Monday

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Georgia Institute of Technology [email protected]

Thrissur (every day, Week of Jan.9)Mostly dry, Warm (max 31°C, min 23°C), Wind will be generally light

Deciding What to Wear in Winter

Nashville Monday Jan. 9: High 6 deg. C, low -3 deg. C. Partly cloudy, Chance of rain showers and snow. Northwest winds 10 to 20 mph. Wind chill readings 10 to 20.

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Barefoot Sidewalk

What? •Portfolio of projects and laws to require clean, safe pedestrian environment. •Transform Kerala into the cleanest and most comfortable land in the world•Safe and Preferential pedestrian Crossings and foot/bicycle paths

Why? Stamp of integrity, quality, culture, comfort and appeal of Kerala Brand. Rise to the true potential of Mahabali’s land.

Fundamental change in environment, appearance and pride of population in their surroundings

How?•Disney-standards of urban cleanliness•Enforcement against littering and digging-up pavement•All local projects to ensure barefoot pedestrian wheelchair access. •Greenery requirement with all construction•Bicycle Lane access connecting all communities and in City Centers•No Powered Vehicle/No Pollution Market Zones

http://www.walkthroughindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/lifestyle-in-kerala.jpg

http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/00830/08TVRAIL_830862f.jpg

04/20/23

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Power Through The Sky: A Comprehensive Architecture for Beamed

Electric Power Delivery

Narayanan KomerathProfessor

Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, Georgia USA

Relevance to this conference: Smart Grid control problem, with billions of mobile, transient transmitters and receivers and dynamicgrid storage, with time scales from hours to microseconds.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POWER, SIGNALS, CONTROL AND COMPUTATIONS

January 3-06, 2012

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Conversion, transmission, reception and use of electric power as narrow, focused wireless beams.

1m to 109m, 100W to 1 GW; 2.4E9Hz to 2.0E15Hz

Why

• Emergency response systems• Rural electrification & connectivity• Highway speed EV charging• Retail beaming to microgenerators• Space-based power exchange

between renewable plants• Space Solar Power• Energy Independence!

Issues How

What

•Antenna Size Reduction Frequency & Distance•Conversion Efficiency InCA, NarrowBand PV•MMwave generation Solid state, optronic??•Atmospheric Propagation Tether waveguides, BurnThru•Policy/Investment Barriers Synergy, retail architecture•Ultimate Controls Problem? Smart, Massively Distributed

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Already In Use: Inductive Charging

http://www.greenpacks.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/south-korea-electric-system.jpg

http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2011/05/03/wireless-induction-charging4_GTTz6_40056.jpg

amazon.com

•Short range

•Stationary /Tracked

•Strong field

• Well-developed

• No further interest here.

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Range of Solution Types

Regional

global

Surf

ace

rang

e to

vis

ible

hor

izon

, km

Local

Altitude, km

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http://departements.telecom-bretagne.eu/data/mo/Gallery/Parab8GhzH2.gif

http://www.radartutorial.eu/06.antennas/pic/parabol1.print.png

High-Gain Antenna Near-field Radiation 1st sidelobe dia >> primary

Diffraction-Limited Antenna Size

DrDt = 2.44L for 84% capture

DrDt = 10.49L for 96% capture

Design difference between communications andPower beaming!

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Need Millimeter waves or Lasers for Practical Antennae!

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Georgia Institute of Technology [email protected]://media.photobucket.com/image/Boost%20Phase%20Intercept/vetobob/airbornelaser.jpg

Boost Phase Intercept (Lasers)

140GHz Propellant Heating Beam Considered by NASA/USAF

Beamed Propulsion (MMWaves)

•Dynamic Beam Pointing Is Feasible•100 MW-class continuous MMwave beams possible

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Phased Arrays Use 1000s of Antenna Elements to Control BeamPointing Using Relative Phases of Elements

95 GHz Power Beam

http://4.bp.blogspot.com

20 GHz Radar

http://www.bercli.net/images/principles_phased_array.png

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http://www.nuenergy.org/images/jpg/demo2.jpg

Many Demonstrations of Power Beaming Exist

Microwave

Optics PV

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Relative humidity, percent

0.01

0.1

1

10

0 25 50 75 100

95 GHz

140 GHz

220 GHz

1 atm, 310 K

Att

enu

atio

n,

dB

per

km

Spectrum Considerations

Millimeter Wave Transparency ispoor through a wet-dense atmosphere

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Dry Atmospheric Absorption for Vertical Transit to 2800m (Mauna Kea)Millimeter Wave Transparency is excellent above 3 km!

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Proposed Solution for Rural Electrification: 4km Aerostats and Tether Waveguides

Komerath, Pant, Kar: ISED 2011

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Emergency Response System Using Aerostats

From: Komerath, ACWR2011, Dec. 2011

Internal Antenna Carriage feasible

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Retail beaming to augment micro renewable generators

•PV-antenna integration•Nano-antenna•Micro-antenna

http://www.taiwantrade.com.tw

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http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freewaymgmt

Highway Charging of Electric Vehicles: Smart Grid and Aerostats

http://transportation.blog.state.ma.us

EVs as distributedstorage!

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Which Brings Us to the Ultimate Dream:24-365 Clean, unlimited Space Solar Power

How am I doing on time, please?

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SPACE SOLAR POWER: Specific Power and Minimum Installed Cost

Specific Power : •Target of most PV systems ~ 1kW per kg in space. •Present reality ~ 0.1 to 0.3 kW per kg in space•PV system mass scales linearly with power•Intensified PV: Beyond 2 Suns, Active Thermal Control System mass

Launch cost alone is over $6000 / kg to GEO. Hence launch cost alone is > $6 / Watt if 1 kW/kg is achieved, and around $20 - $60 per Watt todayAdd system costs. Hard to see how we can do better than $10/Watt installed cost even in the long term.

Compare to $1 - $2 /Watt installed cost of nuclear or wind power, or $3 / Watt of terrestrial solar, doable now with no technical uncertainty(see prices at www.alibaba.com….) $0.7 /Watt claimed for PV panels alone.

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GEO

5500 km

2000 km

Dr : 2.44

RDt

Diffraction Limited Minimum Receiver Diameter to Capture 84% of Received Beam Power

Implications of Orbit Choice

GEO: Natural choice for large, permanent infrastructure. Dr ~ 18 times Dr for 2000km sun-sync orbit“Pilot plant” has to be huge. No evolutionary path.

•“Molniya” (lightning): Long dwell over one plant. Large, varying distance.

•Sun-Sync: Comes around at the same time every day

Molniya

Non-GEO/Molniya: Must learn to deal with dynamic beaming(cellphones? beam weapons?) + constellation (GPS?).

Enables global distribution from small plants and receivers: Evolutionary path possible.

If Dt ~100m, R ~36,000,000m, ~ 0.1m, Dr~ 88 km

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Dream of SSP vs. RealityNgorongoro Viability Parameter

k

25000*P *s *c

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k

25000*P *s *c

P: price of space-generated power in (e.g. $0.2/KWHe): efficiency of converted power transmission to the ground. (e.g. 50%)s: (KWe/Kg): Technology of conversion, giving mass needed per kilowatt of electric power generated per unit mass that has to be placed in orbit (e.g., 0.8 KWe/kg)c: Launch cost in $ per kg to Low Earth Orbit. (e.g., $2500/kg)

Prospect of Breakeven: Need k ~1

Parameter Present Needed

P, US$/ KWHe 0.1-0.2 0.2

?? (0.1?) 0.5

c, $/kg to LEO $2K - $15K <$2.5K

s, Kwe/Kg in space

<0.1 >1

Ground receiver dia

~ 100km <1km

Technical barriers: , s

Ngorongoro Viability Parameter

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Space-based power exchange:The Space Power Grid Approach

Use space-based infrastructure to boost terrestrial “green” energy production from land and sea: argument for public support.

Full SSP(very large collectors in high orbit) will add revenue-generating infrastructure.

220 GHz beaming and orbits at 2000 km in a Space Power Grid architecture, provide factor of 26 improvement over GEO-based 5.8 GHz SSP concepts

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PV or InCA? Girasols and Mirasols

•Gas turbine specific power rises with power level, while PV specific power is constant. •Primary gas turbine power generation can close the specific power viability gap, when used with SPG.

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US-India Demonstration Model

• Demonstrate feasibility of beaming power using few satellites and ground locations.• Model development using STK Orbit-modeling software• Model characteristics: 5500 km altitude, 3 to 6 satellites (near-equatorial orbits)

– 4 ground facilities: India (Maharashtra), US (NM), Middle East (Egypt), Western Australia– 2 facilities (India & US)

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You don’t need 24-hour power delivery if it is between solar power stations. Afternoon Sun Scenario for SPG Phase 1 startup.

•80 minutes of access per 24 hours per location. •This orbit performs 23 revolutions around the earth every 48 hours.

Ground Tracks of 6 sun-synchronous satellites at 1900 km

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Discussion: Knowledge Needs

Millimeter Wave & Dynamic Pointing 1. Generation options2. Generation efficiency3. Generation Specific power4. Antenna geometry5. Antenna mass6. Waveguide specific mass7. Waveguide attenuation / ACTS solutions8. Phase array antenna DSP solutions9. Beam profile & pointing accuracy10. Health effects11. Atmospheric propagation at high cw

levels.

Other Issues1. Sunlight collection and intensification: specific

power2. Wavelength separation: specific power3. Narrowband PV specific power & efficiency4. ACTS specific mass at high power levels5. Airbreathing RLV design for large payloads

(50,000 kg to LEO): LACE, hypersonic L/D, takeoff and landing

propulsion6. Policy implications of large SSP stations7. Retail power beaming & distribution

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Smart Grid Issues

•Wireless power beaming can grow to several TW.

•Drivers: renewable generation, DG, storage, e-mobility and electric vehicles.

•Power-electronic interface and storage options already being developed for utility scale or microscale VLSI.

•Square waves, waveform dropouts, storage methods, reactive power.

•Millions of transient new mobile links, suppliers and sites.

•On-demand transmission power control is necessary.

•Time scales of fluctuations: day/night, to millisecond-scale cut-off of beaming

•to a 60 MW highway charging station or satellite by a safety breaker.

•Wind plants demand gust load accommodation with 1-second time scale.

•Reactive load due to these temporal fluctuations must be accommodated and the power redistributed spatially based on demand/capacity computations done at sub-millisecond response times.

• Many issues similar to VLSI- Smart Grid research underway.

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1. Beamed power requires millimeter waves for practical antennae. 2. 220 GHz window offers efficient propagation above 3 km.3. Emergency Response systems in India can benefit from aerostat

antenna / waveguide tether power delivery and communications.4. Aerostat antennae with waveguide tethers offers scaleable solution for

rural electrification in India. 5. Highway charging of EVs offers breakthrough in EV adoption. 6. Space Solar Power can be made viable using Space Power Grid

synergy with terrestrial energy suppliers, primary Brayton cycle conversion and millimeter wave beaming.

7. A US-India power exchange provides a unique opportunity to start the Space Power Grid towards full SSP.

8. Roadmap to energy independence.

CONCLUSIONS

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1. Lab experiments on MMwave beaming, rising with a balloon/aerostat up to 4 km. 2. Rural power beaming demo3. Emergency Response/ Forward Base systems4. Highway EV charging demo5. Power beaming through / between aerostats6. Dynamic power beaming between a ground station and a satellite in a sun-synchronous orbit.7. Earth-space-earth millimeter wave beaming.8. Millimeter wave conversion efficiency improvements9. “Burn-through” vs. aerostat techniques to improve transmission efficiency10. Millimeter wave power beaming between satellites.11. Waveguide type relay of millimeter wave power through a satellite to another satellite in space. 12. 2-satellite, 2-ground station relay of millimeter wave power. 13. High-orbit collector / low orbit receiver demo14. 10MW photovoltaic SSP + waveguide power exchange satellite demo.15. 6-satellite and 4-satellite systems described above, growing from there to global SPG.16. Brayton cycle primary intensified conversion demo. 17. 100 MW SSP sat demo18. 60 MW waveguide satellites of Phase 1 SPG.19. 1GWe Mirasol and Girasol

Risk-Mitigation Demonstration Sequence

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http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/viirpt/sec5.htm

Line A: Average absorption at sea level, 20C, 1atm, H2O vapor 7.5 g/m3) Line B: Altitude 4 kilometers pressure altitude, (0C, Water Vapor Density= 1 g/m3)

Atmospheric Absorption for Horizontal Propagation

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Update on Space Solar Power from New Scientist, ~2008 Magazine: Dec.22. 2008

http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/archive/2631/26311601.jpg

Ballpark estimates for a 1 GWe SSP plant from nk: •1 GWe at 20% conversion needs 5 sq. km in orbit•The rest (4 GW) must be radiated into Space.•1 GWe has to be beamed down to Earth. •And received efficiently on someone’s land. •And distributed and sold at a profit. •The enterprise must not go broke.

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What does a power exchange buy us for SSP?

a) Rationale for global public investment – help the business case for terrestrial renewable power. b) Global endorsement to overcome the obvious international concerns over SSP c) Public investment in SSP R&D to solve millimeter wave and dynamic phase array pointing. d) Revenue with breakeven at 6% ROI to launch the Phase 1 constellation.e) Prove the market for beamed power, and win development support for the first 1GW stationf) Win public support for the massive investment needed in Airbreathing Reusable Launch Vehicles to bring down the launch cost to launch the large SSP stations. f) Global support and investment at the level needed to expand to TW-level SSP.

Why don’t we just go ahead to build the 1GW satellites?

•With what resources, how much, and why/where would you get those resources? •What is the business case? How will you achieve low launch costs? Pay for the R&D? •Why would profit-seeking enterprise invest in something without a business case? •How many votes in the US Congress would you get to win taxpayer funding? •Why would the renewable energy community support you?

Monday

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