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Transcript of MONA DOMOSH RODERICK P. NEUMANN PATRICIA L. PRICE TERRY G. JORDAN-BYCHKOV C. 2012 W.H. FREEMAN & CO....
MONA DOMOSHRODERICK P. NEUMANN
PATRICIA L. PRICETERRY G. JORDAN-BYCHKOV
C. 2012 W.H. FREEMAN & CO.
The Human MosaicA Cultural Approach to Human Geography
12th Edition
GEOGRAPHY:The study of spatial patterns and of differences and similarities from one place to another in environment and culture.
What is geography?
The study of spatial variationHow – and why – things differ from place
to place on the surface of the earthThe study of how observable spatial
patterns evolved through time
What is Culture?
Culture The specialized behavioral patterns,
understandings, adaptations, and social systems that summarize a group of people’s learned way of life. (whew!)
Buildings (architecture, materials) Farming Patterns (subsistence vs.
corporate) Language Ways of earning a living
Culture
(1) A total way of life held in common by a group of people, including such learned features as:
Speech Ideology Behavior Livelihood Technology Government
Culture
(2) The local, customary way of doing things—a way of life; an ever-changing process in which a group is actively engaged; a dynamic mix of symbols, beliefs, speech, and practices.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY:The study of the relationships between people
and the places and spaces in which they live.
What is Culture? (cont.)
Culture is transmitted by: Imitation Instruction Example
Culture is NOT biological, it is LEARNED
The visible and invisible evidence of culture are all parts of spatial diversity
Structure of Culture
Any Culture can be viewed in three subsystems: Ideological
Mentifacts – “ideas, beliefs, knowledge” Technological
Artifacts – “stuff” Sociological
Sociofacts – “expected/accepted behavior”
What is geography?
Geography is a spatial scienceSpatial behavior of peopleSpatial relationships between placesSpatial processes that create or maintain those behaviors and relationships
SPACE• Term used to connote the objective, quantitative,
theoretical, model-based, economics-oriented type of geography that seeks to understand spatial systems
and networks through the application of social science.•Or…
•A scientific approach to cultural geography
How to Understand Human Geography:
Space and Place
PLACE• Term used to connote the subjective, idiographic,
humanistic, culturally oriented type of geography that seeks to understand the unique character of individual regions and places, rejecting the principles of science
as flawed and unknowingly biased.
•Or…•An approach that focuses on
each individual situation
How to Understand Human Geography:
Space and Place
A GROUPING OF LIKE PLACES OR THE FUNCTIONAL UNION OF PLACES TO
FORM A SPATIAL UNIT.
FormalFunctionalVernacular
Region
Regions
Formal, or uniform, regions Areas of essential uniformity in one or a
limited combination of physical or cultural features
The characterizing features are most clearly defined at the core (node)
The characterizing features lessen in dominance toward its periphery
WHEAT-FARMING FORMAL REGIONS
(FIGURE 1.2)
Formal RegionsInhabited by people who share one or more cultural
traits.
Regions
Functional, or nodal, region A spatial system defined by the
interactions and connections that give it a dynamic, organizational basis
Also follows core/periphery patterns Example: Deerwood has both Brainerd and
Aitkin papers Example: Minnesota
DENVER, COLORADO
(FIGURE 1.5)
Functional RegionFunctions as a unit politically, socially, or
economically.
“THE VALLEY”
(SAN FERNANDO, NORTHWEST L.A.)
(FIGURE 1.7)
Vernacular RegionA region perceived to exist by its
inhabitants.
Regions
Vernacular, or perceptual, regions Less rigorously structured than the formal
and functional regions Reflect feelings and images rather than
objective data Little Italy, Chinatown, gang ‘turf’ Boundaries depend on the perception of
the individual
Palestinian Student’s View of the World
Figure 3.20
3-10
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Mobility
MOBILITY:THE RELATIVE ABILITY OF PEOPLE, IDEAS, OR THINGS TO MOVE FREELY THROUGH SPACE.
DIFFUSION:THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, IDEAS, OR THINGS
FROM ONE LOCATION OUTWARD TOWARD OTHER LOCATIONS.
MOBILITY THROUGH DIFFUSIONRelocation diffusionExpansion diffusionHierarchical diffusionContagious diffusionStimulus diffusion
Mobility
CIRCULATION:Implies an ongoing set of
movements of people, ideas, or things that have no particular
center or periphery.
•Migrations
Diffusion or Circulation?
BINDING TOGETHER OF ALL THE LANDS AND PEOPLES OF THE WORLD INTO AN INTEGRATED
SYSTEM DRIVEN BY CAPITALISTIC FREE MARKETS
CULTURAL DIFFUSION IS RAPID INDEPENDENT STATES ARE
WEAKENED CULTURAL HOMOGENIZATION IS
ENCOURAGED
Globalization
Schools of Thought in Nature-Culture
• Environmental Determinism: • Cultures are shaped directly or indirectly by the
physical environment.
• Possibilism: • Humans, not the physical environment, are the
primary active force; any environment offers a number of different possibilities for cultures to develop; choices among these possibilities are guided by cultural heritage.
Schools of Thought in Nature-Culture
• Environmental perception:• Culture depends more on what people perceive
the environment to be than on the actual character of the environment; perception is colored by culture.
• Humans as modifiers of the earth:• Humans mold nature.
Cultural Landscape
All the built forms that cultural groups create in inhabiting the Earth (visible imprint) Roads Cities Houses Parks Commercial buildings
Cultural Landscape cont.
Reflects a culture’s: Needs Values Attitudes towards the Earth
Contains valuable evidence about the origin, spread, and development of cultures
Cultural Landscapes cont.
Ecological eventsNot all early societies lived in harmony with
their environment!!!! Hollywood misconceptions Real examples of ecological disasters
Pleistocene overkill Roman granary of North Africa Easter Island Modern issues
Cultural Landscape cont.
Symbolic Landscape Landscape that expresses the values,
beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture
Cultural Landscape cont.
3 principles of CL:Settlement formsLand-division patternsArchitectural styles
Settlement forms
Spatial arrangement of buildings, roads, towns, and other features
Nucleation – a dense settlement form
Dispersed – people are more spread out
Land-division patterns
Reveal the way a culture has divided the land for economic, social, and political uses
Towns in the U.S. Residential areas Industrial areas Government areas
Architecture
Exterior materialsDecorationLayoutIs there a purpose to the the design?
Examining architecture of a culture reveals a lot about the people