MONDAY 1.Draft orthographic projections from a given parallel projection drawing. 2.Draw an...

MONDAY1. Draft orthographic projections from a given

parallel projection drawing.2. Draw an isometric drawing from given

orthographic projections.TUESDAY

Multiple choice

Calculators not allowed on either portion. No extra time to complete test will be available.

TEST 2 REVIEW: Communication TechnologyTest Thursday and Friday

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POLY ENGINEERING2-1

Telephone

T.V. Remote

Alarm Clock

Thermostat

When answering this type of question…

SOURCE of communication to

DESTINATION of communication

The large orange # refers to the test review sheet

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POLY ENGINEERING2-1

INPUTS PROCESSES

OUTPUTS

GOALS

GOALS

FEEDBACKControl

Communication Technology

Transmitted Communication

Encoder Transmitter

Receiver Decoder Storage

Retrieval

Received Communication

Input Process Output

SOURCE DESTINATIONTECHNOLOGY

Inform Persuade Entertain Control Manage Educate

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POLY ENGINEERING2-1

Telephone CommunicationOne of the simplest devices in your house

You speak into the microphone

InputProcesses

Friend hears voice

OutputEncoderTransmitter

ReceiverDecoderStorage

Retrieval

Microphone – converts sound energy of voice into electrical energy (encodes)Wires – the electrical energy travels from your phone, via exchanges, to your friend’sReceiver – friend’s earpiece speaker converts the electrical energy back to soundAnswering Machine – friend isn’t home, and this machine stores your communicationPlay Button – friend gets home, presses play, hears your recorded voice

What part of this technology system is an example of Human to Machine communication?

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POLY ENGINEERING2-4

• Television (1925)– Greek: tele – far, Latin: visio – seeing – 4 main parts (cathode ray tube)– Electron gun fires 3 beams – Steering coils move electron beam across screen – Phosphorus screen has over 200,000 pixels– Glass tube holds it all together– Signals are broadcasted like radio signalsTe

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sCommunication Technology

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Radio:

Goal: Inform Persuade Entertain Control Manage Educate

Source: Sounds and Information

Encoder: Devices that convert sound and info into a modulated sine wave (rapidly changing electric current in a wire)

Sine wave contains no information. We need to modulate (vary) it.

Problem:

Assignment 2 and 3

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POLY ENGINEERING2-2

Assingnment 2 and 3 REVIEW

Radio:Goal: Inform Persuade Entertain Control Manage Educate

Source: Sounds and Information

Encoder: Devices convert sound and info into modulated sine waves

Transmitter: Antennas radiate the radio waves into air (medium)

Receiver: Antennas capture the radio waves from air

Decoder: Devices convert radio waves back into sounds and data

[Storage: Recording devices store sounds and data for playback]

[Retrieval: Stored data can be accessed and played]

Destination: Consumers’ ears and eyes

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POLY ENGINEERING2-2

Drill

1. A device that changes a message into a form that can be transmitted

2. A device that sends a signal (i.e., encoded message)3. A device that acquires a signal (i.e., encoded message)4. A device that changes a coded message into an

understandable form

Decoder

Encoder

Receiver

Transmitter

Data

Match the statements with the correct term below:

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POLY ENGINEERING2-2

Communication

Knowledge

Information

Storage

1. Unorganized facts2. Organized data3. Information applied to a task4. The sending and receiving of information

Data

Match the statements with the correct term below:


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POLY ENGINEERING2-2

Assignment 2 and 3- REVIEWRadio:

Pulse Modulation: turn the voltage (sine wave) on/off (Morse Code)

Amplitude Modulation: vary the amplitude (peak-to-peak) voltage

Frequency Modulation: vary the frequency (speed)

PM

AM

FM

Encoder: Devices that convert sound and information into a modulated sine wave

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POLY ENGINEERING2-4

– Print Graphic Communication Visual, lingual messages that include printed media

– Photographic Communication Using photographs, slides, or motion pictures to

communicate a message– Telecommunications

Communicating over a distance– Technical Graphic Communication

Specific information about a product or its partsSize and shape, how to install, adjust, operate, maintain,

or assemble a device

Classes of Communication Technology

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POLY ENGINEERING2-4

1. Print Graphic Communication 2. Photographic Communication 3. Telecommunications4. Technical Graphic Communication

Matching Classes

Telephone HeadphonesBook ComputerVideotape Remote ControlDVD PaintingMagazine CameraPhotograph Comic StripNewspaper Billboard

312,32,3121

333221,21,2

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POLY ENGINEERING2-4

– Major Processes:• Relief

– A modeled work that is raised (or lowered) from a flat background.

– Cuneiform by the Sumerians ~6000 years ago. – Wood block printing ~200 C.E.– Movable type printing ~1040 C.E. (Gutenberg ~1450)– Intaglio (in-tal-yo) ~1430– Rotary printing press ~1843

• Lithography (offset printing) ~1796– The source and destination are not on raised surfaces– Grease and water do not readily mix– A chemical process– Most modern books and newspapersPr

int G

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(in-tal-yo)

1. Depressions cut into printing plate

2. The plate is covered in ink

3. Excess ink is removed from surface

4. Paper placed on plate and compressed

5. Paper is removed and ink has been transferred

By 593 A.D., the first printing press was invented in China, and the first printed newspaper was available in Beijing in 700 A.D. It was a woodblock printing. And the Diamond Sutra, the earliest known complete woodblock printed book with illustrations was printed in China in 868 A.D. And Chinese printer Bi Sheng invented movable type in 1041 A.D. in China.

Low ReliefHigh Relief


Cuneiform

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POLY ENGINEERING2-4

• Screen Printing (~1000 C.E., China; 1907 England)– Mainly billboards, package labels, fabric designs– Uses a woven mesh (a screen) to support an ink

blocking stencil. – The stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink

as a sharp-edged image onto a substrate. – A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen

stencil forcing or pumping ink past the threads of the woven mesh in the open areas.

• Electrostatic (1938 / 1960s)– Photocopier, Laser Printer– Opposite charges attract

• Ink Jet (1980s)– Use a series of nozzles to spray ink directly on paperPr

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• Photographic Communication – The process of using photographs to communicate a

message– Photography – capturing light on a light-sensitive

material such as film or electronic sensor– As a usable process, 1820s– Includes photographs, slides, and motion pictures

Phot

ogra

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Com

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• Telecommunication– Communicating over a distance

Tele – Greek, “far off” Communicare – Latin, “to share”– Rely on the principles of electricity and magnetism – 2 types:

• Hardwired systems (telephone, cable, fiber-optic)• Broadcast systems (radio and t.v., mobile phones)

– Point-to-point: • One transmitter and one receiver

– Broadcast:• One powerful transmitter to numerous receiversTe

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– Smoke signals and drums– Chains of beacons (Middle Ages)

• Navigation signals• Enemy troops approaching

– Homing pigeons • Carrier pigeons used as early as 1150 in Baghdad• Olympic victors, Greece; Stock options, Europe

– Optical telegraph (semaphore, 1792, France)• Towers with pivoting shutters• Information encoded by the position of the

mechanical elements

Tele

com

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– Telegraph (mid 1830s)• First instrument used to send messages by means of wires

and electric current• A device interrupts the flow of a current through a wire• Uses shorter and longer bursts of current to represent

letters• Device at receiving end converted electrical signal into

clicks• Operator/mechanical printer converted clicks into words• Telegram – wires over land• Cable – wires under water

– Telephone (1876 – Bell and Gray)• Greek: tele – far, phone – sound

Tele

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Tech

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– Engineering Drawing / Technical Illustration• Communicates specific information

– Size and shape– How parts are assembled– How to install, operate, adjust, maintain a device

• Hand methods– Sketching– Drafting

• Computer methods– CAD (AutoCAD, Sketchup, Inventor, ProEngineer, etc.)

• Cover the 3 main technical drawing types and their ~12 variations

• Establish class standards for technical drawing• Further develop and apply skills in drafting• Develop and apply skills in Sketchup

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Objectives

Tech

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onThe remainder of Unit 2:

Technical Graphic Communication

• One of many drafting techniques• Quick way to show an idea that would be difficult

to describe with words alone• Used mainly in Engineering Design Process Step 2:

Brainstorm, Research, and Generate Ideas

• NO DRAWING TOOLS (not even a straightedge)• Rules of drawing STILL APPLY

– Pull, don’t push– LIGHT construction lines– Use appropriate line weight and type

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POLY ENGINEERING2-9

SKETCHESTY

PE 1

: SKE

TCH

ES

• Orthographic Projections:– Ortho: straight or at right angles– Graphic: written down– Pro: forward– Jacere: to throw

“To throw straight forward and write down”• The method of representing the exact form of an

object in 2 or more views on planes (usually at right angles to each other)

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POLY ENGINEERING2-9

MULTI-VIEWTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

• There are 6 standard views:

• Which views to use?– The different features of an object will suggest which

views to draw. – Standard is:

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POLY ENGINEERING2-9

MULTI-VIEWTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

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POLY ENGINEERING2-9How are orthographic projections drawn?

MULTI-VIEWTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

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POLY ENGINEERING2-9

• Reference Planes:– Frontal Reference Plane

» Front View– Horizontal Reference Plane

» Top View– Profile Reference Plane

» Side View

MULTI-VIEWTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

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POLY ENGINEERING2-9

– Frontal Reference Plane» Front View

– Horizontal Reference Plane» Top View

– Profile Reference Plane» Side View

MULTI-VIEWTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

Which Reference Plane?HRP

Which Reference Plane?PRP

Which View?FRONT


FRP

Which View?RIGHT

Which Reference Plane?

Now, sketch the Horizontal Reference Plane and label the view and other planes.

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POLY ENGINEERING2-9

• Reference Planes:– Frontal Reference Plane

» Front View– Horizontal Reference Plane

» Top View– Profile Reference Plane

» Side View

MULTI-VIEWTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

Which Reference Plane?FRP

Which Reference Plane?PRP

Which View?TOP

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POLY ENGINEERING2-9

• Reference Planes:– You can also have multiple positions of the same

reference planes

MULTI-VIEW

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• Sectional Views– How an object looks if a cut were made through it

perpendicular to the direction of sight.– For example, if we cut the shape below at PRP 2 and

drew the shape (including its “insides”) we would have a sectional view:

SECTIONAL VIEWSTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

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• Sectional Views– Different materials have different sectional views

SECTIONAL VIEWSTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

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• Examples

SECTIONAL VIEWSTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

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•So far, our standard 6 views are all visible using the three regular planes of projection

–Frontal Reference Plane–Horizontal Reference Plane–Profile Reference Plane

•Those views are drawn TRUE SIZE•However, inclines (slants) are not shown as true

size in standard views.

AUXILIARY VIEWSTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

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•Inclines (slants) are not shown as true size in standard views.

• Each square below represents 1”. What are the widths of the front view and right side views?

– 9” and 4”, respectively

AUXILIARY VIEWSTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

FRP

HRP

PRP

• Neither the front, top, or side view shows the true size and shape of the object’s inclined surface.

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AUXILIARY VIEWSTY

PE 2

: MU

LTI-V

IEW

FRP

PRP


ARPAuxiliary Reference Plane

The ARP shows true form (shape and size) for inclines

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TYPE

2: M

ULT

I-VIE

WSURFACE DEVELOPMENTS

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Stretchout Pattern Development• Used by many industries:

– Pipes and ducts– Aircraft and automobile parts– Storage tanks– Cabinets– Boxes and cartons– Packages

• Packaging is a very large industry that uses surface developments.

TYPE

2: M

ULT

I-VIE

WSURFACE DEVELOPMENTS

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• Tells all that needs to be known for making a single part or a complete machine or structure

– Precise size and shape– What materials are used– How finishing should be done (roughness/smoothness)– Degree of accuracy (% Error allowed)

TYPE

2: M

ULT

I-VIE

WWORKING DRAWINGS

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• Pictorial drawings show a likeness (shape) of an object as viewed by the eye.

PICTORIAL DRAWINGSTY

PE 3

: PIC

TORI

AL

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ISOMETRICTY

PE 3

: PIC

TORI

AL

Isometric Cube:

1) all lines equal length;

2) all faces equal area;

3) perimeter is a hexagon

• From Greek: Equal Measure– Isos: Equal– Metron: Measure

• The scale along each axis of the projection is the same• True form parallel lines are shown as parallel (note colors

below)• All isometrics: simple construction

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• Latin: perspicere – to see through• An approximate representation of an image as it is

perceived by the eye. • The most characteristic feature of perspectives is that

objects are drawn:

Smaller as their distance from the observer increases

PERSPECTIVETY

PE 3

: PIC

TORI

AL

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• A way of showing depth, like isometric• Part orthographic / part isometric:

– One face is true form– Parallel lines behind; either:

» Full scale» Half scale» Three-quarter scale

OBLIQUETY

PE 3

: PIC

TORI

AL

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• Take an object and separate into individual parts• Usually employed in instruction manuals• Typically drawn in parallel projection (notice there

is no perspective in the examples below)

EXPLODED ASSEMBLYTY

PE 3

: PIC

TORI

AL

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• Show the interior details of a product• Often employed in instruction manuals• Assists in understanding operation of product

CUT-AWAY PICTORIALTY

PE 3

: PIC

TORI

AL

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• Turn in your 3-view assignment (include NAME)• Match the type of Technical Graphics below with

its type:

Isometric Section Standard View Development Perspective Oblique

Cut-away Pictorial Com

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echn

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DRILL

A B C

D E F

G

E

B

C

F

G

D

A

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Which of the following images are parallel projections?

TECHNICAL GRAPHICSTe

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No drawing tools

SKETCHESTe

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[REVIEW]

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Standard Views

Sectional Views

Auxiliary Views

Developments

Working Drawings

MULTI-VIEW DRAWINGSTe

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[REVIEW]

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Show a likeness of an object as viewed by the eyeIsometric

Perspective

Oblique

Exploded Assembly

Cutaway Pictorial

Tech

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Com

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1. Line Weights2. Line Types3. Dimensioning4. Scales

CLASS STANDARDSTe

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Four Weights in this class:

Light: not noticeable from 2’ (nearly invisible)

Medium: just noticeable from 2’Heavy: obvious from 2’ (final weight

for most objects)Very Heavy: only used for borders

LINE WEIGHTSTe

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1. Construction/Layout Lines– LIGHT WEIGHT– ALL lines begin as these– DO NOT ERASE (unless there is a measuring error)

2. Guidelines– LIGHT WEIGHT– Used for LETTERING

LINE TYPESCL

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3. Object Lines:– HEAVY WEIGHT– The final line type for most

objects

4. Hidden Lines:– HEAVY WEIGHT– Everything must be represented in each view, whether

or not it can be seen– Interior and exterior features are projected from view

to view in the same way– Parts not seen on the exterior of a view are drawn

with hidden lines – short DASHES

LINE TYPESCL

ASS

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5. Centerlines:– MEDIUM WEIGHT– Centers of symmetrical objects, including circles– Used to locate views and dimensions

LINE TYPESCL

ASS

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6. Section Lines:– MEDIUM WEIGHT– Show materials in cross-section views– Different materials use different section lines

LINE TYPESCL

ASS

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6. Extension Lines:– MEDIUM WEIGHT– Extend from objects – Used for dimensioning

7. Dimension Lines:– MEDIUM WEIGHT– Used for dimensioning– Go between extension lines

LINE TYPESCL

ASS

STA

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ARD

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CLAS

S S

TAN

DAR

DS

• 2 things are needed to describe an object completely:

– Shape – Size

• Dimensioning: Size description– Units are required– Decimal or Fraction– Dimensions read from bottom or right side

• Include:– Extension line: begin 1/16” away from object and extend

1/16” beyond Dimension Line– Dimension line: use arrowheads, guidelines, and LETTER

DIMENSIONING

PREFERRED

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• Objects to be drawn may be small – Nanotechnology machine parts, for example

• Objects to be drawn may be big– Buildings, bridges, airliners, oil rigs, trucks, cars

• Full Scale drawings will not always fit on a sheet of paper

• Scale down or scale up ½” = 1’-0” ¼” = 1’-0” 1” = 14’-0”

• Scale must be indicated in your title block• Architect’s Scale, Engineer’s Scale, Metric Scale

make scaling drawings simpler.

SCALESCL

ASS

STA

ND

ARD

S

1. Add width of front view to width of right view (depth).

2. Add the space we will put between: 1.5”

4.5” + 2” = 6.5”

HORIZONTAL STARTING POINT

6.5” + 1.5” = 8”

3. Subtract from the total width.10” – 8” = 2”

4. Divide by 2.Horizontal Starting Point = 1”

1. Add height of front view to height of top view (depth).

2. Add the space we will put between: 1.5”

3” + 2” = 5”

VERTICAL STARTING POINT

5” + 1.5” = 6.5”

3. Subtract from the total height.7.25” – 6.5” = .75” = 3/4”

4. Divide by 2.Vertical Starting Point = .375” = 3/8”

Vertical Starting Point is 7/8”

Horizontal Starting Point = 1”

review

Thursday’s TestYou will be given the sheet below, including the

border and title block. 1. Draw lettering guidelines 1/16” 2. Complete title block3. Calculate starting point (vertical and horizontal) – NO

CALCULATOR ALLOWED

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• Isometrics are drawn with:– All object vertical lines are vertical– All object horizontal lines are drawn 30 degrees

from the horizontal– All lines are drawn true size

DRAWING ISOMETRICSTe

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• One of the most effective ways to sketch an object pictorially is to sketch it in isometric.1. Start by sketching an enclosing box (absolute

height, width, depth) – Construction Lines2. Add in features3. Darken all final lines

Tech

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onDRAWING ISOMETRICS

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• Front view is typically drawn first• You must look at all views

Tech

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onISOMETRICS from ORTHOGRAPHICS

Let each grid space = ½”

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1. Describe an isometric view2. Prepare drawing paper3. Locate center of drawing space4. Plot starting point of drawing5. Complete isometric drawing

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DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

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1. Describe an isometric view1. Height2. Width 3. Depth

(of the front view)

Tech

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Com

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onDRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

2. Prepare drawing paper3. Locate center of drawing space

Tech

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Com

mun

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onDRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

45 degree triangle

Construction Lines

4. Plot starting point of drawing

Tech

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30-60-90 triangle

1) ½ W2) ½ D3) ½ H

Starting Point

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5. Complete isometric drawing

Tech

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Starting Point

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Tech

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review

Thursday’s TestYou will be given the sheet below, including the

border, title block, and isometric guidelines. 1. Draw lettering guidelines 1/16” 2. Complete title block3. Calculate starting point

1. Draw “X” across drawing space2. Pick the nearest intersection3. Measure down to right ½ width4. Measure down to left ½ depth5. Measure straight down ½ height

4. Each grid space = ¼”

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POLY ENGINEERING

MONDAY 1.Draft orthographic projections from a given parallel projection drawing. 2.Draw an...

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Transcript of MONDAY 1.Draft orthographic projections from a given parallel projection drawing. 2.Draw an...