 to 268 in 1984.

Phase 3->Expansion Phase (1968-1984)

No. of Scheduled Bank rose from 71 to 264 No. of registration for Unscheduled banks declined from 210 to 4 As many as 50000 new branches were opened with 3/4th of them in semi-urban and rural areas.

Phase 4-> Consolidation Phase: (1984-1990)Why there was a need of Consolidation

• Gross inefficiency and loss of control was widespread in many offices

• Retail lending to more risk-prone areas at concessional interest rates had raised costs, affected the quality of assets of banks and put their profitability under strain.

• Competition amongst the banks was at a low ebb.

• Customer service was least priority to banks

• Performance of banks was measured in terms of growth of deposits , advances and quality took a backseat.

Phase 4-> Consolidation Phase: (1984-1990)

Steps taken for Consolidation

• Relaxation of tight regulations under which banks were operating

• Serious attention was given to improving housekeeping, customer services,

credit management, staff productivity and profitability of the banks.

• Concrete steps were taken to rationalize the rates of bank deposits and

lending.

• Composition of assets was fixed at 63.5% of bank funds as CRR and SLR

• Salary structure was negotiated by IBA and validated by government.

Factors responsible for decline in earnings and profits

• Directed investment in terms of minimum Statutory Liquidity Ratios which together with variable Cash Reserve Ratio, pre-empting well over half of the total resources mobilized by banks.

• Directed credit programme of deploying 40 per cent of bank credit to the priority sectors at low interest rates.

• Low capital base.

• Low technology.

• Phenomenal branch expansion.

• Political interference in loan disbursal and poverty eradication programmes.

Why Reforms were needed?• The reforms were initiated in the middle of a “current account”

crisis that occurred in early 1991.

• The crisis was caused by poor macroeconomic performance, characterized by :-

• a public deficit of 10 per cent of GDP,

• a current account deficit of 3 per cent of GDP,

• an inflation rate of 10 per cent

• Growing domestic and foreign debt, and

• A temporary oil price boom following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990.

Reformatory Phase (Post 1991)The main objective of the financial sector reforms in India initiated in the early

1990s was to create an efficient, competitive and stable financial sector that could then contribute in greater measure to stimulate growth.

The monetary policy framework made a phased shift from direct instruments of monetary management to an increasing reliance on indirect instruments.

However, as appropriate monetary transmission cannot take place without efficient price discovery of interest rates and exchange rates in the overall functioning of financial markets, the corresponding development of the money market, Government securities market and the foreign exchange market became necessary.

Reforms in the various segments, therefore, had to be coordinated.

FINANCIAL AND BANKING SECTOR REFORMS :

RBI’s approach• Cautious and proper sequencing of various measures giving adequate

time to the various agents to undertake the necessary norms e.g. gradual introduction of prudential norms

• Mutually reinforcing measures, that as a package would be enabling reform but non-disruptive of the confidence in the system e.g. reduction in refinance with reduction in CRR

• Complementarily between reforms in banking sector and changes in fiscal, external and monetary policies, especially in terms of co-ordination with Government e.g.recapitalisation of Government owned banks coupled with prudential regulation

• Developing financial infrastructure in terms of supervisory body, audit standards, technology and legal framework; e.g., establishment of Board for Financial Supervision

• Taking initiatives to nurture, develop and integrate money, debt and forex markets, in a way that all major banks have an opportunity to develop skills, participate and benefit; e.g., gradual reduction in the minimum period for maturity of term deposits.

Reform MeasuresInterest rate liberalization

Prior to the reforms, interest rates were a tool of cross-subsidization between different sectors of the economy.

• Interest rate structure had grown increasingly complex with both lending and deposit rates set by RBI

• At present, RBI is only setting the interest rates for NRI deposits.

Statutory Pre-emptions

Major problem faced by the banking system was on account of statutory pre-emption of banks resources to finance Government's budgetary needs

• Removal of these constraints meant a planned reduction in statutory pre-emption

• Effective CRR reduced from 15% in 1991 to 4.75% at present• SLR reduced from 38.5% in 1992 to 24% at present

Reform Measures

Priority sector lending

• Identified as one of the major reasons for the below average profitability of Indian banks.

• The Narasimham Committee recommended a reduction from 40% to 10%

• While nominal targets have remained unchanged, the effective burden of priority sector advances has been reduced by expanding the definition of priority sector lendingStabilization

• Due to directed lending practices and poor risk management skills, India's banks had accrued a significant level of NPLs.

• Prior to any privatization, the balance sheets of PSBs had to be cleaned up through capital injections.

Credit Controls

• Selective credit controls have been dispensed with and there is a greater freedom to both banks and borrowers in matters relating to credit

Reform MeasuresPrivatization

In 1993 partial private shareholding of the SBI was allowed, which made it the first SOB to raise equity in the capital markets.

• After the 1994 amendment of the Banking Regulation Act, PSBs were allowed to offer up to 49% of their equity to the public

• This led to the partial privatization of 11 PSBsPrudential Norms

Starting with the guidelines on income recognition, asset classification, provisioning and capital adequacy the RBI issued in 1992/93, there have been continuous efforts to enhance the transparency and accountability of the banking sector introduced gradually to meet the international standards

• Income Recognition & Asset Classification norms of 90 days as per international standards

• Prudential liquidity management guidelines and Operational risk management guidelines for Systems and Control

Reform Measures

• Competition and Transparency

• Competition is sought to be fostered by permitting new private sector banks, and more liberal entry of branches of foreign banks

• Supervision

• An independent Board for Financial Supervision under aegis of the RBI has been established, and consistent with international practice, focus is also on offsite inspections and on control systems internal to the banks.

Reform Measures

Structural changes

• Before the start of the 1991 reforms, there was little effective competition in the Indian banking system due to strict entry restrictions for new banks, which effectively shielded the incumbents from competition.

• The guidelines for licensing of new banks in the private sector were issued by RBI in January 1993

• RBI granted licenses to 10 banks in the private sector during 1993 to 2000

• By March 2005, the new private sector banks and the foreign banks had a combined share of almost 20% of total assets.

Narsimhan Committee Recommendations• Review – aspects relating to the structure, organization, procedures and

functioning of the financial system

• Constituted in 1991, the committee submitted two reports in 1992 and 1998, which laid significant thrust on enhancing the efficiency and viability of the banking sector

• The Narsimhan committee laid the foundation for the reformation of the Indian banking sector

Reduction of SLR to 25% over a period of 5 years

Progressive reduction of CRR to 3-5%

Phasing out of directed credit programme and redefinition of the priority sector

Stipulation of minimum CAR of 8% by March 1996

Adoption of uniform accounting practices in regard to income recognition, asset classification and provisioning against bad and doubtful debts

IMPACT OF REFORMS IN THE BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA

• India has lead to improve access to credit through newly established domestic banks, foreign banks and bank-like intermediaries. Government debt markets have developed, enabling greater operational independence in monetary policy making.

• Significant improvement in Information infrastructure.

• Operational and Managerial freedom to State owned Banks

• Government of India removed limits on banks Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) and Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) requirements, and gave the central bank greater flexibility to set the limits.

• In the first phase, between March 2005 and 2009, foreign banks will be allowed to establish a wholly owned subsidiary or to convert existing operations into a subsidiary.

• The RBI has raised the limit of Foreign Direct Investment in private banks to 74 percent from 49 percent.

• 5 per cent foreign investment limit in private banks by individual foreign banks

• 10 per cent foreign investment limit in private banks by foreign institutional investors or individual investors or individual corporate entities.

Thank You

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